FAO NATIONAL DIALOGUE ON WOOD ENERGY AND FOREST LANDSCAPE RESTORATION IN
GHANA
IMPROVED TECHNOLOGIES FOR WOOD ENERGY PRODUCTION: BIOMASS GASIFICATION AND PYROLYSIS
Presented by:
Lovans Owusu-TakyiDirector
• Institute for Sustainable Energy and Environmental Solutions (I-SEES)
• College of Tropical Agriculture – KITA – Executive Board Member• Global Ecovillage Network Ghana - Vice President• Biogas Association of Ghana, (Executive Member)• Bioenergy Association of Ghana (Interim Coordinating Committee)• Ghana Alliance for Clean Cookstoves (GHACCO) – Executive Member
• Ecosystem Based Food Security Assembly – Energy Focal Point• Youth Volunteers for the Environment - YVE Ghana - Exec. Member• African Youth Initiative on Climate Change – Ghana Member
Brief Introduction of the Institute The Institute for Sustainable Energy and Environmental
Solutions (I-SEES) is a
Solution based - research, training and development oriented institution based in Ghana
Mission:
identifying (through research),
promoting (awareness creation and training) and
deploying (market deployment) of
innovative solutions and technologies in
Renewable energy, climate change, environment, water and sanitation for improving the livelihoods and ecosystems of households and small enterprises in Ghana and Africa.
Website www.iseesghana.org
Thematic Areas of Operation
Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency
Natural Resources –
Forestry, Fisheries and Agriculture –
REDD+,
Environment -Climate Change and
Biodiversity Conservation
WASH – Water, Sanitation and
Hygiene
Objectives we strive to achieve Reducing energy expenditure for vulnerable communities through efficient
solutions
Reducing exposure to air pollution from traditional heating and lighting by Improving the health and livelihoods of vulnerable women through promotion of climate smart technologies – promoting clean Cookstoves and solar lighting solutions
Empowering young people with entrepreneurial skills and innovative ideas to reach their potential through training and business incubation
Enhancing biodiversity conservation and sustainable utilization of natural resources of vulnerable communities through participatory approaches
Improving Sanitation and Hygeine through sustainable waste to energy technologies, recycling and reuse for improved health and environment of households and communities
Contributing to food security and poverty reduction through conservation agriculture in attainment of the sustainable development goals and climate change mitigation
How we do it• Technical, Vocational and Entreprise-based skills
training (seminars, short courses, academic courses, workshops)
Training
• Evidence based research for policy advocacy and market intelligence advisory
Research and Policy Advocacy
• Professional Advisory Services, research, market study, feasibility analysis, Consultancy
• Outreach, awareness, education and behavioral change communication, livelihood empowerment
Community Development
• Market Development of innovative products and technologies through inclusive business models
Technology Deployment & Marketing
• Support for SMEs, business incubation, financial management, marketing, records, Bss plan dev’tBusiness Development
Center for Renewable Energy and
Energy Efficiency
Center for Biodiversity Conservation Agroforestry and Natural Resources
Center for Sanitation
Research and Technology
Development
ISEES is prominent in with various national networks in Ghana
Ghana Alliance for Clean Cookstoves – GHACCO – to drive adoption of clean Cookstoves and fuels in Ghana www.ghacco.org
Biogas Association of Ghana – to promote biogas technologies as solution for sanitation and waste management and energy and agric. www.biogasassociationgh.org
Ecosystem Based Food Security Assembly – Enhancing ecologically sustainable approaches to food security and renewable energy and environmental sustainability www.ebafosa.org
Ecovillage Network Ghana– Ensuring sustainable community development through wholistic and participatory approaches involving socio-economic, ecological and wordview models towards climate change adaptation – www.ecovillage.org
Permaculture Network Ghana – promoting ecologically sustainable practices towards forest conservation, food and energy security and strengthening vulnerable communities www.permacultureghana.wordpress.com
Youth Volunteers for the Environment – YVE Ghana – building capacity of youth through innovative volunteerism to be involved in green economy, environment and climate policy decision making and sustainable development www.jve-international.org – school clubs education on energy and environment among others.
Partners
YVE GHANAPERMACULTURE
NETWORK GHANA
Ghana’s Renewable Energy Resources Potential
Solar energy
4.5-
6.0kWh/m2/
day
High Biomass Energy
Potential
Hydro (≤100MW) 700MW
Total Wood supply for fuel is 30.7 million tonnes/annum
Woodfuel supply is8 million tonnes /annum
Entire land cover has potential forenergy crop / biofuel cultivation.
Municipal waste is 2 million tonnes/annum;
Wood residue is 2 million tonnes/annum Animal waste is 11 million tonnes/annum
Source – Ministry of Energy
POLICY is to increase RE contribution for power generation by 10% by 2020
Wind energy
(along coast)
5.0 m/s at 60
metres height
State of Cookstove & Biomass Fuels Sector
70% reduction of forest cover largely via unstainable woodfuel collection and Charcoal Burning.
84% households use solid fuels. 21% impacted by Indoor Air Pollution. 17,000 deaths every year with 50% being
children (WHO - 2017) 30% low awareness of health, economic,
and environmental impacts. LPG penetration rate is 26% lower than
expected target of 50% to be achieved by 2030.
Media campaign/ education on sector issues very minimal (Land Area: 238.5 km2)
COUNTRY PROFILE.- PROBLEM STATEMENT
Biomass Gasification Biomass gasification, or producing gas from biomass,
involves burning biomass under restricted air supply for the generation of producer gas. Producer gas is a mixture of gases:
18%–22% carbon monoxide (CO),
8%–12% hydrogen (H2),
8%–12% carbon dioxide (CO2),2%–4% methane (CH4) and
45%–50% nitrogen (N2) making up the rest
Advantages of Biomass Gasification
Mature technology: Biomass gasifier technology is a mature technology and gasifiers are available in several designs and capacities to suit different requirements.
Small and modular: The technology is suitable and economical for small, decentralizedapplications, typically with capacities smaller than a megawatt.
Flexible operation: A gasifier based power system, unlike those based on otherrenewable sources such as the sun and wind, can generate electricity when required andalso wherever required. Whereas large thermal power plants and solar and wind basedunits are very location specific, biomass gasifier based systems can be set up at almostany place where biomass feedstock is available.
Economically viable: For small-scale systems, the cost of power generation by biomassgasification technology is far more reasonable than that of conventional diesel basedpower generation.
Socio-economically beneficial: Biomass gasifier based systems generate employment for local people.
Mitigate climate change: Biomass is a CO2 neutral fuel and, therefore, unlike fossil fuelssuch as diesel does not contribute to net CO2 emissions, which makes biomass basedpower generation systems an attractive option in mitigating the adverse effects ofclimate change
Types of Gasifiers Classification by Density factor
Ratio of Solid Matter
Applications of Gasification Technologies
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Less Expensive
Less Convenient
More Convenient
BIOMASS GASIFIER COOKSTOVE INTERVENTIONS
Envirofit charcoal
Philips StovePrime Stove
Gyapa Cookstove
Mimimoto Stove
Elsa Biochar Stove
SETECH COOKLIGHT & COOKSAFE Stoves (Forced Draft & Natural Draft)
ACE Stove
SECTOR PICTURES: INNOVATION &TECHNOLOGY IN HOUSEHOLD COOKSTOVES.
Traditional Stoves
Improved Stoves and Fuels Advanced Super Clean Stoves and Fuels
Pellet Based Stoves / Use of Agro-waste for cooking – Biomass Gasifiers
Market under development – but picking up
Requires more investments in market development and awareness creation towards adoption
Sector has grown since 2013 till 2017 and have potential to grow
3 companies producing pellets in Ghana
Prime Stoves, Elsa Biochar stoves, Abellon Pellets Stoves, Philips and ACE Stoves making entry
ISEES promotes Improved stoves using agro-waste for households - with palm kernel shells and
coconut husk
Promotional activities among women groups
Key Findings: Initiatives by Educational Institutions
Technology Consultancy Centre, KNUST
• Ferro Cement Charcoal Gasifier
10 kW Ferro Cement Gasifier
Technology invented by TCC withsponsorship from the NetherlandsDevelopment Organization (SNV)
It cost GH₵40,000 to construct the FerroCement Charcoal Gasifier.
The gasifier provides syngas for amodified Mercedes engine coupled to a10kW alternator to generate electricity
Operated and maintained by the RuralEnergy and Enterprise Development Unitunder TCC
Serves as a demonstration facility forstudents.
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Key Findings: Initiatives by Educational Institutions
Technology Consultancy Centre, KNUST• Institutional Rocket Cookstoves
TCC Rocket stove cookstove
Technology invented by TCC with sponsorshipfrom the Netherlands Development Organization(SNV)
Constructed mainly from bricks
The rocket cookstove cost GH₵12,000 toconstruct
These stoves have been replicated for a numbersecond cycle intuitions including Kumasi SeniorHigh Technical School, Yaa Asantewaa Girls'Senior High School, Kumasi Secondary TechnicalSchool, St. Augustine’s College among others
Cleaner, higher performance and more efficientcompared to the traditional tripod
Reduces fuel cost by 80%.
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Traditional Methods of Wood Energy Production Producing Energy From Wood at the indigenous
community based level – are largely
inefficient,
contributes to deforestation
Contributes to climate change
Poor air quality and air pollution
Negative Impact on health of women and children
Charcoal Production has contributions to deforestation in some regions
Majority of processors uses Traditional Kiln method–14% efficient
Improved method – 25% efficient but are least used Need for policies to regulate the sector – requires
improved carbonization methods for local people and feedstock development
Improved casamance kiln – reduces the amount of wood used and yet ensures good quality charcoal is produced.
(Photo Credit: UNDP Uganda 2014)
Metal Kiln (INBAR-Daboase)
Earth Mould Method
Pellets and Briquettes from food-energy crops and biomass fuels in Ghana
Coconut shells Coconut husk Rice husk Sawdust
Corn cobs Pellets Bamboo Corn cob pellet
Rice husk pellet Sawdust pellet Rice straw Wood chips
Figure 3. Some Types of Fuels Used in Ghana
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http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=sawdust+pellets&go=&qs=ds&form=QBIR#view=detail&id=EE51D0A6F4536B20470BB1A651C09DFC242A35CD&selectedIndex=5http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=sawdust+pellets&go=&qs=ds&form=QBIR#view=detail&id=EE51D0A6F4536B20470BB1A651C09DFC242A35CD&selectedIndex=5http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=rice+straw&go=&qs=ds&form=QBIR#view=detail&id=A4B5174CBB3CD2A9F86C9E1CE211D6D3F876C2BE&selectedIndex=3http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=rice+straw&go=&qs=ds&form=QBIR#view=detail&id=A4B5174CBB3CD2A9F86C9E1CE211D6D3F876C2BE&selectedIndex=3
Crop Residue Generation from agricultural crops in 2011
Renewable Charcoal Development - Sustainable Fuels Charcoal Briquettes from Bamboo, Coconut waste, palm kernel
Bamboo plantations as alternatives for fuel
Improved Kilns Development for Charcoal Producers
Charcoal from Feacal Sludge
Charcoal briquettes from cocoa pods, cashew among others.
Sustainable Solutions for Addressing WoodfuelConsumption for Forest Conservation in Ghana
SUSTAINABLE WOODLOTS DEVELOPMENT
SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF FOREST RESERVES
USE OF TIMBER OFF-CUTS FOR CHARCOAL PRODUCTION
AGRO-FORESTRY – FAST GROWING MULTIPURPOSE TREES AND BAMBOO
PROMOTION OF FOOD ENERGY CROPS – WHOSE RESIDUE CAN BE USED FOR FUEL FOR COOKING
BIOMASS & AGRO-WASTE UTILIZATION FOR CHARCOAL, BRIQUETTES AND PELLETS PRODUCTION
USE OF IMPROVED CONVERSION TECHNOLOGIES
PROMOTION OF END-USE DEVISES – CLEAN COOKSTOVES
Agro-Processing industries heavily dependent on forest resources as fuels Biomass Energy is required in all aspects of society to
drive productivity
Most especially in the Agro-Processing Industry
Boiling - Palm Oil Processing, Palm Kernel Oil Processing, Mushroom Sterilization, Shea Butter Processing,
Roasting - Gari Processing, Groundnut roasting, Shea nuts roasting
Drying - Gari, Fish, Mushroom, Fruit Drying,Leavesdrying, Vegetables,
Smoking - Fish
Improved Technology Overview
The Ahotor oven was designed by SNV, FRI,FC, Morrison Energy Services, Best Performance and Crispin Pemberton an international stove consultant.
• Reduced PAH deposit levels on smoked fish. (BaP 6;PAH 53)
• 32% more fuel efficient than Chorkor
• Similar to baseline design and user friendly
• A standard double unit costs about $500.
• 30% discounted for early adopters.
• Users are trained on the use and maintenance of the oven.
• Ahotor Oven
Improved stoves for healthier Fish smoking - low PAH levels
Approaches and lessons learnt
Research & Baseline Pilot new conceptStakeholder involvement
& Knowledge Sharing
Technology Development Periodic monitoring
Gari Processing StovesTraditional Circular Gari Stoves
Baseline is inefficient, unhealthy and 95% women run
Traditional Rectangular Gari Roasting
Gari Production Project
Improved Rectangular GARI ROASTING Stoves Chrisaach Stove Morrison Stove
WOMEN IN PALM OIL PROCESSING INDUSTRIES
IMPROVED STOVES FOR PALM KERNEL OIL PROCESSING – USING PALM FIBRE – CONSTRUCTED
WITH SUPPORT FROM ECREEE
Protecting and saving lives and our forests
processing- Installed in an off-grid community Papasi, by Kumasi Institute of
Tropical Agriculture, ISEES/ CEESD awith funding from USADF Power Africa
Contact UsLovans Owusu-Takyi
DirectorInstitute for Sustainable Energy and Environmental Solutions
(ISEES)Box 658, University of Ghana Legon, Accra
Kumasi office: Box 293, KNUST, Kumasi
Tel: 0233-0244108268Email: [email protected]
[email protected]: www.iseesghana.org