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Vehicle Layout

Mid engine / four wheel drive

Front engine / rear wheel drive

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Requirements of a Power transmission system :

Converting one form of energy to other.

Achieving the transition from stationary to a mobile state.

Vehicle remain stationary even when engine running.

Converting torque and rotational speed.

Providing forward and reverse motion.

Compensating for wheel speed variations in curves.

Ensuring that the power unit remains within a range on the operating curve

commensurate with minimum fuel consumption and exhaust emissions.

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Power Transmission System components

Front wheel drive :

Power train

Flywheel Clutch Gear box Transaxle

Drive shaft Wheel

Four wheel drive :

Power train

Flywheel Clutch Gear box Transfer case

Universal joint & Slip joint Propeller shaft to front & rear Final drive Differential Front & Rear drive shaft Wheel

Rear wheel drive :

Power train

Flywheel Clutch Gear box Universal joint / slip joint

Propeller shaft Final drive Differential Rear axle Wheel

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What is a Powertrain?

A unit that converts thermal energy to

mechanical work Particularly, the architecture comprising all the

subsystems required to convert this energy towork

Sometimes extends to drivetrain, which

connects powertrain to end-user of power

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Which one to choose (19th century) ?

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Which one to choose (19th

century) ?

When this question was asked in 19th century we selected engines.

reason :

- fuel availability

- low cost .

- No pollution awareness.

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Which one to choose (20th century) ?

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Which one to choose (20th

century) ?

When this same question was asked again in 20th century ,

Answer this time is electric motor .

reason :

- non- availability of fuel .

- heavy fuel prices.

- pollution awareness.

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This time we dumped engines

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Reciprocating Rotary Gas Turbine

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Characteristics of Internal Combustion Heat

Engines High energy density of fuel leads to high power

to weight ratio, especially when combusting withatmospheric oxygen

External combustion has losses due to multiple

inefficiencies (primarily heat loss fromcondensing of working fluid), internalcombustion has less inefficiencies

Heat engines use working fluids which is thesimplest of all energy conversion methods

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Why reciprocate when you want to rotate ?

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steam-animation[1].swf

R i ti I t l

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Reciprocating Internal

Combustion Heat Engines Characteristics

Slider-crank mechanism has high mechanical

efficiency (piston skirt rubbing is source of 50-60% ofall firing friction)

Piston-cylinder mechanism has high single-stage

compression ratio capability leads to high thermalefficiency capability

Fair to poor air pump, limiting power potential withoutadditional mechanisms

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Powertrain is compromise Four-stroke engines are volumetric flow rate

devices the only route to more power is

increased engine speed, more valve area orincreased charge density

More speed, charge density or valve area areexpensive or difficult to develop thereforeminimizing losses is the most efficient path within

existing engine architectures Highest average power during a vehicle

acceleration is fastest peak power values dont

win races

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Why petrol engine produces less torque compared to diesel engines ?

fpte-engine[1].swf

W ll t Wh l P th

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Well-to-Wheels Pathways

ResourceCrude oil

Coal

Natural Gas

Biomass

Wind

Nuclear

FuelsConventionalGasoline/Diesel/Naphtha

Synthetic DieselCNG (inc. biogas)

LPG

MTBE/ETBEHydrogen(compressed / liquid)

Methanol

DME

Ethanol

Bio-diesel (inc. FAEE)

PowertrainsSpark Ignition:

Gasoline, LPG, CNG,

Ethanol, H2

Compression Ignition:

Diesel, DME, Bio-diesel

Fuel Cell

Hybrids: SI, CI, FC

Hybrid Fuel Cell + Reformer

Wh t i W llWh t i W ll tt Wh l A l i ?Wh l A l i ?

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What is a WellWhat is a Well--toto--Wheel Analysis?Wheel Analysis?

WellWell--toto--TankTank

Tank-to-Wheel

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Why Do We Need Well-Tank-Wheel Analysis?

Evaluate emerging propulsion technologiesEvaluate emerging propulsion technologies

Advanced Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)Advanced Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV)Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV)

Fuel Cell Vehicle (FCV)Fuel Cell Vehicle (FCV)

Evaluate new fuelsEvaluate new fuels

Aid public policy development andAid public policy development and

business strategybusiness strategy

WellWell t oto Wheel I nt egrat ion ProcessWheel I nt egrat ion Process

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WellWell -- t oto--Wheel I nt egrat ion ProcessWheel I nt egrat ion Process

WellWell--toto--TankTankTankTank--toto--WheelWheel

Select a suitable Fuel/Propulsion PathwaysSelect a suitable Fuel/Propulsion Pathways

WellWell--toto--WheelsWheels

W ll CWh l E C i

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0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

Gasolinec

onve

ntional

Diesel

conventio

nal

Diesel

hyb

ridelec

tric

Gas

olinefuelc

ellhyb

rid

Naphth

afuelc

ellhyb

rid

Fische

rTrops

chdie

sel

CNG

conventio

nal

LH2f

uelc

ellhybrid

Metha

nolfuelc

ellhyb

rid

CH2f

uelc

ellhybrid

E-85(85%

etha

nol)co

nv.

Etha

nolfuelc

ellhyb

rid

Electr

olysis

hydrog

en

BTU/mile (fuel production and vehicle)

Better

Well-to-Wheel Energy ConsumptionWellWell--toto--Wheel Energy ConsumptionWheel Energy Consumption

Petroleum Natural Gas

Renewable/

Electricity

fuelcellh

ybrid

G G

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Well-to-Wheel Greenhouse GasesWellWell--toto--Wheel Greenhouse GasesWheel Greenhouse Gases

0

200

400

600

800

Gasolin

econ

ventio

nal

Diesel

con

ventio

nal

Dieselhy

bridel

ectri

c

Gasolin

efuelcellh

ybrid

Naphtha

fuel

cellh

ybrid

F

ische

rTrops

chdies

el

CNGco

nvent

ional

LH2f

uelc

ellhyb

rid

Me

than

olfuelcellh

ybrid

CH2f

uelc

ellhyb

rid

E-85co

nventio

nal

Eth

anol

fuel

cellh

ybrid

g COg CO22/mile/mile

(fuel productionand vehicle)

PetroleumPetroleum Natural GasNatural GasRenewable/Renewable/

ElectricityElectricity

Electrolys

is

CH2FC

hybrid

Tank-to-WheelWell-to-Tank

BetterBetter

W ll t Wh l St d C l i

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Well-to-Wheel Study Conclusions

Fuel cell vehicles powered by clean gasolineFuel cell vehicles powered by clean gasolineoffer greatly reduced greenhouse gas emissionsoffer greatly reduced greenhouse gas emissions

vs. todayvs. todays powertrains/fuelss powertrains/fuels

Diesel hybrid is very competitive and a clearDiesel hybrid is very competitive and a clearleader among nonleader among non--fuel cell powertrains/fuelsfuel cell powertrains/fuels

CNG does not offer significant benefit versusCNG does not offer significant benefit versus

conventional fuels for internal combustion engineconventional fuels for internal combustion engine

(ICE) vehicles(ICE) vehicles

Methanol fuel cell vehicles do not offer significantMethanol fuel cell vehicles do not offer significantadvantage vs. gasoline fuel cell vehiclesadvantage vs. gasoline fuel cell vehicles

Renewable fuels and nuclear power offerRenewable fuels and nuclear power offer

the lowest greenhouse gas emissionsthe lowest greenhouse gas emissions

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