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The Faculty Guide to Referencing and
Bibliographical Citation 2009/10
Faculty of Health & Human Sciences
August 2009
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Acknowledgements
Thank you to members of the Faculty Learning, Teaching and Assessment Group (FLTAG) who kindly
reviewed this edition and to all staff and Schools who contributed to former editions of the Faculty
Referencing Guidelines.
Every effort has been made to ensure the information within this document is correct; however, if you
notice any inaccuracies or have any questions or queries regarding the guidelines please do not hesitate
to contact me.
Sue Murray
Deputy Associate Dean (Learning and Teaching)
Faculty of Health and Human Sciences
August 2009
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The Faculty Guide to Referencing and Bibliographical Citation: Contents
Introduction 1
Plagiarism and Academic Integrity 1
Referencing 2
Section 1: Use of References in Text (Citations of References)
1.1 Citing sources in the text: examples 3
1.1.1 Correctly citing a reference in the text 3
1.1.2 Correctly citing a direct quotation 3
1.1.3 Example of plagiarism 3
1.2 Citation of one author 4
1.3 Citation of two authors 4
1.4 Citation of three or more authors 4
1.5 Citation of two or more publications 6
1.6 Citing two or more publications from the same author(s) in the same year 6
1.7 Citing two or more authors with the same surname in the same year 6
1.8 Citing authors with compound surnames 6
1.9 Citation from an edited book 61.10 Citations from a religious text 7
1.11 Direct quotations 7
1.12 Citations from individual work/pages on the World Wide Web 8
1.13 Citations from Government or other organisation publications 8
1.14 Citations from organisations or institutions as authors 9
1.15 Citations from dissertations and theses 9
1.16 Citations from conference material 9
1.17 Citations from company literature 9
1.18 Citations from unpublished work and personal communication 101.19 Citations from films, videos and broadcasts 10
1.20 Citations from newspaper articles 10
1.21 Citations from CD-ROMs 11
1.22 Citations from electronic mail 11
1.23 Citations from StudyNet 11
1.24 Citations from lecture notes 11
1.25 Citations from legal materials 11
1.26 Citations from dictionaries 12
1.27 Citations from pamphlets/advice sheets 121.28 Secondary references 12
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Section 2: Reference and Bibliography List
2.0 Presentation of the reference/bibliography list 13
2.1 Referencing a book 132.1.1 One author 132.1.2 Two authors 132.1.3 Three, four or five authors 132.1.4 Six or more authors 132.1.5 Referencing an edited book 14
2.1.6 Referencing two or more publications from the same author(s) in the
same year
142.1.7 Referencing two or more authors with the same surname and same
initial in the same year
142.1.8 Referencing an individual author and one by the same individual with
another co author14
2.2 Referencing a journal 15
2.2.1 Referencing two or more publications from one author in different
years
16
2.2.2 Referencing an author with a compound surname 16
2.3 Direct quotations 16
2.4 Referencing individual work/pages on the World Wide Web 16
2.5 Referencing discussion groups/e-mail lists 17
2.6 Referencing personal e-mails 172.7 Referencing StudyNet 172.8 Referencing Government publications 172.9 Referencing organisations or institutions as authors 19
2.10 Referencing religious texts 20
2.11 Referencing dissertations and theses 20
2.12 Referencing conference material 20
2.13 Referencing company literature 21
2.14 Referencing unpublished work and personal communication 21
2.15 Referencing films, videos and broadcasts 21
2.16 Referencing newspaper articles 22
2.17 Referencing CD-ROMs 22
2.18 Referencing legal materials 23
2.19 Referencing dictionaries 23
2.20 Referencing pamphlets/advice sheets 23
2.21 Referencing secondary references 24
Section 3: Endnote Web Guide
References
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The Faculty Guide to Referencing and Bibliographical Citation
Introduction
This handbook provides information on writing and citing references; there are many versions of the
Harvard referencing system and this guide has been developed using the American Psychological
Association [APA] guidelines (American Psychological Association, 2001) and the British Standard
Recommendations for References to Published Materials (British Standards Institution [BSI] 2002).
It is important that you adopt this system for assignments, referencing material consistently and
accurately in the format required by all Programmes1
within the Faculty.
Referencing all sources of information within written work is an important part of academic
integrity as it tells the reader where you have found your information, how up to date it is, and the
extent, depth and appropriateness of your reading relevant to your assessment. It also helps the
reader to differentiate between your personal thoughts and experiences and those of others.
Failure to acknowledge the work of others results in the loss of academic integrity and can result in a
student being found guilty of academic misconduct.
Plagiarism and Academic Integrity
Plagiarism is a form of academic dishonesty and has no place in academic writing. The University
regulations define plagiarism as the representation by an individual, whether intentionally or
otherwise, of another persons work as their own or use of another persons work without
acknowledgement (University of Hertfordshire, 2008, p. 114). There are severe penalties for
plagiarism. Key aspects are summarised below:
All written work (prose or text) must be written by you in your own words followed by
acknowledgement of the source material (referenced), thus conveying your understanding of
the information.
The only exception to not using your own words would be when using an exact quotation
from another authors work. This must be recognised by using quotation marks.
Any figures, tables, or diagrams in your work should be devised and produced by you, except
where you give due acknowledgement to others.
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Academic staff marking your work will always watch for academic integrity and evidence of
plagiarism and collusion. If this is detected, your case will be reported to the Faculty Academic
Conduct Officer (FACO).
Referencing
In your writing, any reader should be able to follow an audit trail to the source of the information.
The reader needs to be able to verify the truth of what is being stated. Referencing requires you to
do two things: cite sources in your written text and, at the end of your work, provide a list of
references that were referred to in your text. Note, if you have consulted other relevant material
but NOT referred to it in the text, this must be listed in a separate Bibliography, which follows the
same rules for listing the references; note: the Bibliography is placed after the reference list.
These guidelines are divided into three sections. The first section demonstrates how to present your
references within the main body of your work. The second section shows how the reference list
(and separate bibliography if used) should be presented at the end of your work. The third section is
a guide to using EndNote Web. EndNote Web enables you to cite references in your coursework in
the correct format and will automatically draw up a reference list/bibliography for you. It also
enables you to store and manage your references appropriately. If you get used to using EndNote
Web for referencing it will save you a lot of time and will ensure you are referencing correctly.
1Note in special cases where students are undertaking modules administered by or associated with other Faculties or
Schools, there may be a requirement to adopt an alternative system, e.g. Oxford System for English Case Law as required bythe School of Law. Where this is the case, the module assessment guide will indicate this.
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Section 1: Citations in the Text
1.1 Citing sources in the Text
Examples of correct use of references can be found throughout this document; however this section
contains an example of; referencing material in the text, a direct quotation and plagiarism. Please
take time to read these examples carefully, if you still are unsure of the difference, please see yourpersonal tutor. Remember, if the members of staff marking your work are querying your academic
integrity, i.e. that you have copied work either from a published source or another student they
WILL investigate and if evidence confirms academic dishonesty you will be referred to the Faculty
Academic Conduct Officer.
Examples of how this text may be used within an assignment
The original text: (not from a published source but will be referred to as Fletcher, 2005)
Selection of equipment to prevent pressure ulcers is a complex task. Information about the
patients lifestyle and the environment in which they are to be cared for is as important as thedetermination of their level of risk. A wide variety of systems are available for both bed and chair
allowing for 24 hour provision of equipment. Any patient who is provided equipment for the bed
and spends part of the day sat out (whether in a chair or wheelchair) should also have the
relevant seating provided as in the sitting position the body weight is supported on a far smaller
surface area and is therefore at greater risk.
Most manufacturers suggest which level of risk their equipment is suitable for, but it is important
that the practitioner has a clear understanding of how the equipment works and why it is
suggested for that level of risk.
1.1.1 Correctly citing a reference in the text
Fletcher (2005) suggests that there are a variety of factors to consider when selectingequipment; amongst which are the patients lifestyle and care environment.
Or
It is important to address equipment provision in an holistic way, clinical, psychological and
environmental issues should be considered (Fletcher, 2005).
Tip: Remember to put the full stop after the bracketed reference (see above).
1.1.2 Correctly citing a direct quotation in the text (see also page 7)
Fletcher (2005) states that Information about the patients lifestyle and the environment in
which they are to be cared for is as important as the determination of their level of risk
(p.2). When caring for Mrs X the size of her bedroom and amount of additional furniture in
the room was the most difficult aspect of selecting her equipment.
1.1.3 Example of Plagiarism
Mrs X required specialist pressure ulcer prevention equipment. Selection of equipment to
prevent pressure ulcers is a complex task. Information about the patients lifestyle and the
environment in which they are to be cared for is as important as the determination of their
level of risk. A wide variety of systems are available for both bed and chair allowing for 24
hour provision of equipment. Most manufacturers suggest which level of risk their
equipment is suitable for, but it is important that the practitioner has a clear understanding
of how the equipment works and why it is suggested for that level of risk. The nurses caring
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for Mrs X had only limited experience of equipment selection and therefore requested help
from the Tissue Viability Nurse.
In this example you can see that sentences (as highlighted) have been copied directly from the
original text and more importantly no reference is made to the original source. If you fail to
acknowledge the source and/or fail to show by using appropriate presentation (see section 1.11 onpage 7) that this is a direct quotation, you are guilty of plagiarism; an unacceptable academic
misconduct offence.
1.2 Citation of sources in text: one author
Whenever reference is made to one author, the authors name and the year of the publication of
the document cited are given as follows: -
Examples:
A study used citation analysis to determine which core journals were used by physiotherapists
(Bohannon, 1999).
Thornes (1991) maintains that the starvation of patients can lead to physiological consequences,
which can exacerbate anxiety.
Three of the outbreaks involved dairy products, namely pasteurised milk (Fleming, 1985);
Mexican-style soft cheese (James, 1985) and a Swiss regional-type soft cheese (Billie, 1988).
1.3 Citation of two authors
Always cite both names every time the reference occurs in the text.
Examples:
Bale and Jones (1997) report that the assessment of a wound requires the nurse to have an
underlying knowledge of the factors that may affect the healing process.
The assessment of a wound requires the nurse to have an underlying knowledge of the factors
that may affect the healing process (Bale & Jones, 1997).
Tip: When citing references in running text, you should join multiple author citations by the word
and, whereas in the reference list or in bracketed citations, you should join the names by an
ampersand &.
1.4 Citation of work by multiple authors
For citations ofthree, four or five authors, cite all the authors the first time the reference occurs; in
subsequent citations of the same reference, include only the surname of the first author followed
by et al. and the year.
Example
(First citation):
Long, Jones, Peters and Brown (1995) report that there are a number of factors which may
influence health promoting behaviours and these include the individuals perception, cognitive
ability and demographic characteristics.
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(Subsequent citation of same reference)
Long et al. (1995) suggest that health promoting behaviours are the most significant factors.
Tip: Include a full stop after al as it is an abbreviation, i.e. et al.
Example:
(First citation):
Damage to the frontal cortex caused significant behavioural changes in patient RM (Myers, Baker
& Marshall, 1995).
(Subsequent citation of same reference)
RM performed at chance levels on short term memory tasks (Myers et al., 1995).
Tip: When citing the reference at the end of the sentence, remember to put a full stop after the al.
plus a comma before stating the year.
Exception: Iftwo references with the same years shorten to the same form (e.g.Martin, Butler and
Jamieson, 1994, and Martin, Jamieson, Butler and Penn, 1994, shorten to Martin et al., 1994), cite
the surnames of the first authors and as many of the subsequent authors as necessary to distinguish
the two references.
Example: Martin, Butler, et al. (1994) and Martin, Jamieson, et al. (1994)
For citations ofsix or more authors, cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al. and
the year for the first and subsequent citations. In the reference list, provide the initials and
surnames of the first six authors, and shorten any remaining authors to et al. (see page 13).
If two references with six or more authors shorten to the same form, cite the surnames of the first
authors and of as many subsequent authors as necessary to distinguish the two references.
Example:
If you had entries for the following references:
Rand, Marple, Mead, Ade, Pacey and Mangle (2005)
Rand, Marple, Mangle, Ade, Pacey and Jones (2005)
In the text you would cite them as such:
The role of the multi-disciplinary team has become increasingly important within the modern
health service (Rand, Marple, Mead et al., 2005).
Communication between members of the multi-disciplinary team is essential (Rand, Marple,
Mangle et al., 2005).
Examples:
As Baker and Ridley (1997) demonstrated, mistakes can be made when considering very small
numbers.
It is important to recognise the limitations of working with very small numbers (Baker & Ridley,
1997).
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1.5 Citation of two or more publications
If two or more documents support your statement, the citations are listed in alphabetical order by
the first authors surname and are separated with semicolons.
Example:
Damage to the perirhinal cortex can cause impairments on delayed non-matching to sampletasks (Brown et al., 1995; Gaffan & Buckley, 2001; Zola, 1998).
1.6 Citing two or more publications from the same author(s) in the same year
If two or more documents have the same author and year, they are distinguished by lower case
letters (a, b, c etc.), following the year within brackets. They are ordered by their appearance in the
text, i.e. the first article/book cited is a and so on.
Example:
Edwards (1997a, 1997b) states that health professionals must have a clear understanding of
physiological principles in order to accurately record both blood pressure and temperaturemeasurements.
In order to record blood and temperature measurements, health professionals must have a clear
understanding of physiological principles (Edwards, 1997a, 1997b).
1.7 Citing two or more authors with the same surname in the same year
If two or more authors have the same surname, they are distinguished by the authors forename
initial. Include the first authors initial in all text citations, even if the year of publication differs.
Examples:I. Edwards (1997) states that conformity to group norms brings psychological rewards through
the acceptance by and support of other members.
The presence of others may sometimes inhibit individual performance (F. Edwards, 1996).
1.8 Citing authors with compound surnames
Some authors have compound surnames e.g. von Toller or ter Riet, although the first part of the
surname may be presented in lower case it is an integral part of the surname and would be included
in the reference in the text.
Example:
In a systematic review of diagnostic and screening tests ter Riet (2001) simplified two main
issues.
1.9 Citation from an edited book
Only the author of the chapter is cited within the text; the editors are acknowledged within the
reference list. The page or chapter numbers are included in the citation.
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Examples:
Ruston and Wells (1999, p.45) describe the use of a change management team to introduce leg
ulcer management guidelines.
Isolation is essential to prevent the spread of disease (Jones, 1976, chap. 2).
1.10 Citation from a religious text
Most religious texts do not have a date as this can not be agreed upon, therefore a citation within
the text would reference the author of that chapter/book without giving a date.
Example:
It is arguable that light is one of the most critical sources of energy. Earliest history refers to the
sun (light) and in the first book of the Bible it says let there be light (Genesis 1:3)
1.11 Direct quotationsIf a direct quotation is used from another authors work, this should be placed in double quotation
marks and the authors name, publication date and the page number of the quote should be
included. Single page numbers are denoted by p., multiple pages by pp..
Examples:
Balaskas (1990) states many women underestimate the sheer hard work, dedication and
patience involved in caring for a baby (p. 13).
If the direct quotation extends over more than one page, the range of pages should be
acknowledged using pp..
... where full disclosure would inevitably lead to biased responses some de gree of covert data
collection is feasible, particularly when dealing with sensitive aspects of subje cts behaviour
(Clarke, 1996, pp. 434-435).
The three dots in the above example indicate the beginning of the sentence in the original has been
omitted from the quotation.
If you add anything to the direct quotation in order to improve the readers understanding, this
must be included within square brackets.
Many such defects [congenital] are not serious and may go unnoticed for a lifetime (Tortora &Derrickson,2008, p.752).
If the direct quotation exceeds more than 40 words the quotation should form a separate indented
paragraph, double spaced, without double quotation marks.
Example:
Redman (1976) found the following:
A major purpose of stating objectives specifically is to help the learner
understand them and become self-directive. Self-direction is also served by
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having the teacher explain the goals and provide a model of the correct
behaviour, as in demonstrating catheter care and indicating what the learner
should be able to do and when (p 90).
Tip: All types of direct quotations should be used SPARSELY; they should only be used to accentuate
significant points. It is not acceptable for your work to consist of a large number of direct
quotations.
1.12 Citations from individual work/pages on the World Wide Web
To cite material from the web the author or organisation, rather than the Uniform Resource Locator
(URL) needs to be cited.
Example:The Board, in responding to the Governments strategy relating to the resistance of antibiotics
and other antimicrobial agents continues to encourage all education providers to ensure that
infection control and the related issue of antibiotic use remain important themes through
education programmes (ENB, 1999).
Tip: Care must be taken when accessing information available on the World Wide Web (WWW)
through the Internet, as information is often not reviewed and may lack academic validity.
1.13 Citations from Government or other Organisation publications
There is a range of Government publications that you may wish to cite in your work. These include
Acts of Parliament, Command Papers, Statutory Instruments, Bills and Committee Reports. In citing
such material the country of origin, the name of the department who issues the publication and the
date should be cited.
Example Acts of Parliament:
Community care is now high on the agenda in the NHS (UK Department of Health, 1990).
Example of Command Papers:
An employer has a duty to ensure that the health and safety of the workforce is maintained at all
times (UK Committee for Health and Safety at Work, 1972).
Example of Statutory Instruments:
An accurate record of accidents and dangerous occurrences should be maintained in the
workplace (UK Statutory Instrument, 1980).
Example of Bills:
All members of a workforce are entitled to be become a Trade Union member (UK Parliament,
1984).
Example of Committee Reports:
Proposals for the restructuring of senior personnel within the NHS were published in 1980 (UK
Ministry of Health and Scottish Home and Health Department, 1980).
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Example of a Health Service Circular:
The single assessment process will lead to a more efficient assessment process and more
effective care services for older people (UK Department of Health HSC, 2002).
Example of Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency Bulletins (formerly theMedical Devices Agency):
Trusts should identify medical electrical systems, assess risks and take remedial action as is
required (UK Medical Devices Agency, 2003).
1.14 Citations from organisations or institutions as authors (corporate authorship)
Where the publication is not the work of individuals, the name of the organisation/institution
should be used with the year of publication.
Example:
Every community nurse should have training in child protection policies and procedures (HealthVisitors Association, 1994)
1.15 Citations from dissertations and theses
Material cited from theses and dissertations is treated in the same way as books, journals and
documents.
Example:
A study was undertaken to explore patients self-monitoring of postoperative pain (Fordham,
1985).
1.16 Citations from conference material
Material cited from published conference proceedings is treated in the same way as books or
journals.
Example 1:
Greenwood and Butcher (1997) describe how lasting change was achieved in a busy surgical
environment utilising the skills of existing nurse specialists.
Whenever unpublished conference material is cited reference should be made to the authors
surname and the phrase unpublished conference paper/poster.
Example 2:
Curriculum development requires systematic, advanced planning (Pendleton,1999, unpublished
conference paper).
1.17 Citations from company literature
References to company literature should be avoided where possible. However where necessary the
company name should be stated followed by the year of publication. If no date is available n.d.
should be used.
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Example:
This company producing pressure relieving equipment is becoming increasingly aware of the
diversity of their market, offering bespoke products tailored to meet individual patients needs
(Karomed, n.d.).
1.18 Citations from unpublished work and personal communication
Personal communication may be letters, memos, some electronic communications, personal
interviews and telephone conversations. References to unpublished material or personal
communication should be kept to a minimum, since they cannot be followed-up easily by anyone
reading the piece of work. Personal communications and unpublished material is not included in the
reference list so are cited within the text only. The initials and surname of the communicator should
be given along with an exact a date as possible.
Example 1:
Patient involvement in care is a concept which must be addressed by all members of the multi-
disciplinary team (I.T. Smith, unpublished work, May 4, 2005).
Example 2:
I have found that a skills laboratory provides a secure environment for the teaching of clinical
skills (J.M. Humphries, personal communication, August 1,2003).
1.19 Citations from films, videos and broadcasts (podcasts)
Most films, videos and broadcasts are normally produced by a group of individuals. When citing this
type of material the transmitting organisation with the date of production/transmission should be
used.
Examples:
The impact of undiagnosed post-natal depression can often have adverse effects on all family
members (British Broadcasting Corporation, 1995).
Breast feeding is recommended for at least the first four months of life, to enable the best
possible start, as it protects against respiratory diseases and gastro-enteritis (Royal College of
Midwives, 1990)
1.20 Citations from newspaper articles
To cite material from a newspaper article where the authors name is evident, the authors nameand year of the publication are given in the text.
Example 1:
... Journal publication is seen as a significant element in maintaining a research culture
(Prestwich, 1999).
To cite material from a newspaper where no author is indicated, the name of the newspaper and
year of publication is given in the text.
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Example 2:
The first full-time paramedic science degree course in the country was launched with a visit from
MP Baroness Helene Hayman (Welwyn and Hatfield Times, 1999).
1.21 Citations from CD-ROMThis refers to CD-ROMs, which are works in their own right and not bibliographic databases. The
author/editor should be given followed by the year and type of medium in brackets.
Example:
Hawking (1994, CD-ROM) describes his theory of the beginning of the universe.
1.22 Citations from electronic mail
Material from e-mail correspondence should be cited as personal communication (see section
1.18) and should not appear in the reference list.
Example:
You might like to consider making reference to relevant government policy in this assignment (P.
Brown, personal communication, May 29, 1999)
1.23 Citations from StudyNet
Where possible these should be avoided. However if it is necessary they should be cited giving the
author(s) of the work where it is known, the date either as stated on the information (for example
some lecturers will put a reference at the bottom of the document saying their name and the date
or date updated) .
Example:
Fletcher (2000) suggests a range of mechanisms by which the presence of necrotic tissue may
delay wound healing.
1.24 Citation from your own lecture notes
Citations from the notes you make from an oral presentation and/or lecture should not be used.
1.25 Citation from legal materials
References from legal materials should be treated like references with no authors. Materials such ascourt cases, statutes, and legislation should be cited by the first few words of the reference and the
year, thus enabling the reader to identify the reference within the reference list. Court decisions
should be cited by giving the name of the case in italics and the year of the decision. If two or more
years are given, cite those years as well.
Example 1: Court case
Leonard v. Smith (1985) set a precedent for the rights of individuals.
Example 2: Statute
Individuals that pose a risk to themselves or others may be sectioned (Mental Health
Systems Act,1988).
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Example 3: Resolutions
The bill which was initially passed by the House of Representatives was then resolved by
the senate (Senate Resolution 106, 1998).
1.26 Citation from dictionaries
Within the text, the title of the dictionary (or chapter if appropriate) should be given followed by
year of publication.
1.27 Citation from pamphlets/advice sheets
If there is a date of publication, follow the guidance in section 1.14 above; if there is no date, use
the guidance in section 1.17.
1.28 Secondary referencesThe use of secondary references is not encouraged. Where access to the primary source is available
the original material should be consulted. However, where a secondary reference is unavoidable, it
should be cited as follows in the text:
Examples:
Winter (1962, cited in Thomas, 1990) demonstrated that in pigs superficial acute wounds that
were kept moist healed more rapidly.
In pigs, superficial acute wounds that are kept moist heal more rapidly (Winter, 1962, cited in
Thomas, 1990)
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Section 2.0 Presentation of a Reference/Bibliography List
References are listed at the end of the text, followed by the Bibliography list (if used) BEFORE
appendices (if there are any). Important things to note are:
Lists should have a hanging indent;
Entries are arranged in alphabetical order of originator;
Chronological order is used if there is more than one reference by the same author.
2.1 Referencing a bookThe basic order of elements in normal references should be:
Author's surname and initials; they are separated by a comma and are followed by a full
stop e.g. Author, A. A.
Year (in brackets) followed by a full stop e.g. (1999).
Title (in italics and lower/sentence case, i.e. only the first word begins with a capital letter),
followed by a full stop e.g. Principles of drug action.
Edition (in brackets and abbreviated to ed.) followed by a full stop (only included when it is
a second or subsequent edition) E.g. (2nd
ed.). (N.B. Do not forget to put a full stop after
ed. within the bracket as it is an abbreviation and also do not forget to put a full stop
after the bracket.
Place of publication followed by a colon:
Production (publisher or equivalent) followed by a full stop.
2.1.1 Books with one author: examples
Hayward, J. (1975).A prescription against pain. London: Royal College of Nursing.
Mitchell, N. (1981). Social attribution: A primer in obvious psychology. (2nd
ed.). London:
MacMillan.
2.1.2 Book with two authors: example
Remember to use an ampersand (&) between the two names rather than and.
Bale, S. & Jones, V. (1997). Wound care nursing. A patient centred approach. London:
Baillire Tindall.
2.1.3 Book with three, four or five authors: example
Short, B. C., Smith, W. J. & Beaufort, V. L. (2000). Assessment: A structured approach.
London: Mosby.
2.1.4 Book with six or more authorsprovide the initials and surnames of the first six
authors, and shorten any remaining authors to et al.
Croft, H. M., Martin, P. L., Range, K. A., Peters, S. Z., Burton, L. R., Right, D. V., et al.
(1985). Physiology for beginners. (4
th
ed.). London: Baker.
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2.1.5 Referencing an edited book
An edited book is one where each chapter is written by different authors. If referencing the whole
book the basic order of elements is the same as the examples given above. When referencing a
single chapter this should be done using the author of the chapter. The title of the chapter needs to
be given alongside the book in which it is published. The author(s) and title of the chapter are
presented and followed by a full stop. Then the word In followed by the editor(s) and title of thebook. The page numbers of the chapter must be included followed by the place of publication and
the publisher.
Example 1:
Ruston, A. & Lawes, M. (1999). The management of leg ulcers in the community: A
multi-disciplinary experience in primary care. In D. Humphris, & P. Littlejohn (Eds.),
Implementing clinical guidelines: A practical guide. (pp. 63-75). Abingdon: Radcliffe Medical
Press.
Example 2:
Botham, I. T. & Argyle, M. (1972). Staring you in the face. In M. Thatcher (Ed.), If it hadteeth: Fifteen years of research into non-verbal communication. (pp. 315-337). New York:
Academic Press.
2.1.6 Referencing two or more publications from the same author(s) in the same year
The basic order of elements is the same as the examples given above; however the references are
presented in the alphabetical order of the lower case letters.
Examples:
Department of Health. (1989a). Caring for people. London: HMSO.
Department of Health. (1989b). Working for patients. London: HMSO.
2.1.7 Referencing two or more authors with the same surname and same initial in the same
year
The basic order of elements is the same as each of the examples given above; however the
references are presented in the alphabetical order of the lower case letters.
Examples:
Walsh, M., & Jones P. (1987a). The way forward. London: McKnight.
Walsh, M., & Jones P. (1987b). Processes explained. Glasgow: Abersham.
2.1.8 Referencing an individual author and one by the same individual with another co authorList the individual author first, then the reference with the co-author.
Examples:
Hoskin, P. J. (2006). Radiotherapy in practice. External beam therapy. Oxford: Oxford University
Press.
Hoskin, P.J. & Coyle, C. (2005). Radiotherapyin practice: brachytherapy. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
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2.2 Referencing a journal
When a reference originates from a journal the basic order of elements should be:
Author's surname and initials (separated by a comma and followed by a full stop) e.g.
Brown, A. & Green, A.Year (in brackets) followed by a full stop e.g. (2006).
Title of article (in lower/sentence case) e.g. The effects of locus of control on causal
attributions.
Title of the journal (in italics and title case, i.e. each word begins with a capital letter) and
followed by a comma e.g. Trend in Microbiology,
Volume number (in italics this is separated from the title by a comma)
Issues number (where relevant in brackets) followed by a comma,
o If the issue number is included there is no punctuation between volume number
and issue number (N.B. remember that the volume number should be in italics but
the issue number should not).
Page numbers of the article (note that the page numbers a re not preceded by pp as theyare for book chapters) followed by a full stop.
Tip: when referring to electronic journal publications, you still must reference the article as a journal
article even though you have accessed it on line. You do not reference it as a Web reference
therefore you do not need to state retrieved on and do not need to provide the URL. Even though
the journal article is accessible online, it has been peer reviewed and published. T here may be
occasions where an article has been accepted for publication and is available via the electronic
journal but has not yet been allocated a volume, issue or page number. In place of the missing
information, use the term in press.
Examples with one author:
Edwards, S. L. (1998). Malnutrition in hospital patients: Where does it come from?
British Journal of Nursing, 7(16), 954-974.
Martin, P. (2007). Exercise fatigue in sport students.Journal of Physiology, In press.
Example with two authors:
Ridley, R. M. & Baker, H. F. (1999). Big decisions based on small numbers: Lessons
from BSE. The Veterinary Quarterly, 21(3), 86-92.
Example with three, four or five authors:
Cowley, S., Bergen, A., Young, K. & Kavanagh, A. (1996). Identifying a framework for
research: The example of health needs assessment.Journal of Clinical Nursing, 5(1), 53-62.
When referencing a journal article with six or more authors provide the initials and surnames of
the first six authors, and shorten any remaining authors to et al.
Example of a journal with six or more authors
Lee, A. C., Buckley, M. J., Pegman, S.J., Spiers, H., Scahill, V. L., Gaffan, D., et al.
(2005). Specialization in the medial temporal lobe for processing of objects and scenes.
Hippocampus. 15(6), 782-797.
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2.2.1 Referencing two or more publications from one author in different years
The basic order of elements is the same; references are placed in chronological order.
Example:
Moffatt, C. (1994). Tissue Viability Society. Auditing a leg ulcer service. Nursing
Standard, 8(48), 52.
Moffatt, C. (1997). Know how. Four-layer bandaging. Nursing Times, 93(16), 82-83.
Moffatt, C. (1998). The principles of assessment prior to compression therapy. Journal of
Wound Care, 7(7 suppl), S6-S9.
2.2.2 Referencing an author with a compound surname
The basic order of the elements is unchanged; the first part of the surname is presented in lower
case and the second part with usual capitalisation.
Example:
ter Riet, G., Kessels. A. G. & Bachmann, L. M. (2001). Systematic reviews of evaluations
of diagnostic and screening tests. Two issues were simplified. British Medical Journal,
323(7322), 1188, (letter).
2.3 Referencing direct quotations
If using a direct quotation in a text, the basic order is the same as each of the examples given for
books and journals. However, when quoting from a book the page number is omitted in the
reference list because it has been included in the text at the point of citation.
2.4 Referencing individual work/pages on the World Wide Web
Please note that most web pages are updated on a regular basis. The date of publication is the date
the pages were last updated. Where the date is not obvious click on View and page source to check
when last modified. If no publication date is given write n.d. for no date. Only mention an edition
if the document clearly states that the pages have been rewritten rather than just updated. The
accessed date is when the document was viewed/down loaded. This is necessary to allow for any
subsequent changes which may be made to the page or if the page is no longer available. A copy of
all potentially temporary sources should be kept in case it is needed to substantiate information
provided.
When the reference originates from the World Wide Web the basic order of elements is as follows:
Authors/editors surname, initial (separated by a comma and followed by a full stop).
Year (in brackets) followed by a full stop e.g. (1999).
Title of article (in lower/sentence case) e.g. The effects of locus of control on causal
attributions.
Title of source (in italics) followed by a full stop.
Edition (if appropriate) followed by a full stop.
State date of retrieval (Month, Day, Year) separated by commas e.g. Retrieved August 17,
2007
Place of publication (if appropriate)
Publisher (if appropriate) or URL address followed by a full stop.
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Examples:
English National Board. (1999). Educational Issues, Infection Control: Latest
Government Strategy. Retrieved June 28, 1999, from http://www.ENB.org.uk/32infect.htm.
Fletcher, J. (2001). A practical approach to dressing wounds in difficult positions In, S.Ashurst, M. Bradbury & J.P. Cruickshank (Eds.),Aspects of Skin and Wound Care Nursing.
London: Mark Allen. Retrieved June, 17, 2002, from http://www.quaybooks.com/ebooks.
2.5 Referencing discussion groups/e-mail lists
These discussion lists generate e-mail messages which are sent directly to the subscriber. Some, but
not all, archive the messages sent; for this reason a local copy should be kept by the recipient who is
giving the citation and a note added to this effect.
References to these messages should be treated in a similar way to journal references using the list
name in place of the journal title (but not in italics) and subject line of the message in place of thearticle title. These details together with the author will appear in the message header.
Examples:
Sandall, J. (2001, May 24). Midwifery-research. Message posted to Free web-based
virtual midwifery library, archived at http://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/lists/midwifery-
research.html.
Clarke, D. & Young, J. (2001, June 8). Substance misuse resource. Message posted to
UK.sci.med.nursing, archived at news:uksc.med.nursing.
2.6 Referencing personal e-mails
If reference is made to a personal e-mail it is cited in the text only and is not included in the
reference list. See section 1.22.
2.7 Referencing StudyNet
Where reference is made to work from StudyNet the author date and title of the document are
referenced as for a book, this should then be followed by StudyNet, the module name and code in
brackets with the semester and year.
Example:Fletcher, J. (2001). How necrosis delays healing. Retrieved August 21, 2007, from
StudyNet (Problem Wounds 3NMH 0025). Semester A 2004/2005.
2.8 Referencing Government Publications
When including Government publications in a reference list/bibliography, Acts of Parliament,
Command Papers, Statutory Instruments, Bills and Committee Reports should be cited as follows:
Act of Parliament
The basic order of elements should be:
Country of origin.
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Originating department.
Year (in brackets).
Title of Act (in italics and title case).
Place of publication:
Publisher.
Example:
United Kingdom. Department of Health. (1990). National Health Service and
Community Care Act. London: HMSO.
A Command Paper:
The basic order of elements should be:
Country of origin.
Originating committee.
Year (in brackets).
Command paper title(in italics and title case).
Place of publication:
Publisher.
Committee chairman (in brackets):
Command paper number (in brackets).
Example:
United Kingdom. Committee for Health and Safety at Work. (1972). Report 1970-1972.
London: HMSO. (Chairman Lord Robens): (Cmd.5034) .
A Statutory Instrument:
The basic order of elements should be:
Country of origin.
Statutory Instrument.
Year (in brackets).
Title of the Statutory Instrument(in italics and title case).
Place of publication:
Publisher.
Statutory Instrument number (in brackets).
Example:
United Kingdom. Statutory Instrument. (1980). Health and Safety: The Notification of
Accidents and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations. London: HMSO. (S.I. No.5081).
A Bill:
The basic order of elements should be:
Country of origin.
Originating body.
Year (in brackets).
Title of Bill (in italics and title case)
Place of publication:
Publisher.
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Example:
United Kingdom. Parliament. (1984). Trade Union Bill. London: HMSO.
A Committee Report:
The basic order of elements should be:
Country of origin.Originating body.
Year (in brackets).
Title of Committee Report (in italics and title case).
Place of publication:
Publisher.
Committee chairman (in brackets).
Example:
United Kingdom. Ministry of Health and Scottish Home and Health Department. (1980).
Report of the Committee on Senior Nursing Structure. London: HMSO. (Chairman B. Salmon).
A Health Service or Local Authority Circular:
The basic order of elements should be:
Originating body.
Title of circular (in title case).
Circular Series Number (in brackets)
Example:
Department of Health. The Single Assessment Process for Older People. (HSC 2002/001).
A Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency Bulletin (Formerly the Medical Devices
Agency):
The basic order of elements should be:
Agency name in full (in title case).
Reference number of bulletin (in brackets).
Title of bulletin (in lower/sentence case).
Example:
Medical Devices Agency. (MDA/2003/015). All medical electrical equipment.
2.9 Referencing organisations or institutions as authors (corporate authorship)
Where the publication relates to organisations/institutions as authors the basic order of elements is:
Organisation/institution.
Year (and month, if given)(in brackets).
Title of the published work (in lower/sentence case and italics).
Place of publication:
Name of publisher.
Example:
Health Visitors Association. (1994). Protecting the child - an HVA guide to practice andprocedures. London: HVA.
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2.10 Referencing Religious Texts
If an editor/guide/translator is known then this should be given as the author. Where this is not
known no author is presented (do not write anonymous or unknown unless it is specifically stated in
the text that that is the correct way to acknowledge the author).
The basic order of the elements should be:Author (if known).
Title (in italics).
Author of Chapter/Book.
Number of Chapter/Book.
Verse.
Translation/Version.
Place of Publication:
Publisher.
Examples:
Text without a designated author:Holy Bible. Isaiah 55. 6-7. King James version.
Bhagavadgita. (1993). E. Arnold, (Trans.). New York: Dover Publications Inc.
Texts with a designated author:
Nooruddin, A. (Guide). (1990). The Holy Quran. Korea: New Foundation International
Inc.
2.11 Referencing dissertations and theses
These are treated like books, as far as possible, but as they are unpublished this needs to be stated,alongside the level of thesis and the name and place of the educational institution.
Example:
Fordham, M. (1985). Deconditioning and reconditioning following elective surgery.
Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of London, London.
2.12 Referencing conference material
Whenever published conference material is cited in the reference list/bibliography the following
basic order of elements should be used:
Author surname and initials.
Year (in brackets).
Title of conference material (in lower/sentence case).
In Editor(s) (Ed. Or Eds.),
Proceedings of ... Conference title (in italics and title case)
Pages (pp.).
Place of publication
Publisher
If no author or editor is given on the title page the name of the conference is cited first in italics
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Example:
Greenwood, D. & Butcher, M. (1997). Bringing the issue of documentation to the ward
staff. In D. Leaper, C. Dealey, P.J. Franks, D. Hofman & C. Moffatt (Eds.), Proceedings of the
7th
European Conference on Advances in Wound Management. (pp.134-136). Cambridge:
University Press.
Whenever printed but unpublished conference material (for example a poster) is cited in the
reference list/bibliography the following basic order of elements should be used:
Author surname and initials.
Year and month (in brackets).
Title of conference material (in lower/sentence case).
Type of material.
Conference title (in italics and title case).
Place of conference.
Example:Walker, Z. (1998, March). Promoting teenage health in primary care. Poster session
presented at The 6th Annual Public Health Forum. Lancaster.
2.13 Referencing company literature
Most company literature has a title or is tied into a particular product campaign. As much detail as
possible should be given to allow the material to be identified in future. As the campaign may
change it is suggested that a copy of the material is held by the student. Where a date is given, this
should be included; where there is no apparent date (n.d.) should be stated. The company will
appear as both the author and publisher.The phrase company literature should appear at the end
of the citation.
Example:
Karomed. (n.d.). Support Services Bespoke Products. Karomed. Company
Literature.
2.14 Referencing unpublished work
If citations are from unpublished work the following basic order of elements should be used:
Author surname and initials.
Year (in brackets) - if known.
Title of unpublished work (in italics and sentence case)
Include the phrase Unpublished manuscript.
Example:
Smith, M. (1999).A diary of a practice nurse. Unpublished manuscript.
2.15 Referencing films, videos and broadcasts (podcasts)
Most films, videos and broadcasts are normally produced by a group of individuals. When citing this
type of material the transmitting organisation with the date production should be used.
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If citations are from films, videos and broadcasts, the following basic order of elements should be
used:
Name of director/producer/production team.
Year (in brackets).
Title of production (in italics and title case).
In square brackets include as is appropriate the phrase [Video], [Motion Picture] or [detailsof the programmes transmission].
Place of production:
Name of production company
Examples:
British Broadcasting Corporation. (1995). Panorama: Baby Blues. [Television broadcast]
London: British Broadcasting Corporation.
Aaron Sorkin. (Writer). (2003). The West Wing [Television series]
New York: New York Broadcasting Company
Royal College of Midwives. (1990). Helping A Mother To Breastfeed: No Finer
Investment. [Video]. London: Healthcare Productions.
2.16 Referencing newspaper articles
If citations are from a newspaper article where the authors name is evident, the following basic
order of elements should be used:
Authors name and initials.
Year and date (in brackets).
Title of article (in lower/sentence case).
Title of newspaper (in italics and title case).
Page number
Example:
Prestwich, P. (1999, May 18). Researchers keep their heads in history. The Guardian, p.2.
If citations are from a newspaper where no author is indicated, the following basic order of
elements is used:
Title of the material or article (in lower/sentence case).
Year and date (in brackets).
Title of newspaper (in italics and title case).
Page number.
Example:
Baroness praises paramedic course. (1999, May 26). Welwyn and Hatfield Times, p.7.
2.17 Referencing CD-ROMs
The following order of basic elements should be used:
Author/Editor.
Year in brackets.
Title of the material (in lower/sentence case)
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[CD-ROM].
Place of publication:
Publisher.
Example:
Hawking, S.W. (1994). A Brief History of Time. [CD-ROM]. London: Crunch Media.
2.18 Referencing legal materials
Legal periodicals cite references differently to the APA 5th
referencing system. Legal periodicals cite
references in footnotes, whereas the APA 5th
system locates all references, including reference to
legal materials, in the reference list.
The following order of basic elements should be used for statutes and other legislation
A title or name of the legislation,
Section number and source of the statute, (abbreviations for sources are acceptable e.g.
United States Code; U.S.C.)
Year in brackets (this is the publication date which may be different from the year in thename of the act).
Example:
Mental Health Systems Act, 42 U.S.C. 9401 (1988).
The following order of basic elements should be used for cases
The title or name of the case (usually one party versus another),
Volume, Source and Page of the reporter (books which record court decisions)
(abbreviations for sources are acceptable e.g. Federal Reporter; F.)
Jurisdictions of the court writing the decision plus the date of the decision in brackets.
(abbreviations for jurisdictions are acceptable e.g. Western District of New York; W.D.
N.Y. 1953)
Example:
Leonard v. Smith, 354 F. 189 (W.D. N.Y. 1953).
2.19 Referencing dictionaries
When listing the reference at the end, books without authors should list the
Title (in italics).
Author of Chapter/Book (if appropriate)
Translation/Version/Edition
Place of Publication:
Publisher.
2.20 Referencing pamphlets/advice sheets
If there is a date of publication, use the list suggested in section 2.9. When there is no date, use the
guidance in section 2.13.
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2.21 Referencing secondary references
Only the source of work accessed should be included in the reference list.
Example:
The citation in the text is Winter (1962, cited in Thomas, 1990).
However only the secondary source should appear in the reference list.
Thomas, S. (1990). Drugs and their actions. London: The Pharmaceutical Press.
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Section 3: End Note Web Guide:
What is EndNote Web?
EndNote Web is a reference management system. It helps you to reference material efficiently and
consistently and enables you to create your bibliography correctly.
How to create an EndNote Web Account
Connect towww.myendnoteweb.com and click the Sign Up for an account link.
To install the Toolbar for Word to enable Cite While You Write
You can cite references as you are typing your coursework using the EndNote Web toolbar within
Word. As you cite your references, EndNote Web will automatically create a bibliography based on
the references you are citing.
In order to use the EndNote Web toolbar in Word, you need to install the plugin available from the
Download Installers link at the bottom of the myendnoteweb.com screen once you are logged
in to your account.
Saving references in EndNote Web
In order to cite references and create a bibliography, you need to collect and store your references
in your EndNote Web account. You can add references to your account in a number of different
ways. The easiest of which, is to use an online search.
Add References using Online Search
Only free databases are available for searching via the Online Search feature such as PubMed, ISI
Web of Science and library catalogues (e.g. U of Hertfordshire). If the database requires a password,use the Import option below.
To make online searching easier, it is sensible to create a list of favourite databases:
1. Select Connection Files from the left hand menu.
2. Select one or more Connection Files in the All Connection Files list.
3. Click the Copy to Favourites button.
When you then go to Online Search, you will be able to collect references from the databases you
have selected.
Add References using Import (use this method when importing references from Scopus or if a
database requires a password (e.g. PsycINFO))
To select the databases you need to import from:
1. Select Import Filters from the left hand menu
2. Select one or more Import Files in the All Import Filters list.
3. Click the Copy to Favourites button.
When you are ready to search your chosen database, Log onto your chosen database through the
direct web site.
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1. Find the references you want and save them to a file on your hard drive. (For database-
specific instructions about saving records, go to the EndNote Web Help link and select the
"Import Formats" link under "Managing References").
2. From the EndNote Web Collect References section on the left menu, select Import.
3. Browse your files to locate the downloaded file containing the references.
4. Select the type of file (i.e., select the import filter that corresponds to the database youused to obtain the citation records).
5. Click the Import button.
Add References using Direct Export
You can import references directly into your EndNote Web account from databases on that are part
of Web of Knowledge. These include: Web of Science, BIOSIS, Medline, and Zoological Record.
You can access these databases atwww.isiknowledge.com.
1. Perform a search in the database.
2. Select the records you want to keep.
3.
Select the Save to My EndNote Web button on the right hand column.
Entering reference information manually
1. Select New Reference from the left hand menu.
2. Select the reference type from the drop down menu (i.e., journal article).
3. Enter the reference information and click Save.
Managing and organising your references
You can organise your references into folders. To create a new folder, select that option from the
left menu.
To add references to a folder:
1. Select View all of my references from the left menu.
2. Check the boxes next to the references you want to put in the folder.
3. From the Move to drop down menu at the top of the window, select the folder name.
Using your references in your coursework
Reference lists and bibliographies must be written in the APA 5th
style. To select this bibliographic
style in your EndNote Web:
1. Select Output styles from the left hand menu in EndNote Web.
2. Select APA 5th
from the list of bibliographic styles and select copy to favourites.
Open a document in Word and start writing your coursework assignment. When you need to citereferences in the text, go to the EndNote Web toolbar, and log in to your EndNote Web account.
1. Check that the Style in the toolbar is APA 5th
2. Place the cursor where you want to insert the citation and select Find Citations
from the tool bar and search for the reference from your EndNote Web folder.
3. Select the reference and click Insert Search for the reference you want to cite.
4. You will note that the reference is inserted using the APA 5th
style and a reference
list is automatically created in the style.
5. If you need to insert a specific page number, select Edit Citation from the EndNote
Web toolbar. Select the relevant cited reference and add the page number. Click the
OK button.
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If you require further help using EndNote Web you can watch a training guide via the following web
site.
http://scientific.thomson.com/support/recorded-training/endnoteweb/
Alternatively, there are a number of tutorials available from the EndNote Web site:
http://endnoteweb.com/training/tutorials/endnoteweb/
http://scientific.thomson.com/support/recorded-training/endnoteweb/http://scientific.thomson.com/support/recorded-training/endnoteweb/http://endnoteweb.com/training/tutorials/endnoteweb/http://endnoteweb.com/training/tutorials/endnoteweb/http://endnoteweb.com/training/tutorials/endnoteweb/http://scientific.thomson.com/support/recorded-training/endnoteweb/7/28/2019 Faculty Referencing Guidelines 2009-10
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References
American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American
psychological association (5th
ed.). Washington: American Psychological Association.
British Standards Institution. (2002). British standard recommendations for references topublished material - BS 1629. London: British Standards Institution.