Febuary 2015 hindi magazine nepal

lxdflngL km/j/L @)!% 1

2 lxdflngL km/j/L @)!%



lxdflngL ca km];a's k/ eLfacebook.com/ Thehimalini

;DkfbsLo #

l/kf]6{ $

cfj/0f !)

ljrf/ dLdf+zf !&

ljrf/ !*

cfwf cfsfz, k"/ L p8fg #!

ljZn]if0f #@

;Gbe{ ljZj lxGbL lbj; #$

lzIff #*

Jo+Uo $@

sljtfP+ $#

k':ts ;dLIff $$

g]kfnuGh l/kf]6{ $^

ko{6g $*

;dfrf/ $(

dgf]/+hg %%

lxdflngL km/j/L @)!% 5k|sfzsM 8f= s[i0frGb| ld> k|sfzg k|f=ln= sf7df+8", d'b|0fM EXPRESS COLOUR PRESS CO.PVT.LTD= 01-4781810, ;+kfbsLo sfof{no, kf] =a=g+= 8241, cgfdgu/ , sf7df+8", 01-2031090 E-mail: [email protected], info@himalini .com, Website: www .himalini .com,

HIMALINIHIMALINIlxdflngLlxdflngL

jif{M !*, c+s M @, @)&! df3–kmfu'g

www.himalini.com

sf=lh=sf=b=g+= &#÷)%$÷%%

lxdflngL d] + k|sflzt n] vf] + d] + JoQm ljrf/ Pj+ b[li6sf] 0f ;+alwt n] vsf] + s] x} + . ;+kfbs d+8n Pj+ k|sfzs sf p;;] ;xdt xf] gf cfjZos gxL+ x} + .

;To] gfl:t eo+ Sjflrt\

k|oTg s/ g] ;] xL sfo{ k"0f{ xf] t] x} +, lsGt' O;d] + ;DalGwt kIf sL k|lta4tf cfjZos xf] tL x} . O{dfgbf/ L ;] cu/ ls;L sfo{ s] kL5] nuf hfo tf] lglZrt ¿k ;] jx sfo{ l;4 xf] tf x} . lh; jSt sf O+thf/ g] kfnL hgtf pT;'stf s] ;fy s/ / xL yL, jf] jSt cfof eL cf} / u'h/ eL uof . ;QfkIf cfh eL tTk/ x} + ls ls;L eL xfn d] + ;+ljwfg sf tf] xkmf hgtf sf] ldn hfo, en] xL ox tf] xkmf hgtf sL k;Gb sf xf] , of ls;L cf} / sL k;Gb sf . ax/ xfn, l: ylt hf] lbvf / xL x} p;;] tf] oxL hflx/ xf] / xf x} ls ox tf] xkmf sxL+ cf} / ;] xL cfoft xf] / xf x} . sn ts hf] cf] nL, k8Þf] ;L ldq ef/ t s] s/ LaL hfg] hf / x] y] , cfh pgs] ;'/ abn] x'P x} + . emngfy vgfn rLg ofqf s] kZrft s'5 clws xL d'v/ gh/ cf / x] x} + . P] ;] xL sO{ cf} / eL gfd x} + lhgs] r] x/ ] ljb] z ofqf s] kZrft\ s'5 cnu xL ¿k d] + lbv / x] x} + . ceL Hofbf jSt gxL+ u'h/ f x} , ha df] bL sL hgsk'/ ofqf ?sjfg] s] kL5] rLg sf gfd baL h'jfg ;] ;fdg] cfof yf . ;Qf s] abnt] ;'/ g] z+sf cf} / ;jfn bf] gf] + sf] hGd b] lbof x} . cfh s] hf] xfnft lbv / x] x} +, p;d] + sxL+ gf sxL+ g] kfn cf} / ef/ t s] l/ Ztf] + sf] sdhf] / s/ g] sL ;flhz gh/ cf / xL x} . ef/ t s] pmFr] xf] t] sb ;] rLg cf} / kfls: tfg bf] gf] + sL k] zfgL k/ an k8Þ] x'P x} + . g] kfn d] + eL df] bL hL sf k|efj lbvg] nuf yf cf} / g] kfn s] ;fy a9ÞtL ghbLsL eL OGx] + gfujf/ u'h/ / xL xf] uL . abn] x'P g] kfn s] kl/ j] z d] + rLg sL ks8Þ a9ÞtL x'O{ lbv / xL x} . emngfy vgfn tf] v'ns/ rLg sL tf/ Lkmf] + s] k'n afFwt] gh/ cf / x] x} + . pgsf ox sxgf ls Ps rLg xL x} hf] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f x] t' sf] O{ cfGtl/ s bjfa gxL+ b] / xf x} cf} / lh; t/ x ;efd'v g] dof{bfljxLg xf] s/ ;ef sf]

5fjgL d] + tAbLn s/ s] k|: tfj sf] k9Þf cf} / kfl/ t s/ jfof ox ;f] rg] k/ dha"/ s/ / xf x} sxL+ rf] / sL bf9ÞL d] + ltgsf tf] gxL+ . s'5 tf] x} hf] gh/ gxL+ cf / xf, sxL+ dx/ f k|s/ 0f h} ;L sf] O{ aft kb] { s] kL5] tf] gxL+ < cu/ P] ;f s'5 x} tf] jf] Hofbf lbgf] + ts hgtf sL lgufxf] + ;] 5'k gxL+ kfPuf Sof] +ls, untL sf] O{ gf sf] O{ lgzfgL cjZo 5f] 8Þ hftL x} .

ljj] sfgGb g] sxf yf, æls;L aft ;] t'd pT;fxxLg g xf] cf] , hats O{Zj/ sL s[kf xdf/ ] pmk/ x} sf} g O; k[YjL k/ xdf/ L pk] Iff s/ ;stf x} < olb t'd ckgL clGtd ;fF; eL n] / x] xf] tf] eL g 8/ gf . l;+x sL z"/ tf cf} / k'ik sL sf] dntf s] ;fy sfd s/ t] / xf] .Æ sn sL xjf sf ?v eL abn ;stf x} azt] { g] tfcf] + sL ;f] r abn] . dw] z sL lgufx] + dw] zL g] tfcf] + k/ l6sL x} + lsGt', OgsL lgufx] + s';L{ k/ xL l6sL x'O{ x} + . ceL eL OgsL cj;/ jfbL lkmt/ t vTd gxL+ x'O{ x} . P] ;] d] + enf O{Zj/ sL eL s[kf sa ts agL / x] uL o] b] vgf x} .

lahnL cf} / u} ; sL qf;bL sf] em] ntf xdf/ f b] z x/ ;'ax Ps gO{ pDdLb s] ;fy ckgL cfFv] + vf] ntf x} k/ 9nt] ;"o{ s] ;fy jf] pDdLb bd tf] 8Þ b] tL x} . u} ; s] lnP a] xfn x'P nf] uf] + sL nDaL stf/ ] + cf} / 8Lhn, k] 6«f] n s] lnP ufl8Þof] + sL nDaL stf/ f] + s] b[Zo / fhwfgL s] lnP s'5 gof gxL+ x} . nf] uf] + sf] eL ca cfbt ;L xf] uO{ x} . Ps z] / x}

pd|]b/ fh df+u s/ nfP y] rf/ lbg, bf] cf/ h d] + s6 uP bf] O+thf/ d] +, hfg] sa OGthf/ sL OGtxf xf] uL . v} / , sn a] xt/ xf] OGxL+

cfsf+Iffcf] + s] ;fy lxdflngL sf gof c+s cfks] lnP .

;DkfbsLo

afhf/ Joj: yfkg lbg] z zdf{ -hgsk'/_, j?0fdfnf ld>f, -lj/ f6gu/_, k|ef l;+x - uf} /_, l;lsGb/l;+x ofbj, -df] /ª_

sfof{no Joj: yfks/ fhgf/ fo0f ofbj

ef/ t sfof{no8f“= nf/ L cfhfb, lbNnL

;nfxsf/ ;Dkfbs* hosfGt nfn bf;k'ikf 7fs'/

k|wfg ;Dkfbs*/ d] z emf

;Dkfbs 8f‘= Zj] tf bLlKt

sfo{sf/L ;Dkfbsd's'Gb cfrfo{

jL/ u+h Ao"/ f] s'df/ ;lRrbfgGb l;+x

/fhlj/fh k|d'vs?0ff emf

ljz] if ;Djfbbftfs} nf; bf; -hgsk'/_, / Tg] Zj/s'df/ emf hn] Zj/_ uf] ljGb Gof} kfg] -x] 6f} 8f_, ljgo bLlIft - g] kfnuGh_cgLn ltjf/L, - jL/ u+h_

dxfk|aGwssljtf bf;

;x–dxfk|a+ws/ jLGb| emf

If] qLo k|a+wsc?0f s'df/ ld>

dfs] {l6+u PShLSo"l6jljgo s'df/

l8hfOg/ nLnfgfy uf} td

g]kYo sf /x:o


ef/ tLo dxfjfl0fHo b"tfjf; g] lk5n] lbgf] + ckgL : yfkgf s] b; jif{ k"/ ]

lsP . O; cj;/ k/ ljut !& hgj/ L sf] ljleGg sfo{qmdf] + sf cfof] hg lsof uof . zx/ s] le: jf xf] 6n s] ;efuf/ d] + ef/ t tyf g] kfn s] Jofkfl/ of] + sf] Ps d+r k/ nfs/ bf] gf] + b] zf] + s] aLr abnt] Jofkfl/ s kl/ b[Zo ljifo k/ ;+uf] i7L sf cfof] hg lsof uof . O;sL cWoIftf jt{dfg dxfjfl0fHob"t >LdtL c+h" / +hg g] sL hals k|d'v cltly s] cf;g sf] O;s] k|yd dxfjfl0fHob"t >L u'?/ fh / fj g] ;'zf] let lsof . O; ;+uf] i7L d] + laxf/ O+8: 6«Lh P;f] l;P;g s] kbflwsfl/ of] + s] ;fy g] kfn s] cnu–cnu lhnf] + s] r] +a/ cf‘km sf‘d;{ s] kbflwsfl/ of] + sL ;xeflutf

yL . jL/ u+h g] kfn sL cf} Bf] lus gu/ L x} cf} / k|d'v k|j] zåf/ eL . oxfF s] cg] s pBf] ukltof] + cf} / Jofkfl/ of] + g] O; sfo{qmd d] + ckgL ;xeflutf htfO{ . O; t/ x pBf] u Joj;fo ;] h'8Þ] ljleGg kIff] + s] nf] u Ps ;fy oxfF Ps d+r k/ pkl: yt y] .

O; ;+uf] i7L sf] ;+af] lwt s/ t] x'P >LdtL / +hg g] sxf ls bf] gf] + b] zf] + s] Jofkfl/ s l/ Ztf] + sf] a9Þfg] s] sO{ If] q x} + . låkIfLo Jofkf/ s] ;fy–;fy s[lif, ko{6g, / ] n, ljB't cflb If] qf] + d] + lgj] z lsof hf ;stf x} . pGxf] +g] sxf ls g] kfn sf ef/ t s] ;fy nueu &* k|ltzt sf Jofkf/ x} . Og bf] gf] + b] zf] + s] aLr jt{dfg ;do d] + $=&@ lalnog o"P; 8f‘n/ sf sf/ f] af/ x} . cun] cfly{s jif{ ts O;s] % lalnog

8f‘n/ xf] g] sL ;+efjgf x} . pGxf] +g] ox eL sxf ls xd cR5] k8Þf] ;L xL gxL+ alNs cR5] l/ Zt] bf/ eL x} + .

sfo{qmd s] bf} / fg / S;f} n l: yt ef/ tLo s: 6d s] ;xfos cfo'St sdn] z s'df/ åf/ f Jofkf/ d] + s: 6d sL e"ldsf cf} / ;'ljwf s] ;DaGw d] + hfgsf/ L bL uO{ . pGxf] +g] atfof ls g] kfn d] + ag] pTkfb sf] ef/ t d] + lgof{t s] lnP cfwf/ e"t s: 6d 8\o"6L gxL+ nutL . P] ;] d] + g] kfnL s+klgofF ef/ t sf] ckg] 3/ ] n" afhf/ s] ¿k d] + k|of] u s/ ;stL x} + . O;L t/ x b"tfjf; ;] : jLs[lt n] g] s] afb g] kfnL jfxgf] + ;] ef/ t ;/ sf/ åf/ f ls;L k|sf/ sf s/ gxL+ lnof hftf . lkm/ g] kfn sL ;'ljwf s] lnP ;Ktfx e/ sf sfo{lbj; eL s/ lbof uof x} . @%,))) ?kP ts sf ;fdfg lagf ls;L nfO;] +; s] ef/ t n] hfof hf ;stf x} . pGxf] +g] bf] gf] + b] z s] dWo Jofkf/ sL ljz] iftf sf] : ki6 s/ t] x'P sxf ls ox Jofkf/ ef/ tLo d'b|f d] + xf] tf x} , O;;] bf] gf] + b] zf] + s] 8f‘n/ ;+lrt / xt] x} + .

jL/ u+h pBf] u jfl0fHo ;+3 s] cWoIf k|bLk s] l8of g] ljrf/ lbof ls b"tfjf; sL : yfkgf ;] bf] gf] + b] zf] + s] aLr Jofkf/ d] + sfkmL ;xhtf x'O{ x} . xfnfFls / S;f} n cf} / O;s] cf;kf; s] If] q d] + ljsf; sL ult tLj| gxL+ xf] g] ;] ;d: ofPF x} + . lkm/ / S;f} n ;] df] ltxf/ L ts ;8Þsf] + sL b'/ fj: yf x} , lh;] a] xt/ s/ g] sf k|of; xf] gf rflxP . O;L t/ x lgDa; ;d"x s] cWoIf hubLz k|;fb cu|jfn g] g] kfn ef/ t s] aLr Jofkfl/ s ;DaGw j: t'k/ s xf] g] sL cfjZostf k/

ef/ tLo dxfjfl0fHo b"tfjf;, jL/ u+h s] b; jif{

s'df/ ;lRrbfgGb

l/kf]6{


an lbof . pGxf] +g] ef/ t s] ;fy g] kfn s] Jofkf/ 3f6] sf] sd s/ g] s] lnP g] kfnL pTkfbf] + sf ef/ t d] + lgof{t sf] kof{Kt gxL+ dfgf . n] lsg pGxf] +g] ox eL sxf ls ef/ t Ps dxfg b] z x} . p;sL cfsf+IffPF ax't a8ÞL x} . O;lnP h¿/ t x} sbd ;] sbd ldnfs/ rng] sL .

;Dd] ng sf] ;+af] lwt s/ t] x'P laxf/ O+8: 6«Lh P;f] l;P;g s] pkfWoIf lgzLt hfo;jfn g] sxf ls laxf/ ;/ sf/ sL goL pBf] u gLlt s] sf/ 0f laxf/ d] + pBf] u nufg] s] lnP ;xL dfxf} n sfod x'cf x} . cR5L pBf] u gLlt s] sf/ 0f pBf] u nufg] k/ cR5f cg'bfg ldn / xf x} . n] lsg ;LdfjtL{ If] qf] + d] + kx'Fr sf ;a;] a8Þf afws ceL eL ;8Þs] + x} + . pGxf] +g] ox eL ljrf/ lbof ls bf] gf] + b] zf] + s] Jofkfl/ s ;+aGwf] + sf] a9Þfg] s] lnP d"ne"t ;'ljwfcf] + d] + lj: tf/ sL cfjZostf x} . sfo{qmd s] cGt d] + d'Vo cltly s] cf;g

;] af] nt] x'P ef/ tLo dxfjfl0fHo b"tfjf; s] k|yd dxfjfl0fHob"t >L u'?/ fh / fj g] sxf ls ckgL ;d: ofcf] + s] aLr eL jL/ u+h jfl0fHob"tfjf; sf sfkmL ljsf; x'cf x} . pGxf] +g] ox eL sxf ls g] kfn sL h¿/ t x} ef/ t s] ;fy h'8Þg] sL . O;s] afb g] kfn s] ljsf; sL ult eL a9Þ hfPuL . Jofkf/ d] + lhtgf ;/ sf/ sf x: tIf] k sd xf] uf, ljsf; ptgf xL clws xf] uf . >L / fj g] ox eL atfof ls dxfjfl0fHo b"tfjf; sL : yfkgf s] afb O; If] q d] + ljsf; sL ult tLj| x'O{ x} cf} / lhg ;'ljwfcf] + s] lnP nf] uf] + sf] sf7df08" hfgf k8Þtf yf, j] : yfgLo : t/

k/ pknAw xf] hft] x} + .jt{dfg dxfjfl0fHob"t >LdtL / +hg

g] ox hfgsf/ L bL ls ljut b; jiff] {+ sf sfo{sfn sfkmL pT;fxhgs / xf . b"tfjf; sL : yfkgf s] sf/ 0f O; If] q s] d"ne"t 9fFr] s] ljsf; ;] ;dfh s] ;eL juf] {+ sf] nfe ldnf x} . OGxf] +g] #) n3' ljsf; kl/ of] hgfcf] + s] ;fy–;fy 5x a8ÞL kl/ of] hgfcf] + k/ sfo{ rn / x] xf] g] sL hfgsf/ L bL . pGxf] +g] atfof ls Og ;as] aLr Ps cR5L aft ox x} ls hf] eL sfd ef/ t ;/ sf/ åf/ f s/ fP hft] x} + p; k/ ;LwL lgu/ fgL xf] tL x} . pGxf] +g] sxf ls O;sL : yfkgf ;] ef/ t cf} / g] kfn bf] gf] + xL b] zf] + s] gful/ sf] + sf] nfe x'cf x} . uf} / tna x} ls dxfjfl0fHo b"tfjf; s] If] q d] + g] kfn s] cf7 lhn] cft] x} +, lh;d] + O;s] dfWod ;] ljBfno, ;efuf/ , c: ktfn, ljB'tLs/ 0f, k'n cflb sf lgdf{0f sfo{ s/ fof hf / xf x} . O;s] ;fy xL

lk5n] jif{ ts %#=@^ s/ f] 8Þ g] kfnL ?kP sL nfut ;] t} of/ ## kl/ of] hgfcf] + sf x: tfGt/ 0f s/ lbof uof x} . !&#@ s/ f] 8Þ ?kP sL 5x a8ÞL kl/ of] hgfcf] + k/ sfd rn / xf x} . pGxf] +g] cfly{s jif{ @)!#–!$ d] + $=^* s/ f] 8Þ cf} / @)!$–!% d] + *=@& s/ f] 8Þ ?kP n3' kl/ of] hgfcf] + s] lnP lgu{t lsP hfg] sL hfgsf/ L bL . ckgL : yfkgf s] b; jiff] {+ d] + O;g] ($ P] +a'n] +; Pj+ ljBfnof] +–dxfljBfnof] + s] lnP !& : s"na; k|bfg lsP x} + .

lzIff s] If] q d] + eL b"tfjf; sL O; zfvf sL : yfkgf ;] t/ fO{ If] q sL 5fq–5fqfcf] + sf] nfe ldnf x} . ox ;r x} ls cWoog cf} / cg';+wfg s] lnP ef/ t ;/ sf/ åf/ f g] kfn s] cWo] tfcf] + sf] hf] ;'ljwf of 5fqj[lQ k|bfg sL hftL x} , p;s] lnP O; b"tfjf; sf sf] O{ lglZrt sf] 6f gxL+ xf] tf . n] lsg O; sfof{no sL : yfkgf ;] ;"rgf, cfj] bg cf} / k/ LIff tyf cGtjftf{ s] lnP

ef/ t sf dxfjfl0fHo b"tfjf; g] ckgL : yfkgf sf Ps bzs k"/ f xf] g] s] cj;/ k/ jL/ u+h s] le: jf xf] 6n s] ;efuf/ d] + gO{ lbNnL ;] kwf/ ] lgofhL P08 gdfhL a|b;{ åf/ f sJjfnL sL zfd sf cfof] hg lsof . cfO{;L;Lcf/ åf/ f k|fof] lht O; Zffd sf] Og sJjfn–aGw'cf] + g] ;"kmL ;+uLt Pj+ ;dsfnLg sJjflnof] + ;] ;xefluof] + sf] ;/ faf] / s/ lbof . ;g\ @))% d] + : yflkt ef/ tLo dxfjfl0fHo b"tfjf;, jL/ u+h s] k|yd dxfjfl0fHob"t >L ;L= u'?/ fh / fj tyf jt{dfg dxfjfl0fHob"t >LdtL c+h" / +hg g] ;+o'St ¿k d] + bLk k|HHjlnt s/ O; sfo{qmd sf z'ef/ De lsof . O; sfo{qmd d] + jt{dfg tyf lgjt{dfg ;ef;b, k|zf;lgs kbflwsf/ L, pBf] uklt, Joj;foL, lzIffljb\ tyf zx/ s] u0odfGo JolStof] + sL pkl: ylt yL . uf} / tna x} ls Og sJjfnf] + sL k/ Dk/ f Vjfhf lghfd'2Lg cf} lnof, dx"aa OnfxL, xh/ t cdL/ v';/ f] s] b/ af/ ;] h'8ÞL / xL x} . OGx] + ef/ t s] sJjfnL ;d|f6 s] ¿k d] + hfgf hftf x} cf} / &%) jiff] {+ sL sJjfnL k/ Dk/ f sL pTs[i6 s8ÞL s] ¿k d] + OgsL u0fgf sL hftL x} . ef/ t s] ;ftj] + / fi6«klt 1fgL h} n l;+x åf/ f OGx] + k'/ : s[t eL lsof uof yf . cd] l/ sf, sgf8f, la|6] g, : sf‘6n} +8, Go"hLn} +8, l;+ufk'/ , dSsf–dbLgf cflb d] + eL OGxf] ++g] ckgL k|: t'ltofF bL x} + . Ogs] ;+uLt sf ;'ggf jL/ u+hjfl;of] + s] lnP Ps cb\e't cg'ej ;] u'h/ gf yf .

zfd–P sJjfnL

l/kf]6{

ef/ t sf dxfjfl0Ho b"tfjf;, jL/ u+h s] If] qflwsf/ d] +

lgdf{0ffwLg 5M a8ÞL kl/ of] hgfPFR #@) lsnf] dL6/ nDafO{ sL !! ;8 Þs] +

M cg'dflgt Joo ^%) s/ f] 8Þ .R ^* lsnf] dL6/ / ] nky, hogu/ –

hgsk'/ –abL{jf; M cg'dflgt Joo &^* s/ f] 8Þ .

R nfnasof, afudtL tyf sdnf glbof] + k/ t6aGw M cg'dflgt Joo !$* s/ f] 8Þ .

R O06Lu|] 6] 8 r] skf] : 6, jL/ u+h M cg'dflgt Joo *^ s/ f] 8Þ .

R x] 6f} 8f d] + jf] s] ;gn 6«] lg+u ;] 06/ M cg'dflgt Joo $) s/ f] 8Þ .

R jL/ u+h, lrtjg cf} / hgsk'/ d] + k|: tfljt tLg cGo jf] s] ;gn 6«] lg+u ;] 06/ .


jL/u+hjf;L sL gh/ d]+ jfl0fHo b"tfjf;lk5n] b; jiff] {+

d] + ef/ tLo dxfjfl0Ho b"tfjf;, jL/ u+h g] t/ fO{ s] nf] uf] + s] lnP ;/ fxgLo sfd lsof x} . b/ c;n t/ fO{ s] nf] uf] + sL h¿/ tf] + sf] Wofg d] + / vs/ xL dxfjfl0fHo b"tfjf; sL : yfkgf sL uO{ yL . kxn] 5f] 6L–5f] 6L h¿/ tf] +, h} ;] df] 6/ k/ ld6, k|df0f–kq ;Tofkg tyf cGo sf} +;'n/ ;] jfcf] + s] lnP t/ fO{ s] nf] uf] + sf] ef/ tLo / fhb"tfjf;,

sf7df08" hfgf k8Þtf yf . Og ;f/ L ;'ljwfcf] + sf] dxfjfl0fHo b"tfjf; lk5n] b; jiff] {+ ;] jL/ u+h d] + xL pknAw s/ jf / xf x} , lh;;] t/ fO{jfl;of] + sL k/ ] zflgofF sd x'O{ x} + . b";/ f dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ x} ef/ t ;/ sf/ åf/ f k|fof] lht kl/ of] hgfcf] + sf cjnf] sg, d"Nof+sg tyf ;dLIff s/ gf Pj+ pGx] + k"0f{ s/ fgf . cfh t/ fO{ s] cf7 lhn] hf] b"tfjf; s] cwLg x} + pgd] + nueu k} +tL; n3' kl/ of] hgfcf] + tyf rf/ a8ÞL kl/ of] hgfcf] + sf] c+hfd lbof hf / xf x} . O;s] cnfjf ;Ldf ;'/ Iffan ;] ;dGjo, Jofkf/ , s: 6d ;DaGwL ;d: ofcf] + sf lg/ fs/ 0f tyf ef/ t–g] kfn ;Ldf sf] s} ;] nf] sfg's"n agfof hfP, O; lbzf d] + eL dxfjfl0Ho b"tfjf; ;tt k|of;/ t x} .

ef/ t dxfg nf] stf+lqs / fi6« x} cf} / g] kfn sf ;Rrf ldq tyf k8Þf] ;L x} . g] kfn sf ef/ t s] ;fy lh; t/ x sf P] \ltxfl;s, ;f+: s[lts cf} / cfly{s ;DaGw x} +, j} ;f ls;L cGo b] z s] ;fy gxL+ . O;lnP cfd g] kflnof] + s] dg d] + ef/ t cf} / ef/ tjfl;of] + s] k|lt pRr ;Ddfg cf} / ;befj x} . g] kfn sL cfly{s / fhwfgL jL/ u+h d] + ef/ tLo dxfjfl0fHo b"tfjf; sL : yfkgf s] b; jif{ k"/ ] x'P . xd sx ;st] x} + ls dxfjfl0fHo b"tfjf; sL : yfkgf ;] xdf/ ] ;DaGwf] + sf] clws an ldnf x} . snf, ;+: s[lt, lzIff, k"jf{wf/ ljsf;, : jf: Yo, s[lif, ;+rf/ cflb If] qf] + d] + cg] s ;xof] u k|fKt x'P x} + . jt{dfg dxfjfl0fHob"t >LdtL c+h" / +hg s] s'zn / fhglos g] t[Tj d] + ox b"tfjf; ;DaGwf] + sf] goL lbzf cf} / gof cfofd b] ox xdf/ L z'esfdgf x} . g] kfn–ef/ t s] aLr hg: t/ sf ;DaGw x} . xdg] Ps–b";/ ] sL ljljw ;+: s[ltof] + sf] : jLsf/ L eL x} . cfh bf] gf] + b] zf] + s] lnP cfly{s, ;fdflhs cf} / ;f+: s[lts ¿kfGt/ 0f sL gO{ tyf b[9Þ OR5fzlSt ckg] eLt/ pTkGg s/ g] sL P] ltxfl;s cfjZostf sL 38ÞL x} . ;femf k|oTg, ;xof] u cf} / ;dGjo sL h¿/ t x} . O; cfnf] s d] + jL/ u+h l: "yt dxfjfl0fHo b"tfjf; ldqtf sf ;f] kfg agg] d] + lg/ Gt/ sf/ u/ / x] uf, P] ;f hgdt x} . dxfjfl0fHo b"tfjf; s] Ps bzs k"/ f xf] g] k/ ;eL ;Da4 kIff] + sf] xdf/ L z'esfdgfPF .

pGx] + sf7df+8" hfg] sL h¿/ t gxL+ xf] tL, : yfgLo : t/ k/ xL clwsf+z ;'ljwfPF pknAw xf] hftL x} + . O;lnP ef/ t ;/ sf/ åf/ f lbP hfg] jfn] cj;/ f] + ts O; If] q s] nf] uf] + sL ;xh kx'Fr xf] g] nuL x} . lkm/ ;do–;do k/ lga+w cflb k|ltof] lutfcf] + sf] cfof] lht s/ tyf O;d] + pTs[i6 xf] g] jfn] 5fqf] + sf] k'/ : s[t s/ z} lIfs ultljlw s] k|f] T;fxg d] + eL jL/ u+h jfl0fHo dxfb"tfjf; g] ckgf of] ubfg lbof x} .

g] kfn–ef/ t s] ;DaGwf] + s] l;km{ Jofkfl/ s cf} / Joj;flos cfofd gxL+ x} + . ;fdflhs–;f+: s[lts : t/ k/ eL bf] gf] + b] z k/ : k/ cfTdLotf s] ;fy h'8Þ] x} + . O;L ;f+: s[lts lj/ f;t s] cfbfg–k|bfg s] lnP ef/ tLo dxfjfl0fHo b"tfjf; s] ;f} hGo ;] zf] egf hubLz cf} / ;f] gndfg l;+x h} ;L cGt/ f{i6«Lo Vofltk|fKt g[Tof+ugfcf] + sf

;fIffTsf/ jL/ u+hjfl;of] + g] lsof . O;s] cltl/ St ljleGg If] qLo ;+uLt, jfB–;+uLt, sJjfnL cflb ;] u"FhtL zfdf] + sf eL cfof] hg dxfjfl0fHo b"tfjf; åf/ f xf] tf / xf x} . P] ;] cfof] hg ;f+: s[lts P] So sL lbzf d] + Ogs] a9Þt] x'P sbd x} + .

;flxlTos cfbfg–k|bfg sL lbzf d] + eL ox b"tfjf; ;lqmo / xf x} . oxL sf/ 0f x} ls clvn ef/ tLo : t/ k/ Vofltk|fKt xf: o sljof] +, oyf–czf] s rqmw/ , ;'/ ] Gb| zdf{ cflb s] sfo{qmdf] + sf cfgGb p7fg] sf cj;/ gu/ jfl;of] + sf] ldnf . O;s] ;fy xL cg] s cj;/ f] + k/ ef/ t–g] kfn s] sljof] + sf] Ps d+r k/ nfs/ ;flxTo s] If] q d] + eL ;DaGwf] + sf] a] xt/ agfg] sL lbzf d] + O;g] sfd lsof .

ef/ t–g] kfn ;DaGwf] + sL ;a;] a8ÞL ljz] iftf x} ls ox l;km{ s"6g} lts gxL+ alNs hg: t/ k/ : yflkt x} . s"6g} lts

: t/ k/ O;d] + ptf/ –r9Þfj cft] / xt] x} +, du/ hg: t/ k/ ox ;bf k|uf9Þ / xf x} cf} / Og ptf/ –r9Þfjf] + ;] ck|efljt eL / xf x} . O; ;DaGw sf] cf} / clws ultzLntf k|bfg s/ g] s] lnP ;do–;do k/ bf] gf] + b] zf] + s] hg k|ltlglwof] + sf] Ps d+r k/ nfs/ ljrf/ uf] li7ofF sL uO{ x} + cf} / Og uf] li7of] + ;] k|fKt lgisif{ Ogs] dfu{ lgb] {zs tTj / x] x} + .

ox ;r x} ls l/ Ztf] + sL O; u/ dfx6 k/ seL–seL / fhgLlt sL sfnL 5fof k8ÞL x} , seL v'nL ;Ldf cf} / O; k/ xf] g] jfnL ljleGg ultljlwofF ljjfb sf sf/ 0f agtL x} + . n] lsg ljleGg : t/ f] + k/ k|uf9Þ ox ;DaGw Og gsf/ fTds rLhf] + ;] ;bf cIf'00f x} . ;DaGwf] + sL O; ljz] iftf sf] ;demt] x'P hg;+j] bgf sf] jxg s/ gf Ogsf bfloTj x} cf} / O; lbzf d] + OGx] + qmdzM cu|;/ dfgf hf ;stf x} . J

l/kf]6{

c+h" / +hg, dxfjfl0fHo b"tef/ tLo dxfjfl0fHo b"tfjf;,

jL/ u+h

cho rf} / l;of, k"j{ ;ef;bg] kfnL sfFu|] ;


/ fd] Zj/ ;] 9fOk"j{ cWoIf,

af/ P;f] l;P;g, jL/ u+h

g] kfn cf} / ef/ t sf hf] ;DaGw x} p;s]

cg] s cfofd cf} / / +u x} + . Ogd] + cfly{s cfofd cToGt dxTjk"0f{ x} + . g] kfn sf ;a;]

a8Þf cfoft–lgof{t ;fem] bf/ ef/ t x} . g] kfn ;jf{lws cfoft ef/ t ;] s/ tf x} cf} /

;jf{lws lgof{t eL ef/ t sf] xL s/ tf x} . O; låkIfLo Jofkf/ d] + cg] s sfg"gL cf} / Jofjxfl/ s

sl7gfOofF cftL / xtL x} + . jL/ u+h l: yt ef/ tLo dxfjfl0fHo b"tfjf; Ps P] ;f sfof{no x} , hxfF xd ef/ tLo clwsfl/ of] + åf/ f v8ÞL sL uO{ c8Þrgf] + s] ;dfwfg s] lnP hft] x} +, o] nf] u xdf/ L ;d: ofcf] + sf] ;'gt] cf} / ;dfwfg sf k"/ f k|of; s/ t] x} + . jL/ u+h pBf] u jfl0fHo ;+3 s] k"j{ cWoIf s] ¿k d] + d'em] : d/ 0f x} ls dxfjfl0fHo b"tfjf; g] g] kfn s] Jofkfl/ of] + sL bh{gf] + ;d: ofcf] + sf ;dfwfg

lsof x} . O; låb] zLo Jofkf/ d] + cg] s P] ;L ;d: ofPF x} + lh;;] nfut ax't a9Þ hftL

x} . O; ;DaGw d] + b"tfjf; s] jfl0fHo ljefu sf] ;+j] bgzLn aggf rflxP .

cf] dk|sfz l;sfl/ ofk"j{ cWoIf,

jL/ u+h pBf] u jfl0fHo ;+3

;do–;do k/ / fhg} lts : t/ d] + cfg] jfn] t/ +uf] + s] afjh"b g] kfn cf} / ef/ t s] aLr hg: t/ d] + ;b} j ct'ngLo cf} / clåtLo

;DaGw / xf x} . jL/ u+h d] + ef/ tLo dxfjfl0fHo b"tfjf; sL : yfkgf s] afb ef/ t g] kfn ;DaGw d] + Ps gof cfofd : yflkt x'cf x} cf} / ;+efjgfcf] + s] cg] s åf/ v'n] x} + . O; sfof{no s] dfWod ;] vf; s/ lzIff cf} / : jf: Yo s] If] q d] + x'P lgj] z tyf låkIfLo Jofkf/ ;xhLs/ 0f cf} / k|j4{g d] + x'P / rgfTds ;xof] u ;] kf/ : kl/ s ;DaGw cf} / ;'dw'/ , hLjGt tyf k|uf9Þ xf] / xf x} . hg: t/

k/ xf] g] jfn] cf} krfl/ s–cgf} krfl/ s aftrLt, ;+jfb cf} / d'nfsftf] + ;] Ps b";/ ] sf] ghbLs ;] b] vg] , ;demg] cf} / ;d: ofcf] + sL kxrfg s/ pgsf ;dfwfg s/ g] d] + ;xof] u kx'Frf x} . lgtfGt JolStut cf} / Ifl0fs nfe s] lnP s[lqd lgs6tf k|blz{t s/ g] sL k|j[lQ s] k|lt ;hu / xt] x'P bf] gf] + b] zf] + s] aLr ax'cfoflds ;DaGw sf] bL3{sfnLg cf} / ljZj;gLo agfg] s] lnP O; sfof{no s] / rgfTds cf} / kl/ 0ffdd'vL k|of; ;/ fxgLo x} + .

ef/ tLo dxfjfl0fHo b"tfjf; sL : yfkgf s] b; jif{ k"/ ] x'P x} + . O; cjlw d] + O; If] q d] + pBf] u–Jofkf/ d] + j[l4 x'O{ x} cf} / O; b[li6 ;] O;sL pkof] lutf eL O; If] q d] + a9ÞL x} . lzIff, : jf: Yo tyf ;8Þs cflb cg] s If] qf] + s] ljsf; d] + O; sfof{no sL ;lqmotf b] vL hf ;stL x} . ljut b; jiff] { + d] + k|fs[lts cfkbf ljz] iftM af9Þ s] sf/ 0f ha k"/ a ;] xdf/ f ;Dks{ 6"6f tf] ef/ tLo dfu{ pknAw s/ fg] d] + ;lqmo e"ldsf lgj{xg s/ O; sfof{no g] oxfF s] pBf] uL cf} / Jofkfl/ of] + sf] ;xof] u lsof . g] kfn lga+lwt If] q d] + sfo{/ t nf] uf] + sf] kxrfgkq hf/ L s/ pGx] + eL oxfF plrt ;'ljwf k|bfg s/ fg] d] + O;g] ;lqmo e"ldsf lgefoL x} . ;a;] dxTjk"0f{ tf] ox x} ls ef/ t s] ;fy Jofkf/ ;xhLs/ 0f d] + ox sfof{no dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgef / xf x} cf} / O;;] / f: t] lglZrt xL cf;fg x'P x} + . j] xdf/ ] lnP awfO{ s] kfq x} + .

ef/ tLo dxfjfl0fHo b"tfjf; s] Ps bzs k"/ f s/ g] k/ d] / L awfO{ cf} / z'esfdgf . O;s] Ps bzs s] sfd–sfh k/ s'5 sxg] ;] k"j{ ef/ t g] kfn s] ;DaGwf] + s] dd{ sf] ;demgf cfjZos x} . ox ;DaGw dfq / fhg} lts cf} / cfly{s gxL+ . ;fdflhs, ;f+: s[lts cf} / P] ltxfl;s : t/ k/ eL bf] gf] + b] zf] + s] ux/ ] ;DaGw x} + . ox eL ;r x} ls O; ;DaGw sf] l;km{ / fhgLlt lgb] {lzt gxL+ s/ tL . ;fdflhs, ;f+: s[lts cf} / cfly{s cfofd eL O;] lgb] {lzt s/ t] x} + . ox ;r

x} ls / fhg} lts b[li6sf] 0f ;] Og ;DaGwf] + d] + ptf/ –r9Þfj cft] / xt] x} + k/ Gt' ;f+: s[lts–wfld{s : t/ k/ O; k/ sf] O{ k|efj gxL+ k8Þf x} . cfh sL ljb] zL s"6gLlt l;km{ / fhgLlt d] + ljZjf; gxL+ s/ tL . jx hg: t/ k/ eL ;DaGw lj: tf/ sL lbzf d] + lqmofzLn / xtL x} . O;s] ljleGg cfofdf] + d] + lzIff, cg';+wfg, v] ns"b, ;flxTo cflb eL cft] x} + . Og : t/ f] + k/ bf] gf] + b] zf] + s] dWo ;DaGw : yflkt s/ g] d] + jfl0fHo dxfb"tfjf; sL dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf / xL x} . ef/ tLo b"tfjf; sL O; zfvf s] v'ng] ;] O; If] q s] gful/ sf] + sf] : yfgLo : t/ k/ ox ;'ljwf pknAw xf] hftL x} . O;s] cltl/ St ;flxTo–;+uLt s] If] q d] + eL ljleGg sfo{qmdf] + s] åf/ f ef/ t–g] kfn–d} qL ;DaGw sf] ;'b[9Þ s/ g] sf k|of; lsof uof x} . j] wGojfb s] kfq x} + . d} + pGx] + z'esfdgf b] tf x"F .

;'/ ] Gb| rf} w/ L;ef;b, g] kfnL sfFu|] ;

k|bLk s] l8ofcWoIf


l/kf]6{


lh; p2] Zo ;] jL/ u+h d] +

ef/ tLo dxfjfl0fHo b"tfjf; sL : yfkgf x'O{, jx ckg] Ps

bzs s] sfo{sfn d] + nIo sL lbzf d] + lg/ Gt/ cu|;/ x} . jL/ u+h cf} Bf] lus–

Jofkfl/ s zx/ x} cf} / b"tfjf; sL O; zfvf sL : yfkgf s] afb O; If] q d] + sfo{/ t

nf] uf] + sf] ;xhtf x'O{ x} Sof] +ls, cfg] jfnL ;d: ofcf] + s] Tjl/ t lgikfbg d] + ox kxn s/ tL

x} . O; If] q d] + ljsf; of] hgfcf] + sf] eL O;s] dfWod ;] c+hfd ldnf x} hf] Ps ;sf/ fTds sbd x} . lzIff, : jf: Yo s] If] q d] + eL OGxf] +g] ckgf of] ubfg lbof x} . ljBfno ag] x} +, b"/ –b/ fh s] If] qf] + s] d/ Lhf] + sf] : jf: Yo ;'ljwf pknAw s/ fg] s] lnP ;do–;do k/ P] Da'n] +; afF6] uP x} + . dxTjk"0f{ aft ox x} ls lhg ;d: ofcf] + sf] n] s/ seL sf7df+8" hfg] sL cfjZostf xf] tL yL, pgd] + ;] clwsf+z sf ;dfwfg oxL+ xf] hftf x} . ef/ t Ps tLj| ljsf; b/ k|fKt s/ g] jfnf b] z x} cf} / O;sf ljzfn afhf/ eL x} . O;lnP O; b] z s] pTkfbf] + sf ef/ t d] + clwstd dfs] {l6+u sL lbzf d] + O;] ;lqmo xf] gf rflxP . O;s] ;fy xL O; zx/ d] + Ps cf‘l86f] l/ od sL lgtfGt cfjZostf dx;"; sL hf / xL x} . xdf/ L ck] Iff x} ls O; lbzf d] + Ogsf kxn xf] . s'5 cj;/ f] + k/ ef/ tLo b"tfjf; sL ox zfvf ljjfbf] + d] + cfO{+ x} , n] lsg ck'i6 va/ f] + s] cfwf/ k/ O;s] ;DaGw d] + gsf/ fTds b[li6sf] 0f gxL+ agfof hfgf rflxP . x'nfsL / fhdfu{ hf] ;d: t dw] z sf] hf] 8Þtf x} , O;s] lgdf{0f sL lbzf

d] + OGxf] +g] ax't s'5 lsof x} , n] lsg ceL ax't s'5 lsof hfgf afsL x} , O;lnP O; If] q d] + cfP cj/ f] wf] + sf]

x6fs/ zL3| O;] clGtd ¿k b] g] sL lbzf d] + kxn sL hfgL rflxP .

ef/ tLo dxfjfl0fHo b"tfjf; sL : yfkgf s] b; jif{ k"/ ] xf] r's] x} + . O; cjlw d] + ef/ t g] kfn s] aLr hg: t/ d] + a9Þ] ;Dks{ s] lnP d} + awfO{ b] tf x"F . jL/ u+h cf} Bf] lus gu/ x} cf} / lgZro xL dxfjfl0fHo b"tfjf; sL : yfkgf ;] pBf] u–Joj;fo s] If] q d] + nf] uf] + sf] nfe x'cf x} . n] lsg k"/ ] g] kfn s] ;+be{ d] + hfg] ;] k"j{ ef/ t g] kfn s] aLr ljBdfg Kof/ cf} / 3[0ff, z+sf

cf} / ;+efjgfcf] + sf cfsng s/ gf cfjZos xf] uf . O;L s] sf/ 0f O; If] q d] + g] kfn sL hgtf ef/ t d] + x'O{ k|ult sf nfe gxL+ p7f kfoL x} . ;g\ !*!$ O{= s] g] kfn cf} / la|l6z O+l8of s] aLr x'P o'4 cf} / ;demf} t] s] sf/ 0f ;g\ !*%* O{= d] + g] kfnL zf;s sf c+u|] hf] + sf k|ToIf ;fy b] gf, ;g\ !(!( s] hlnofFjfnfafu sf08 d] + uf] / vf / fOkmN; s] hjfgf] + sf O: t] dfn tyf ef/ tLo : jtGqtf ;+u|fd d] + g] kfnjfl;of] + sL k|ToIf ;xeflutf ;/ sf/ L : t/ k/ 3[0ff cf} / hgtf s] : t/ k/ Kof/ sf gd"gf x} . jfl0fHo dxfb"tfjf; sL : yfkgf g] ckg] sfo{sfn d] + hgtf s] : t/ k/ Kof/ sL s8ÞL sf] dha"t lsof x} k/ Gt' ;/ sf/ L : t/ k/ 3[0ff d] + sdL gxL+ cfO{ x} . O; sf/ 0f l;km{ pBf] u cf} / jfl0fHo s] If] q d] + xL gxL+, cGo If] qf] + d] + eL h} ;f nfe lnof hf ;stf yf, gxL+ lnof hf ;sf . xdf/ L ck] Iff x} ls bf] gf] + b] zf] + s] aLr ox b"tfjf; Kof/ sL s8ÞL sf] cf} / a9fP . xdf/ L z'esfdgfPF x} + .

cfTdf/ fd ;fxk"j{ ;ef;b\

dw] zL hgflwsf/ kmf] / d/ fh] Gb|axfb'/ cdfTo;ef;b, g] kfnL sfFu|] ;

jL/ u+h g] kfn sL cfly{s gu/ L x} cf} / g] kfn sf k|d'v k|j] zåf/ eL . ef/ t g] kfn sf ;a;] a8Þf Jofkfl/ s ;fem] bf/ x} . g] kfn s] clwstd pTkfb s} ;] ef/ tLo afhf/ ts kx'Fr] , O;L t/ x ef/ tLo cf} / ef/ t ;] xf] s/ cfg] jfn] ;fdfg ls; t/ x ;xhtf ;] g] kfn s] u+tJo ts kx'Fr] , ox Ps dxTjk"0f{ kIf x} . ef/ tLo dxfjfl0fHo b"tfjf; sL : yfkgf Jofkfl/ s / f] hd/ f{ sL OGxL+ ;d: ofcf] + s] Go"gLs/ 0f s] p2] Zo ;] x'cf x} . O; lbzf d] + s: 6d ;] h'8ÞL ;d: ofcf] + sf zL3| ;dfwfg sL lbzf d] + ox sfd s/ tf x} + . ljut d] + cfO{ af9Þ s]

sf/ 0f ha g] kfn sL ;8Þs] + Ifltu|: t xf] uO{ yL tf] dxfjfl0fHo b"tfjf; sL kxn k/ k"jL{ If] q d] + pTkfbf] + sL cfk"lt{ s] lnP ef/ tLo ;8Þs pknAw s/ foL uO{ yL . cfh g] kfn s] Jofkfl/ of] + sL ;a;] a8ÞL ;d: of x} ls tL;/ ] b] zf] + ;] ;fdfg s] cfoft s] lnP dfq sf] nstf aGb/ ufx sf ljsNk x} , hf] cltJo: t cf} / cJojl: yt aGb/ ufx dfgf hftf x} . ;fdfGotof rf} bx lbgf] + s] eLt/ s06] g/ jfk; s/ gf xf] tf x} . n] lsg zL3|tf

s/ g] k/ eL nueu @) lbg nu xL hft] x} + . O; sf/ 0f g] kfn s] Jofkfl/ of] + sL Ps cR5L / flz h'df{g] d] + vr{ xf] hftL x} . O; lbzf d] + cR5L kxn sL cfjZostf x} . O06Lu|] 6] 8 r] s kf] : 6 sf sfd of] hgfg';f/ ;g\ @)!# ts k"/ f xf] hfgf rflxP yf, n] lsg ox ceL ts gxL+ xf] kfof . cfh hf] k"jf{wf/ x} jx @%–#) jif{ kxn] sf x} lh;s] sf/ 0f bafa ax't clws x} cf} / hfd sL ljs6 ;d: of x} . O;lnP O; lbzf d] + k|oTg xf] gf rflxP ;fy xL x'nfsL / fhdfu{ s] z] if sfd sf] zL3| k"/ f lsof hfgf rflxP . / S;f} n ;] df] ltxf/ L ts ;8Þs sL cj: yf cToGt bogLo x} hf] cfjfudg s] ;fy–;fy Jofkfl/ s lxtf] + s] eL cg's"n gxL+ x} . O; lbzf d] + eL sfd xf] gf rflxP . ;fy xL / S;f} n ;] lbNnL / ] nky ;] !@ 3+6] d] + kx'Frg] sL Joj: yf sL hfgL rflxP . / S;f} n ;] ljdfgf] + sf Jofj;flos p8Þfg eL xf] gf rflxP . n] lsg ;a;] dxTjk"0f{ x} g] kfn s] Joj;floof] + cf} / ef/ t s] ljz] iftM lbNnL, snsf] tf cf} / d'DaO{ s] Joj;floof] + sf k|To] s tLg dxLg] d] + lgoldt a} 7s xf] gL rflxP . O;sf ;+of] hg dxfjfl0Ho b"tfjf; sf] s/ gf rflxP . ljBfno s] lnP ejg, jfxg, P] +a'n] +; cflb oxfF ;xof] u : j¿k lbP hft] x} +, n] lsg xdf/ L ck] Iff x} ls kfln6] slgs cf} / O+hLlgol/ +u sf‘n] h xd] + ldn] lh;;] xd ckgL hgzlSt sf pTkfbg s/ ;s] cf} / dfFug] sL cfbt 5"6] .

;'af] w u'Ktf;lrj

jL/ u+h pBf] u jfl0fHo dxf;+3

l/kf]6{


Gf] kfn sL cfly{s gu/ L jL/ u+h d] + Eff/ tLo dxfjfl0fHo b"tfjf; sL] + : yfkgf cfh ;] 7Ls b; jif{ k"j{ x'O{ yL . lgM;Gb] x, dxfjfl0fHo b"tfjf; sL : yfkgf s] kZrft ef/ t–g] kfn s] Jofkf/ d] + sfkmL s'5 ;xhtf sL cg'el"t x'O{ x} . lgZro xL ;LdfjtL{ If] q s] nf] uf] + sf] b"tfjf; åf/ f k|bt ;] jf j ;'ljwfcf] + sf Jofks nfe k|fKt x'cf x} . ;fy xL g] kfn cf} / ef/ t s] ldqjt\ l/ Ztf+] d] + e|flGtofF km} nfg] jfnf] + k/ c+s'z eL nuf x} . g] kfnL gDa/ sL ufl8Þof] + sf] ef/ t s] ls;L eL efu d] + n] hfg] sL cg'dlt eL ;'ljwfhgs x'O{ x} . g] kfn s] ljBfly{of] + sf] ef/ tLo lzIf0f–: f+: yfgf] + d] + 5fqj[lQ pknAw s/ jfg] d] + b"tfjf; sL cxd\ e"ldsf / xL x} . OGf ;eL aftf] + s] cltl/ St jL/ u+h If] q d] + / x / x] ef/ tLo gful/ sf] + s] kf;kf] 6{, kl/ ro–kq OToflb agfg] d] + O;sL ;lj|mo e"ldsf / xL

x} . ljleGg cg'bfg Pj+ ;xof] u s] txt ef/ t ;/ sf/ åf/ f g] kfn s] dWo t/ fO{–If] q d] + k|bt kl/ of] hgfcf] sf] plrt ;do k/ ;DkGg s/ jfg] d] + b"tfjf; sL dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf / xL x} . lgM;+b] x ef/ tLo dxfjfl0fHo b"tfjf; ;fw'jfb sf kfq x} . b"tfjf; sL pkl: ylt sf nfe ;eL tas] s] nf] uf] sf] ;'ne xf] cf} / ox ckg] sd{ky k/ o"F xL lqmofzLn cf} / cl8u / x] , ox d] / L z'esfdgf x} .

ef/ tLo dxfjfl0fHo b"tfjf; sL : yfkgf s] b; jif{ k"/ f xf] g] k/ d} + 7fs'/ / fd ax'd'vL SofDk; kl/ jf/ sL cf] / ;] xflb{s z'esfdgf JoSt s/ tf x"F . O; b"tfjf; s] jL/ u+h d] + v'ng] ;] kxn] ef/ t ;/ sf/ sL cf] / ;] g] kfn d] + k|bfg lsP hfg] jfn] ;xof] u s] af/ ] d] + cfd nf] uf] + sf] hfgsf/ L eL gxL+ xf] tL cf} / lhGx] + hfgsf/ L eL xf] tL j] sf7df08" ts gxL+ kx'Fr kft] . n] lsg jL/ u+h d] + jfl0fHo dxfb"tfjf; sL : yfkgf s] afb dw] z If] q sL hgtf sf] lzIff, : jf: Yo, ef} lts ;+/ rgf cflb If] qf] + d] + ;xof] u k|fKt xf] / xf x} cf} / hgfk] IffPF lbgfg'lbg a9ÞtL hf / xL x} + . xd cfzf s/ t] x} + ls O; If] q sL hgtf d] + hf] ck] IffPF a9ÞL x} +

cf} / ef/ t sL ;/ sf/ s] k|lt cfd hgtf d] + hf] ;sf/ fTds ;f] r sL j[l4 x'O{ x} p;] ox b"tfjf; ;+j] bgzLn xf] s/ k"/ f s/ ] . ckgL : yfkgf s] s'5 jiff] +{ d] + xL ljBfno ejg, : s"na;, P] +a'n] +; cflb hg ;/ f] sf/ s] If] q d] + O;g] ckgf ;xof] u lbof . n] lsg Ow/ s'5 jiff] +{ d] + ef} lts ;+/ rgf s] If] q d] + ;xof] u sL ult ;': t dx;"; sL hf / xL x} . ljleGg : yfgf] + ;] ljleGg k|: tfj k|: t't lsP uP x} + n] lsg k|lqmof cfu] g a9Þ ;sg] s] sf/ 0f ;Da4 kIff] + d] + lg/ fzf sL l: ylt x} . cfzf sL hf / xL x} ls k"/ ] dw] z sL …nfOkm–nfO{gÚ dfgL hfg] jfnL x'nfsL ;8Þs, c: ktfn, ljBfno ejg tyf 7fs'/ / fd ax'd'vL SofDk; åf/ f k|: tfljt kL=hL=Anf‘s sL kl/ of] hgf sf] zL3| : jLs[t s/ O; If] q sL hgtf sf] k|ToIf ¿k ;] nfeflGjt xf] g] sf cj;/ k|bfg xf] .

nng låj] bLSofDk; k|d'v

7fs'/ / fd ax'd'vL SofDk;,jL/ u+h

ef/ tLo dxfjfl0fHo b"tfjf;, jL/ u+h sL : yfkgf ;] lzIff s] If] q d] + t/ fO{–dw] z s] nf] u lglZrt ¿k ;] nfeflGjt x'P x} + . O; If] q d] + ef/ t ;/ sf/ åf/ f pknAw s/ fP hfg] jfn] cj;/ f] + ;'ljwfcf] +, 5fqj[lQof] + s] ;DaGw d] + O; If] q s] nf] uf] + sL hfu?stf cf} / kx'Fr a9ÞL x} . clwsfFz ;'ljwfPF : yfgLo : t/ k/ pknAw xf] hfg] s] sf/ 0f O; If] q d] + nf] uf] + sL ;+j] bgzLntf eL a9ÞL x} . ckgL : yfkgf s] afb lzIff s] If] q d] + ef} lts k"jf{wf/ s] ljsf; d] + eL O; sfof{no g] ckgf of] ubfg lbof x} . lglZrt xL ox t/ fO{–dw] z sL pknlaw x} . n] lsg oxL kof{Kt gxL+ x} . O; If] q d] +

cf} / clws sfd lsP hfg] sL ck] Iff x} . ef/ t ;/ sf/ åf/ f d] l8sn, OGhLlgol+/ u, aL=P;= ;L= Pu|LsNr/ , j] 6g/ L ;fO+;, kmfd] {;L cflb ljifof] + s] cWoog s] lnP cj;/ a9ÞfP x} +, lh;sf nfe lglZrt xL O; If] q d] + eL nf] uf] + sf] ldn] uf . n] lsg rog sL k|lqmof sf] cf} / clws kf/ bzL{ agfP hfg] sL cfjZostf x} . ox ;r x} ls t/ fO{–dw] z s] hgdfg; d] + ef/ t s] k|lt ;sf/ fTds cf} / cfTdLo ;f] r x} , O;lnP sf] O{ eL P] ;] sbd ls;L eL kIf ;] gxL+ p7fP hfg] rflxP lh;;] O; hg;+j] bgf k/ cf3ft xf] .

8f‘= eujfg k|;fbs} Dk; k|d'v

xl/ v] tfg ax'd'vL s} Dk; jL/ u+h

jL/ u+h d] + ef/ tLo dxfjfl0Ho b"tfjf; sL : yfkgf ;] O; cfly{s gu/ L sf] cGt/ f{i6«Lo : t/ k/ s"6g} lts zx/ s] ¿k d] + gO{ kxrfg ldnL x} . g] kfn s] O; k'/ fg] Pj+ k/ Dk/ fut ldq/ fi6« sf b"tfjf; sf7df08" d] + xf] g] s] sf/ 0f sltko ;Gbef] {+ d] + …lbNnL b"/ Ú xf] g] sL l: ylt yL . n] lsg jL/ u+h d] + b"tfjf; sL O; zfvf sL : yfkgf ;] ef/ t ;/ sf/ sf g] kfn l: yt s"6g} lts s] Gb| ;] k|fKt xf] g] jfnL ;'ljwfPF ;xh xf] uO{ x} . O; cy{ d] + xd O; b"tfjf; sf] t/ fO{ sf] hf] 8Þg] jfnf ;] t' sx ;st] x} + . lk5n] b; jiff] {+ d] + cfdhg d] + ldqtf sf ;+b] z kx'Frfg] cf} / abnfj sL lbzf d] + k|] / s s] ¿k d] + O;sL sfdofaL l;4 x'O{ x} . xdf/ ] ;DaGwf] + s] lIflth cf} / clws lj: t[t xf] , ;xof] u sf cfotg cf} / clws 3gf xf] cf} / cleGg ldqtf sL cgGt ofqf d] + ox ;b} j ;lqmo / x] , ox d] / L z'esfdgf x} . oBlk jL/ u+h l: yt O; dxfjfl0fHo b"tfjf; sf] n] s/ sO{ t/ x sL e|flGtofF dLl8of s] åf/ f k|rfl/ t xf] tL / xL x} +, lj/ f] wfef; sf] k/ f] ;g] sf k|of; sO{ sf] gf] + ;] xf] tf / xf x} , tyflk O;s] k|lt ef/ t–g] kfn sL ldqtf s] z'elrGtsf] + sf] ;hu cf} / lhDd] jf/ / xgf rflxP .

rGb|lszf] / jl/ i7–kqsf/

u0f] z nf7k"j{ cWoIf


l/kf]6{


o'4 g] seL ls;L sf enf gxL+ lsof x} , ox hu hflx/ x} . b] z ca ts b\jGw sL kL8 Þf ;] pa/ gxL+ kfof x} . cfh ts sO{ gd cfFv] + x} + hf] ckgf] + sf] tnfz / xL x} + . seL hgo'4 s] gfd k/ seL / fi6«lxt s] gfd k/ hf] u'd xf] uP jf] gxL+ cfPFu] k/ pgsL zxfbt sf xd Sof l;nf b] / x] x} + < Sof kms{ k8Þtf x} ls lkm/ ls;L dfF sL sf] v ph8 Þ hfP, ls;L sL dfFu sf l;Gb"/ ld6 hfP of ls;L caf] w s] dfy] ;] p;s] kfngsQf{ sf xfy x6 hfP < Sof] + kms{ k8 Þ] uf b] z s] 7] s] bf/ f] + sf] < pGx] + tf] b] z sL afu8f] / xdg] xL ;f} +kL x} , tf] xdf/ ] efUoljwftf tf] jxL x'P . hgtf d/ ] of lhP Og;] pGx] + dtna gxL+ cf} / xf] gf eL gxL+ rflxP Sof] +ls ;8Þs k/ pgs] aRr] gxL+ pt/ t] , jf] tf] sxL+ ljb] z ckg] eljio sf] ;'wf/ / x] xf] +u] . d/ tL tf] x/ xfn d] + b] z sL u/ La hgtf x} . jiff] {+ ;] bldt

dw] z sL pDdLb e/ L cfFv] + b] z s] s0f{wf/ f] + k/ l6sL x'O{ yL+ . lsGt' ;+;b ejg d] + hf] df3 cf7 sf] x'cf cf} / hf] df3 Uof/ x sf] x'cf p;g] tf] dw] z sL hgtf sf] xL gxL+, x/ g] kfnL hgtf s] ljZjf; k/ s'7f/ f3ft lsof x} . ljkIfL bn s] b\jf/ f hf] x'cf lgM;Gb] x jx dof{bf ljk/ Lt yf cf} / pgs] xtfz dg sf kl/ rfos eL lsGt', ;DdfgLo ;efWoIf dxf] bo g] hf] lsof, p;] ls; >] 0fL d] + / vf hfo < ;'/ Iff anf] + s] aLr a} 7s/ pGxf] +g] hf] k|lqmof sf k|: tfj k9Þf cf} / p;] kfl/ t s/ fof O;d] + pgs] dg sL xtfzf of b'vL efjgf sf] xd gxL+ b] v ;st] , O;] l;km{ cf} / l;km{ Ps s7k'tnL s] ¿k d] + xL lnof hf ;stf x} , lh;sL 8f] / O;af/ sxL+ cf} / gxL+ alNs ;Qf s] db d] + r"/ xfyf] + d] + yL . b] z cu/ Ps z/ L/ x} tf] p;sf x/ c+u rfx] jx 5f] 6f xf] of a8Þf dfog] / vtf x} , cu/ Ps c+u eL s6tf of 6"6tf x} tf] , jx ckflxh xL sxnftf x} . OtgL 5f] 6L ;L aft Sof xdf/ ] efUoljwftfcf] + sf] ;dem d] + gxL+ cf / xL < ckg] xL b] z sf] ckflxh agfg] k/ o] Sof] + t'n] x'P x} + < Sof dw] z sL ld6\6L cf} / jxfF s] v"g ;] Ogsf sf] O{ jf: tf gxL+ < ;QfkIf sf Ps eL P] ;f k|of; ;fdg] gxL+ cf / xf lh;;] ls o] nu] ls dw] z s] bb{ k/ bjf nufg] sf sfd s/ / x] x} + .

alNs oxfF tf] hVd sf] gf;"/ agfg] sL k"/ L t} of/ L gh/ cf / xL x} .

dw] z sL hgtf s] dg d] + sO{ k|Zg sf} +w / x] x+} — cflv/ ;Qf kIf sL O; x7L ;f] r s] kL5] sf} g ;L zlSt sfd s/ / xL x} < sf} g ;f P] ;f bjfa of : jfy{ x} ls p; hgtf sL efjgf sf sf] O{ cy{ gxL+ / x uof x} , lh;sL zxfbt sL jhx ;] o] ;Qf ef] uL ;Qf sf cfgGb n] / x] x} + < ;fdg] hf] c+t/ f{i6«Lo ;f] r lbv / xL x} jx oxL x} ls ;xdlt s] cfwf/ k/ ;+ljwfg ag] lsGt', s'5 tf] P] ;f x} hf] ;QfkIf sf] ;+b] x s] 3] / ] d] + nf / xf x} . OGx] + cflv/ P] ;f sf} g ;f kf7 k9 Þfof uof x} , nfnr lbof uof x} ls o] b] z sf] b\jGw sL / fx k/ n] hfg] sf] t} of/ x} + < kxf8Þ cf} / t/ fO{ b\jGw s] p; d'xfg k/ x} hxfF a; Ps r6\6fg x} , lh;g] p;] / f] sf x'cf x} , lsGt' cu/ ox x6f tf] ;asf] ktf x} ls p; j] u s] bjfa sf] em] ngf d'lZsn xf] hfPuf cf} / lkm/ jx j] u ckg] ;fy Sof–Sof axf n] hfPuf O;sf c+bfhf nufgf d'lZsn x} .

P] ;] xL ;jfnf] + s] ;fy dw] zL hgclwsf/ kmf] / d g] kfn s] / fi6«Lo cWoIf dfggLo pk] Gb| ofbj hL ;] b] z sL jt{dfg cj: yf s] ;+be{ d] + x'O{ aftrLt sf ;+kflbt c+zM

8f= Zj]tf bLlKt

cfj/0f

;'nut] ;jfn dw] z s] b]z xdf/f x}, /fHo gxL+

) ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmof d] + z'? x'P ult/ f] w s] af/ ] d] + cfk sL Sof wf/ 0ff x} <

– kxnL aft tf] d} + ox atfgf rfx"Fuf ls ;+ljwfg ;ef ;] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f sL k|lqmof s} ;] z'? x'O{ . ;eL hfgt] x} + ls hf] ;z: q ;+3if{ x'cf, dw] z cfGbf] ng x'cf cf} / p;s] afb cfhts xd hxfF kx'Fr] x} + p;s] Sof ptf/ –r9Þfj / x] x} + . xd] + hf] ldnf Og cfGbf] ngf] + ;] , xdf/ L hf] pknlAw / xL p;] ;+j} wflgs ¿k d] + Jojl: yt s/ g] s] lnP xL ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f sL cfjZostf x} cf} / p;L k|lqmof d] + xd nu] x'P x} + . c+tl/ d ;+ljwfg d] + hf] lgZro x'cf ls s} ;f ;+ljwfg ag] uf p;] xL gh/ c+bfh lsof uof . ceL ts sO{ ;jfnf] + k/ xd c6s] x'P x} + of o"F slxP ls pGx] + hfg a"ems/ cgb] vf lsof hf / xf x} . lk5n] ;+ljwfg ;ef d] + ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f gxL+ xf] kfof . Sof] +ls sO{ kl/ jlt{t hf] d;n] y] ;dfj] zLs/ 0f, ;+3Lotf, lje] b sf c+t, kxrfg, n} +lus c;dfgtf o] P] ;] ;jfn y] lh;] sfFu|] ; cf} /

sDo"lg: 6 g] ;Daf] wg gxL+ lsof . Og d'b\bf] + sf] ;+ljwfg d] + zfldn s/ g] ;] Ogsf/ s/ lbof uof . lh;sL jhx ;] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f gxL+ x'cf cf} / ;+ljwfg ;ef lj3l6t xf] uO{ . cu/ cfwf/ to xf] uof xf] tf ls s} ;f ;+ljwfg rflxP tf] ox sfd cf;fg xf] uof xf] tf . lsGt' P] ;f gxL+ xf] kfof . lkm/ ha b";/ ] ;+ljwfg ;ef sf r'gfj x'cf tf] pGxL+ d'b\bf] + sf] ;Daf] wg s/ gf yf . ;fy xL lk5n] ;+ljwfg d] + hf] ;demf} t] x'P y] pGx] + p;L k|sf/ zfldn lsof hfgf yf, k/ ox gxL+ xf] kfof Sof] +ls O; r'gfj s] afb sfFu|] ; cf} / Pdfn] ax'dt d] + x} + cf} / O;L db d] + jf] kxn] x'P ;eL ;demf} tf] + sf] pn6g] sL sf] lzz s/ / x] x} + . xdf/ ] kf; ax'dt gxL+ x} tf] pGx] + nu / xf x} ls jf] s'5 eL s/ ;st] x} + . oxL lhb cf} / c+tl/ d ;+ljwfg d] + zfldn aftf] + sf] dfgg] ;] Ogsf/ s/ gf o] ;f/ L jhx] + yL+ ls ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f gxL+ xf] kfof . ;+ljwfg gxL+ agg] sf d"n sf/ 0f x} ;+3Lotf cf} / ;dfj] zLs/ 0f . ;+3Lotf cyf{t kxrfg sL ;+3Lotf hxfF kxrfg sf]


pk] Gb| ofbj, cWoIf dw]zL hgclwsf/ kmf]/d g]kfn

;Daf] wg s/ ] , ;dfj] zL hxfF jiff] {+ ;] hf] gLlt lgdf{0f cf} / zf;g cflb clwsf/ ;] xd j+lrt x} + p;] b] + . o] bf] P] ;L jhx] + x} + lhGx] + o] gsf/ / x] x} + cf} / cu/ P] ;f xf] tf / xf tf] cj/ f] w hf/ L / x] uf . Ps ju{ ljz] if hf] cfh ts lje] b ;xtf cfof x} p;] cfh eL clwsf/ f] + ;] j+lrt / vg] sL ;flhz sL hf / xL x} . dw] z cfGbf] ng s] afb / fHo g] ox dfgf yf ls : jfoQ dw] z ldn] uf, dw] lzof] + sf] ;dfg clwsf/ k|fKt xf] uf, n} +lus lje] b vTd xf] +u] , / fHo s] ;eL lgsfof] + d] + p;sL efuLbf/ L xf] uL k/ cfh O;sf pN6f xf] / xf x} . tf] sf/ 0f : ki6 x} ls hats Og d'b\bf] + k/ uDeL/ tf ;] aft gxL++ xf] uL, c+tl/ d ;+ljwfg d] + hf] clwsf/ k|fKt y] p;] gxL+ dfgf hfPuf, ta ts ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f sL k|lqmof d] + ult/ f] w pTkGg xf] tf / x] uf .) ;+ljwfg ;ef d] + ;efd'v g] hf] sbd p7fP Sof jx ljlw ;Ddt yf <

– lgM;Gb] x gxL+ . ;efd'v g] dof{bf ljk/ Lt sfd lsof . ax'dt ;/ sf/ sf] / fHo rnfg] sf clwsf/ b] tL x} gf ls ax'dt s] clwsf/ k/ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f sf . ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f, ax; cf} / ljrf/ sf ljifo xf] tf x} , lsGt' OGxf] +g] ] ax'dt sf] xL O;sf cfwf/ dfg lnof x} . cfhts ls;L eL b] z d] + P] ;f gxL+ x'cf hf] ;efd'v g] lsof x} . ljrf/ f] + sf] bafg] s] lnP ;efejg sf] ;} ] lgs a] / ] s d] + tAbLn s/ s] k|: tfj k9Þf uof cf} / p;L dfxf} n d] + kfl/ t lsof uof . ;+ljwfg agfgf sf] O{ k/ LIff gxL+ x} , hxfF k|ZgfjnL t} of/ lsof hfo cf} / cf} / p;] lrlXgt s/ k/ LIff kf; s/ nL hfo . ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f d] + p;;] ;DalGwt ljifof] + k/ rrf{ sL hftL x} . k|Zg agfs/ cfh ts sxL+

;+ljwfg agf x} . xdg] O; k/ Pt/ fh htfof, xd aft s/ g] sf] t} of/ y] , xdg] sxf ls ceL bf] lbg afsL x} k/ , pGxf] +g] sxf ls xd ljklIfof] + ;] aft gxL+ s/ ] +u] . xdg] sxf ls xd ;+ljwfg ;ef d] + ljkIfL gxL+ x} +, xd ;;+b d] + ljkIfL x} + . xd ldns/ O;sf ;dfwfg vf] h ;st] x} + lsGt', P] ;f gxL+ x'cf cf} / ;+ljwfg;ef sf] ;} lgs 5fjgL d] + kl/ 0ft s/ k|: tfj kfl/ t s/ lbof uof . O; aft sf] sf] O{ ;xL gxL+ sx ;stf Sof] +ls ox ;xL x} xL gxL+ . ;efd'v sf kb Ps lgikIf kb xf] tf x} . jx ls;L s] bjfa d] + gxL+ cftf x} . ca, ha x/ cf] / cfnf] rgf xf] / xL x} , tf] sx / x] x} + ls aft sLlhP . lsGt' ca tf] , hf] lg0f{o pgs] b\jf/ f x'cf x} , p;] ha ts unt gxL+ sxf hfo, p;] pN6fof gxL+ hfo tf] , aft rLt sf sf] O{ cy{ xL gxL+ / x hftf x} . ) cfh dw] zL hgtf Ps cf} / ;jfn ;] h"em / xL x} , hf] g] tfu0f sn ts ;dy{g cf} / ;xdlt sL aft] + s/ / x] y] cfh pgs] ;'/ s} ;] abn uP x} + < sn ts ef/ t s] u'0f ufg] jfn] cf] nL cfh Otg] pu| s} ;] xf] uP x} + ls aft s/ g] sL tdLh ts e"n uP x} + < cflv/ O;s] kL5] sf} g ;L zlSt x} , Sof] +ls oxfF hf] eL xf] tf x} p;sf ;Lwf cf/ f] k ef/ t k/ nutf x} , k/ ceL ox ;a ls;s] b\jf/ f ;+rflnt xf] / xf x} <

– ljz'4 ¿k ;] juL{o cf} / hftLo : jfy{ x} , hf] dw] lzof] + s] pmk/ cf} / hghfltof] + s] pmk/ nfbgf rfxt] x} + . hxfF ts ef/ t sf ;jfn x} tf] ef/ t g] : ki6 tf} / ;] sx lbof x} ls ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ;xdlt ;] ag] cf} / ;asf] ;fy n] s/ ag] . ef/ tLo k|wfgd+qL df] bL hL g] tf] 6«df ;] G6/ s] pb\3f6g d] + : ki6 ¿k ;] sx lbof yf ls ;xdlt ;] ;+ljwfg agfOP . ef/ t xL gxL+, ;+o'St / fi6«;+3 cf} / oxfF


lhtg] eL cGt/ f{i6«Lo s"6gLlt1 x} +, Og ;ag] oxfF ts ls rfOgf g] eL sxf ls dw] lzof] + sf] ;fy n] s/ rnf] k/ , ceL o] ax'dt s] gz] d] + x} +, OgsL Ps xL dfgl;stf x} ls dw] lzof] + cf} / hghfltof] + sf] baf s/ cf} / clwsf/ ;] j+lrt / vf hfo . / fhsLo : jfy{ x} cf} / s'5 gxL+ . cfh o] sx / x] x} + ls dw] z 9"F9gf x} tf] o"=kL= laxf/ d] + 9"9f] tf] Sof dw] z jxfF ldn] uf < tf] lkm/ g] kfn d] + Sof x} < P] ;] u} / lhDd] bf/ fgf jStJo ;] l: ylt cf} / eL lau8ÞtL rnL uO{ . ) dw] lzof] + s] ;] gf d] + k|j] z ;DaGwL df+u sL l: ylt Sof x} < Sof ;+ljwfg d] + O;;] ;DalGwt k|fjwfg zfldn lsP hf / x] x} + <

– g] kfnL ;] gf ;] l;km{ zfxL zAb x6f lbP uP x} +, lsGt' O;sf rl/ q zfxL ;] gf sf xL x} . ox ;] gf ljz'4 ¿k kxfl8Þof] + sL ;] gf x} . O; ;] gf sf nf] stf+lqs/ 0f, ;dfj] zLs/ 0f, cfw'lgsLs/ 0f s/ gf x} . ;] gf d] + eL cf/ If0f sL Joj: yf x} , sfg"g x} , k/ Jojxf/ d] + gxL+ x} . sfFu|] ; cf} / Pdfn] ox gxL+ rfxt] x} + ls ;] gf d] + dw] lzof] + sL kx'Fr xf] . d} + Ps aft atfpmF ls ha d} + ljb] z d+qfno d] + uof tf] jxfF d} +g] b] vf ls k"/ ] d+qfno d] + l;km{ Ps dw] zL yf, jx eL hgsk'/ s] wgGho emf . / Iffd+qfno d] + sf] O{ gxL+ cf} / u[xd+qfno d] + 5f] 6] –5f] 6] kbf] + k/ x} +, k/ sf] O{ a8Þf ckm;/ gxL+ x} . lh; b] z d] + u[x, / Iff cf} / cy{ d] + dw] lzof] + sL ;xeflutf gf xf] jx tf] cl: tTj ljxLg x} . ox b] z dw] lzof] + sf x} k/ / fHo pgsf gxL+ x} . p;d] + hLg] sL hf] ljjztf xdf/ L x} jx n8ÞfO{ tf] rn xL / xL x} cf} / oxL xdf/ L df+u x} ls xdf/ f / fHo xf] hxfF sL zlSt, cfdbgL cf} / zf;g d] + xd xf] + . ) cfkg] sxf b] z xdf/ f x} / fHo gxL+ . P] ;L xL Ps df+u dw] z ;] p7 / xL x} : jt+qtf cf} / : j/ fHo sL, cf} / O;;] h'8Þf gfd pe/ / xf x} ;L=s] = / fpt sf . kxn] eL ;z: q cfGbf] ng s/ g] jfnf] + ;] ;/ sf/ g] aft rLt sL x} tf] cfh O;;] Sof] + st/ f / xL x} < O; ;+be{ d] + cfksf Sof sxgf x} <

– b] lvP hf] xf] / xf x} jx ;'lgof] lht x} . cu/ cnu b] z sL df+u p7tL x} tf] k|b] z sf ;jfn sxL+ kL5] 5"6 hfPuf . ;L=s] =/ fpt sf] ;/ sf/ xL xL/ f] agf / xL x} . jx rfxtL x} ls Ps unt ;+b] z k|;fl/ t xf] dw] z O;d] + pnem hfo cf} / pgsL clwsf/ sL df+u jxL+ vTd xf] hfo . O;lnP p;] hfga"em s/ ks8Þf hf / xf x} cf} / 5f] 8Þf hf / xf x} . dw] lzof] + sf] pnemfs/ Ps tL/ ;] bf] lzsf/ s/ / x] x} + .

hf] dLl8of dw] z sf d gxL+ ;'ggf rfxt] y] jf] ;L=s] =/ fpt k/ ufyf lnv / x] x} + . ox ;eL ;f] rL ;demL ;flhz x} . xd b] z gxL+ tf] 8Þgf rfxt] k|b] z rfxt] x} + . cnu b] z tf] ;Dej xL gxL+ x} . ;Qf dw] z sf] pnemfs/ ckgf : jfy{ l;4 s/ / xL x} . ;/ sf/ sf] ;a;] Hofbf kmfobf xf] / xf x} . ;/ sf/ dw] z d] + cnu b] z sf ;jfn km} nfs/ -dfWod / fpt h} ;] nf] u ag / x] x} +_ dw] zL cf} / kxf8ÞL ;d'bfo d] + dte] b pTkGg s/ f / xL x} cf} / ox Ps lj: kmf] 6g sL l: ylt k} bf s/ ;stf x} . k/ P] ;f gxL+ xf] uf Sof] +ls dw] zL hgtf seL P] ;L aftf] + sf ;dy{g gxL+ s/ ] uL . ) cfkg] xd] zf Ps dw] z cf} / Ps k|b] z sL df+u sL x} Sof ox ;Dej x} <

– dw] z g] hf] alnbfg lbof x} , / fHo g] hf] ;demf} tf lsof x} ls c+tl/ d ;+ljwfg d] + ox pNn] v x} ls : jfoQ dw] z k|b] z ag] uf cf} /

afsL sf] eL ldn] uf . O; k/ lk5n] ;+ljwfg ;ef g] hf] ;demf} t] lsP x} + cf} / p;] ;j{;Ddt 9+u ;] cGtl/ d ;+ljwfg d] + zfldn lsof uof . n] lsg afb d] + Sof x'cf ls dw] z d] + Og nf] uf] + g] km"6 8fn yL . yf?, d'l: nd cflb hfltof] + sf] e8Þsfof hfg] nuf n] lsg hf] ;demf} t] Ps dw] z Ps k|b] z s] x'P x} + xd tf] p;L k/ l6s] x} + . n] lsg cu/ ;xdlt sL aft xf] tL x} cf} / ox sxt] x} + ls klZrd d] + eL klZrd s] dw] lzof] + sf / fHo xf] tf] xd dfg eL ;st] x} + n] lsg P] ;f xf] gxL+ / xf x} . alNs p;s] cf8Þ d] + Sof xf] / xf x} ls dw] z sf] tf] 8Þ s/ kxf8Þ ;] hf] 8Þg] sL ;flhz sL hf / xL x} . dw] z sf] kfFr 6's8Þf] + d] + afF6 s/ kxf8Þ sf] tLg 6's8Þ] b] g] sL ;flhz xf] / xL x} cf} / cu/ P] ;f x'cf tf] lkm/ gf hfg] sO{ kLl9of] + ts dw] z u'nfd ag hfPuf cf} / Ps af/ lkm/ v; zf;s sf xL zf;g sO{ kLl9Þof] + ts rntf / x] uf . xd ox gxL+ xf] g] b] +u] . dw] lzof] + sf alnbfg aaf{b gxL+ xf] g] b] +u] . cu/ hj/ b: tL P] ;f lsof uof tf] lkm/ cfGbf] ng xf] uf ox to x} . lkm/ ;+3if{ xf] uf, lkm/ . ) Sof cfksf] nutf x} ls Psaf/ lkm/ dw] z cfks] cfXjfg k/ cfu] cfPuf cf} / cfksf ;fy b] uf <

– dw] z n8Þ] uf cf} / hLt] uf eL . p;] p;sf cnu / fHo ldns/ / x] uf . u'nfdL sf] ca ;xg] sL l: ylt gxL+ x} . hxfF lje] b x} jxfF ljb|f] x x} . cfh gf xf] sn xf] k/ ljb|f] x to x} cf} / ljb|f] xL xd] zf hLttf eL x} O;sf ujfx ljZj Oltxf; x} . cTofrf/ L en] xL s'5 lbgf] + ts hLt hfo k/ ox cjlw clws lbgf] + sL gxL+ xf] tL x} . jx xf/ tf x} cf} / p;sf gfz xf] tf x} . hf] cGofo s] lvnfkm n8Þtf x} jx hLttf x} . en] xL z'? d] + p;sL n8ÞfO{ sdhf] / xf] k/ afb d] + hLt p;L sL xf] tL x} Sof] +ls p;sL n8ÞfO{ cTofrf/ s] lvnfkm xf] tL x} . ) gful/ stf s] ;jfn k/ cfksL gLlt Sof x} <

– z'? ;] xL gful/ stf sf] / fHo d] + dw] lzof] + s] lj?4 cz: q

cfj/0f

dw] z sf] kfFr 6's8 Þf] + d] + afF6 s/ kxf8 Þ sf] tLg 6's8 Þ] b] g] sL ;flhz xf] / xL x} cf} / cu/ P] ;f x'cf tf] lkm/ gf hfg] sO{ kLl9of] + ts dw] z u'nfd ag hfPuf cf} / Ps af/ lkm/ v; zf;s sf xL zf;g sO{ kLl9 Þof] + ts rntf / x] uf . xd ox

gxL+ xf] g] b] +u] .


s] ¿k d] + k|of] u lsof uof x} . pGx] + clwsf/ ;] j+lrt / vg] s] lnP O;sf pkof] u lsof hftf / xf x} . jxfF xbaGbL nfu' lsof uof sxf uof ls lh;s] kf; gful/ stf x} hdLg p;L sL xf] uL . ca lhgs] kf; gful/ stf gxL+ x} tf] hdLg tf] p;s] xfy ;] rnL uO{ . / f] hL / f] 6L ;a ;] j+lrt s/ g] s] lnP eL gful/ stf sf k|of] u lsof hftf / xf x} . oxfF ts ls dw] lzof] + sf] u} / gful/ s s] tf} / k/ / vg] s] lnP eL gful/ stf sf k|of] u lsof uof x} . ca o'u abnf x} . hf] oxfF k} bf x'cf p;] gful/ stf ldngL rflxP . O;d] + sf] O{ n} +lus c;dfgtf gxL+ xf] gL rflxP . dfg nLlhP sf] O{ aRrf 5f] 6f x} cf} / p;s] lktf sf lgwg xf] hfo tf] Sof p;] gful/ stf gxL+ ldn] uL < ox tf] cGofo x'cf . O;lnP dfF s] gfd k/ eL gful/ stf ldngL rflxP . gful/ stf gxL+ ldnL tf] Sof jf] gful/ s gxL+ x} . lh; lbg w/ tL k/ hGd xf] tf x} , jf] p;L lbg p; w/ tL sf xf] hftf x} . xdg] sxf ls gful/ stf d] + n} +lus c;dfgtf gxL+ xf] gL rflxP . dfF cf} / lktf bf] gf] + d+] ;] ls;L s] gfd ;] eL gful/ stf ldngL rflxP k/ ;QfkIf g] sxf ls gxL+ dfF cf} / lktf bf] gf] + sf] oxfF sf gful/ s xf] gf k8Þf teL gful/ stf ldn] uL xdf/ f oxL+ dte] b x} . b";/ L aft j} jflxs ;DaGwf] + d] + Sof xf] tf x} ls cu/ k'?if ls;L cGo b] z sL n8ÞsL ;] ljjfx s/ tf x} tf] p;] t'/ Gt gful/ stf ldn hftL x} cf} / oxL cu/ : qL s/ tL x} tf] p;] !% jiff] {+ ts O+thf/ s/ gf k8Þtf x} tf] ox tf] laNs'n ;xL gxL+ x} . !% jiff] {+ d] + tf] sO{ aRr] xf] hfPFu] tf] jf] tf] ;km/ s/ ] +u] . nf] st+q d] + n} +lus c;dfgtf gxL+ xf] gL rflxP . / fHo j} dg: otf s] kIf d] + x} . lje] b cu/ x} tf] nf] st+q sdhf] / xf] uf cf} / O;] cu/ dha"t s/ gf x} tf] O; n} +lus c;dfgtf sf] vTd s/ gf xf] uf . lje] b cf} / nf] st+q bf] gf] + Ps ;fy rn xL gxL+ ;st] x} + .) cfGtl/ s cf} klgj] z Sof x} <

– cf} klgj] z sf cy{ xf] tf x} Ps ;d'bfo s] pk/ b";/ ] ;d'bfo sf zf;g . dw] z sfnfGt/ d] + g] kfn sf lx: ;f gxL+ yf . p;] ha/ g xlyofof uof . O;s] afb p;k/ uf] vf{ / fhfcf] + g] ckgf lj: tf/ lsof, cTofrf/ sf zf;g lsof cf} / wL/ ] –wL/ ] jxfF sL ;f/ L zlStof] + sf] ckg] xfyf] + d] + n] lnof . cf} / cfh ts ls;L g ls;L ¿k d] + dw] z zf] lift xf] xL / xf x} . Ps xL b] z s] y] lsGt' pgsf rl/ q zf] ifs sf yf . dw] z sf] cTofrf/ cf} / zf;g sL hux agfO{ uO{ . O;L sf] cfGtl/ s cf} klgj] z sxf uof, Sof] +ls cTofrf/ s/ g] jfn] ckg] xL b] z s] y] , afx/ s] gxL+ y] . ha ts Ogs] O; zf] ifs rl/ q ;] dw] z sf] d'St gxL+ s/ fof hfPuf, ta ts ox n8ÞfO{ rntL / x] uL . hghfltof] + s] ;fy eL jxL x'cf x} . O;] vTd s/ s] : jzf;g sL Joj: yf s/ gL xf] uL, cfTdclwsf/ sf lg0f{o b] gf xf] uf . dw] z sf] p;s] hn, hdLg ;a k/ p;sf clwsf/ rflxP, cf} / ox / fHo sf] b] gf xf] uf . ha ts ox gxL+ ldn] uf ta ts xd r} g ;] gxL+ a} 7] +u] . ox n8ÞfO{ ax't nDaL rn] uL Sof] +ls, OtgL cf;fgL ;] o] b] g] jfn] gxL+ x} + . ) df] rf{ d] + lj36g s] ;+s] t cf / x] x} +, df] rf{ sf] ljho uR5] bf/ h} ;] g] tf 5f] 8Þg] sf dg agf r's] x} + . O; ;+be{ d] + cfksf Sof sxgf x} <

– b] lvP, seL–seL d} + ;f] rtf x"F ls xd ;a cflv/ ;} s8Þf] + ;fn ;] u'nfdL sL lh+buL s} ;] hL / x] x} + < cf} / O;s] d"n d] + oxL ;dem d] + cftf x} ls xdf/ ] eLt/ xL sdL–sdhf] l/ ofF x} + . cfh eL cj;/ jflbof] + sL sdL gxL+ x} . auLrf 5Lgf hf / xf x} cf} / Ps cfd vfg] sf] ldn hftf x} tf] p;] xL s'5 nf] u pknlAw dfg n] t] x} +,

cf} / oxL jhx x} ls xdf/ L ox l: ylt x} . / fhgLlts ljrf/ wf/ f sL sdL x} . b[li6sf] 0f : ki6 gxL+ x} . 5f] 6] –5f] 6] kbf] + sf nf] e lbof hftf x} + cf} / o] p;s] kL5] rn b] t] x} + . a8Þ] kb ldn hfPF tf] o] cGw] xL xf] hft] x} + . ox dfgl;stf cfh ts agL x'O{ x} . ljut ;] s'5 ;Lv cfh ts gxL+ n] / x] x} + . ljut sL untL sL jhx ;] cfh hxfF xd kx'Fr] x} +, p;;] Og cj;/ jflbof] + sf] ;Lv n] gL rflxP hf] o] gxL+ s/ / x] x} + .)cfkg] sxf ljut d] + x'O{ unltofF, tf] Sof cfksf] nutf x} ls dw] z sL hgtf lkm/ cfk k/ ljZjf; s/ kfPuL <

– hgtf efj's xf] tL x} . unltof] + sL ;hf jf] b] r'sL x} . lsGt' jf] ox eL b] v / xL x} ls lh;] p;g] r'gf jf] Ogsf lstgf ;fy

b] / x] x} + . cfh jxL pGx] + tf] 8Þg] sL sf] lzz s/ / x] x} + . pGx] + pgs] clwsf/ ;] j+lrt s/ g] sL k"/ L sf] lzz d] + nu] x'P x} +, P] ;] d] + lkm/ pgsL ;f] r tf] abn] uL . Sof] +ls xd p;L ld6\6L s] x} + cf} / pgs] xL x} + . untL x'O{, lsGt' O;] ;'wf/ g] sf cj;/ eL pGx] + xL b] gf xf] uf . ha xd pgs] lnP n8Þ] u] + tf] , pGx] + ljZjf; s/ gf xf] uf . kl/ jQ{g ;[li6 sf lgod x} cf} / O;L s] txt ;a xf] tf x} . xd ckgL w/ tL k/ cf} / bdg xf] t] gxL+ b] v ;st] . dw] z cf} / dw] z sL hgtf hu r'sL x} . ca jf] cf} / u'nfdL gxL+ ;x ;st] o] tf] cfk dfg s/ rlnP . O;lnP kl/ jQ{g cjZoDefjL x} . ) cfGbf] ng x'cf tf] Sof cfksL sf] O{ gO{ df+u xf] uL <

– gxL+ xdf/ L sf] O{ gO{ df+u gxL+ x} . xdf/ f b[li6sf] 0f : ki6 x} . xd] + : jfoQ k|b] z rflxP . cfTdlg0f{o sf clwsf/ rflxP . dw] z / fHo sL df+u xdf/ L k|d'vtf x} cf} / s] Gb| d] + xdf/ L efuLbf/ L xf] gL rflxP . cf} / xd ox ljZjf; lbnfgf rfx] +u] ls cnu k|b] z xf] g] s] afb eL jxfF hf] u} / dw] zL x} + pGx] + xd lje] b sL kL8Þf gxL+ b] +u] , pGx] + xd k"/ f ;Ddfg b] +u] . Sof] +ls xdg] : jo+ o] em] nf x} . xd O; tsnLkm ;] u'h/ r's] x} + . pGxf] +g] hf] lsof xdf/ ] ;fy, jf] xd pgs] ;fy seL gxL+ s/ ] +u] o] osLg d} + lbnfgf rfxtf x"F . ) cfh b] z lh; bf} / ;] u'h/ / xf x} p;d] + k8 Þf] ;L / fi6«f] + sL Sof e"ldsf xf] gL rflxP < xf] gL eL rflxP of gxL+ <

– pgsf lh1f;' xf] gf : jfefljs x} , n] lsg ox k"0f{tM xdf/ ] b] z sf cfGtl/ s dfdnf x} . O;] cfGtl/ s ¿k d] + xL ;'nemfgf xf] uf . n] lsg O;;] cu/ dfgjclwsf/ sf xgg xf] tf x} , ls;L cGt/ f{i6«Lo sfg"g sf pNn3+g xf] tf x} cf} / cu/ b";/ ] / fi6«f] + s] cfGtl/ s Joj: yf k/ c;/ xf] tf x} tf] pgsf Wofg hfgf cfjZos xf] hftf x} . lsGt' ox k"/ L t/ x b] z sf cfGtl/ s dfdnf x} cf} / O;] xd] + xL ;'nemfgf x} .

o] y] jf] r+b ;jfn hf] xdf/ ] h] xg sf] xd] zf emsemf] / t] x} + . Ps ljrf/ wf/ f hf] dfggLo pk] Gb| dxf] bo hL s] b\jf/ f ;fdg] cfO{ ls dw] z ca r'k gxL+ / x] uf . p;] p;sf clwsf/ / fHo sf] b] gf xL xf] uf, rfx] jx ;xdlt s] cfwf/ k/ b] of Ps af/ lkm/ dw] z sf] cfGbf] ng sL / fx r'ggL k8Þ] . O; cfwf/ k/ Sof xd] + / fHo ;] ox pDdLb gxL+ s/ gL rflxP ls jx dw] z sL efjgf sf] ;dem] cf} / k"j{ d] + hf] ;demf} t] x'P x} + pGx] + ;+ljwfg d] + zfldn s/ ] cf} / ;Daf] lwt s/ ] . hf] pu| ¿k ;Qf ckgf / xL x} p;] 5f] 8Þgf xL b] z lxt d] + x} . Sof] +ls cu/ dw] z g] kfn sf xL lx: ;f x} tf] p;] czf+t s/ s] k"/ f b] z seL zf+t gxL+ / x kfPuf . b] z b\jGw sL / fx k/ cu|;/ gf xf] O;sL lhDd] bf/ L ;QfkIf sL x} . bdg sL gLlt ljb|f] x sf] hGd b] tL x} cf} / ljb|f] x sL cfu d] + sf] O{ Ps kIf xL gxL+ hntf x} O;sL nk6] + ;asf] k|efljt s/ tL x} Sof] +ls cfu ox gxL+ b] vtL ls sf} g p;sf ckgf x} cf} / sf} g k/ fof . J

cfj/0f

xdf/ f b[li6sf] 0f : ki6 x} .

xd] + : jfoQ k|b] z rflxP .

cfTdlg0f{o sf clwsf/

rflxP . dw] z / fHo sL

df+u xdf/ L k|d'vtf x} cf} /

s] Gb| d] + xdf/ L efuLbf/ L

xf] gL rflxP .


cfj/0f

aft tf] ox x} ls g] kfn s] ;jf] {Rr cbfnt d] + ef/ t s] ;jf] {Rr cbfnt sf ghL/ k] z s/ tf x"F, ox pbfx/ 0f sfkmL xf] uf Og bf] b] zf] + s] aLr s] l/ Zt] sf] ;demg] s] lnP .

lk5n] lbgf] + lbNnL hfg] sf cj;/ k|fKt x'cf ;+be{ yf ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f . j} ;] lbNnL ;] d} + Hofbf jflskm gxL+ x"F Sof] +ls z'?cftL lzIff s] kZrft\ d} +g] + pRr lzIff ljnfot a} 8kmf] 8{ ljZjljBfno ;] k|fKt sL cf} / p;s] afb sfg"g sL pRr lzIff yfOn} 08 s] dlx8f] n ljZjljBfno ;] d} +g] + k|fKt sL . O; jhx ;] Goflos k|lqmof s] cWoog s] ;Gbe{ d] + cd] l/ sf, : jL6h/ n} 08, a|fhLn cf} / d} lS;sf] cflb huxf] + ;] d} + Hofbf h'8Þf / xf . ax't s'5 ;Lvg] sf cj;/ k|fKt x'cf . cfh b] z lh; ;+qmd0fsfn ;] u'h/ / xf x} , p; l: ylt d] + sO{ Ps ;jfn ;] x/ a'l4hLjL ju{ u'h/ / xf x} . c;d+h; sL l: ylt agL x'O{ x} . O;L d;n] k/ ef/ t sL / fhwfgL lbNnL hfg] sf kxnf cf} krfl/ s cj;/ ldnf . sO{ Ps aft] + ;fdg] cfO{+ . cflv/ Sof x} ghl/ of ef/ t sf g] kfn sL jt{dfg / fhgLlts cj: yf sf] n] s/ < ox jx ;jfn x} lh;] x/ g] kfnL gful/ s ;f] r / xf x} . Sof] +ls ox wf/ 0ff x} ls ef/ t sL sf] O{ gLlt g] kfn s] lnP x} xL gxL+ a; Ps gf} s/ zfx sf ju{ x} hf] g] kfn s] lnP gLlt lgwf{/ 0f s/ tf x} . g] kfn d] + ef/ t ;dy{g sL aft] + sd xf] tL x} + lj/ f] w sL cj: yf clws xf] tL x} . ;fdfGo ;L ;f] r ox x} ls ca aft] + a/ fa/ sL xf] +, l/ Ztf] + d] + cfly{s ;DaGwf] + s] db\b] gh/ aft] + xf] + . cu/ ef/ t sL ;f] r Og aftf] + ;] xf] s/ u'h/ tL x} , tf] 7Ls x} j/ gf tgfj sf cfnd tf] agf x'cf xL x} .

dw] z sL aft s/ ] +, tf] ox ;eL hfgt]

ef/ t sL abntL g]kfn gLlt

bLk]Gb| emf

xdf/ L ;+: s[lt, j] z–e"iff, efiff ef/ ltof] + ;] ldntL h'ntL x} cf} / O; jhx ;] xd ckg] xL b] z d] + b";/ ] bh] { s]

gful/ s xf] g] sf bb{ ;x / x] x} + . hjls ef/ t sL gLlt d] + dw] z seL k|d'vtf s] ;fy gxL+ / xf Sof] +ls ef/ t hfgtf x} ls, / fhgLlts b[li6sf] 0f ;] kxf8Þ p;s] lnP Hofbf dxTjk"0f{ x} , zfob O;lnP p;sf k"/ f Wofg kxf8 Þ sL cf] / xL / xf x} cf} / O;lnP ;Qf kIf d] + eL jx pGx] + xL ;fy b] tf cfof x} .

rrf{ g] kfn sL / fhgLlt sL xf] cf} / p;d] + ef/ t cgb] vf / x hfP, P] ;f tf] xf] xL gxL+

;stf . bf] cnu / fi6«, lsGt' sO{ dfog] d] + ;dfg . ;+: s[lt, k/ Dk/ f cf} / l/ Ztf] + sL h8Þ] + Og bf] gf] + / fi6«f] + d] + OtgL ux/ fO{ ts km} nL x'O{ x+} ls O;] lgd"{n lsof xL gxL+ hf ;stf . Og aftf] + ;] xd ;a, vf; s/ t/ fO{jf;L cR5L t/ x kl/ lrt x} + . arkg d] / f dw] z d] + u'h/ f cf} / teL xdf/ L gh/ d] + ef/ t, le6\7fdf] 8Þ, ;'/ ;G8, ;'gf} nL cf} / l;nLu'8ÞL ts xL ;Lldt yf . Ps aft hf] xd ;a xd] zf ;'gf s/ t] y] ls ef/ t ;] xdf/ f / f] 6L cf} / a] 6L sf ;DaGw x} , tf] arkg d] + xd O;sf ;Lwf cy{ ox nuft] y] ls xdf/ ] vfg] sf ;fdfg ef/ t ;] cftf x} cf} / zflbof] + d] + Ow/ sL a] l6ofF pw/ hftL x} + cf} / pw/ sL a] l6ofF Ow/ cftL x} +, lh;sf k|df0f ox yf ls d] / L bfbL laxf/ sL yL, d] / L dfF laxf/

;] yL+ cf} / Otgf xL gxL+ d] / L bf] gf] + km'cf laxf/ d] + AofxL uO{ yL+ . o] l;km{ Ps d] / ] kl/ jf/ sL aft gxL+ x} , dw] z s] x/ b";/ ] 3/ d] + Ps gf Ps l/ Ztf ef/ t ;] h'8Þf ldn xL hftf x} . oxfF ;Ldf sf sf] O{ ;jfn gxL+ xf] tf l;km{ l/ Zt] xf] t] x} + . ;Ldf ;] ;6] ufFjf] + d] + rn] hfOP, sxL+ sf] O{ kms{ b] vg] sf] gxL+ ldntf k/ ha / fhgLlt sL s'b[li6 k8ÞtL x} tf] l/ Ztf] + d] + b/ f/ sL cj: yf cf xL hftL x} . la|l6z ;Qf g] hf] / fhg} lts nsL/ ;Ldf s] ¿k d] + bf] gf] + / fi6«f] + s] aLr vL+rL, p;] ;Ldf ;] ;6] nf] uf] + g] seL gxL+ dfgf . l: ylt tf] jxfF P] ;L x} ls rfo agft] –agft] cu/ rLgL vTd xf] hfo tf] nf] u ;fOlsn p7fs/ ef/ t ;] rLgL n] cft] x} + cf} / rfo ag hftL x} . P] ;] d] + enf ;Ldf s] aGwg sf] ;fdfGo hgtf Sof hfg] +, pGx] + tf] ;a Ps h} ;f nutf x} . d} + k] z] ;] jsLn x"F cf} / ;jf] {Rr cbfnt d] + jsfnt s/ tf x"F cf} / dh] sL


cfj/0f

x} + ls ef/ t s] lhtgf s/ La dw] z x} , ef/ t sL / fhgLlts b[li6sf] 0f ;] ptgf xL b"/ x} . dw] z s] nf] u seL ef/ tLo tf] seL wf] tL sxs/ xd] zf pk] lIft / x] , lh;sf d} + v'b e'Stef] uL x"F . kxnL af/ ha d} + sIff cf7 d] + k9Þg] ?kGb] xL uof tf] ;ag] d'em] of tf] ef/ tLo sxf of wf] tL sxf . ox aft d] / ] lbdfu d] + a} 7tL rnL uO{ ls, cflv/ xdf/ f cl: tTj Sof x} < ef/ t d] + ckg] l/ Zt] bf/ f] + s] oxfF hfcf] tf] g] kfnL sxt] x} + cf} / dw] z ;] kxf8Þ sL cf] / cfcf] tf] ef/ tLo of d/ l;of sxt] x} + . gful/ stf ldngL d'lZsn x} . xdf/ L ;+: s[lt, j] z–e"iff, efiff ef/ tLof] + ;] ldntL h'ntL x} cf} / O; jhx ;] xd ckg] xL b] z d] + b";/ ] bh] { s] gful/ s xf] g] sf bb{ ;x / x] x} + . hjls ef/ t sL gLlt d] + dw] z seL k|d'vtf s] ;fy gxL+ / xf Sof] +ls ef/ t hfgtf x} ls, / fhgLlts b[li6sf] 0f ;] kxf8Þ p;s] lnP Hofbf dxTjk"0f{ x} , zfob O;lnP p;sf k"/ f Wofg kxf8Þ sL cf] / xL / xf x} cf} / O;lnP ;Qf kIf d] + eL jx pGx] + xL ;fy b] tf cfof x} . ox sf] O{ gO{ aft gxL+ x} Sof] +ls, xfO8«f] kfj/ h} ;L ;demf} tf ;Qf kIf ;] xL xf] ;stL x} , oxfF dw] z ;] p;] sf] O{ kmfobf gxL+ x} cf} / x/ kIf ckgf kmfobf kxn] b] vtf x} cf} / b";/ f] + sf p;s] afb . zfob O;lnP r'gfj s] ;do eL dw] zjfbL bnf] + ;] clws ef/ t sL lgufx sfFu|] ; cf} / Pdfn] sL cf] / Hofbf / xtL x} . dw] z : jo+ sf] lhtgf ef/ t s] s/ La ;demtf x} , jf: tj d] + ef/ t ;] p;sL ptgL xL b"/ L lbvtL x} . zfob u} / f] + sf] v'z s/ g] d] + ckgf] + sf] xL e'nf lbof uof x} . k/ cu/ oxL l: ylt agL / xL tf] hf] ef/ t lj/ f] wL efjgf n] s/ kxf8ÞL hGd n] t] x} + j} ;L xL efjgf dw] zL ju{ d] + eL anjtL xf] tL rnL hfPuL . ef/ t sf] ox ;demgf xL xf] uf ls dw] z ;] p;sf ax'kIfLo l/ Ztf x} . xd] zf dw] z cf} / dw] zjfbL bnf] + sf] xL ;demf} tf s] lnP bjfj lbof hftf / xf x} . ;Qf kIf ;demt] x} + ls cu/ dw] z sf] jz d] + s/ gf x} tf] ;Ldfkf/ sf ;xf/ f n] nf] cf} / sxL+ gf sxL+ ef/ t sL / fhgLlt g] kfn sL ;Qf ;] xL xfy ldnfs/ rntL cfO{ x} .

lsGt', O; af/ sL lbNnL ofqf g] ox cx;f; lbnfof x} ls dfxf} n abn r'sf x} . ef/ t sL gO{ ;/ sf/ l/ Ztf] + sf] Ps gP gh/ ;] b] v / xL x} . ef/ t sO{ af/ ox htf r'sf x} ls dw] z ckgL n8ÞfO{ : jo+ n8Þ] Sof] +ls O; ;+be{ d] + jx v'ns/ dw] z sf ;fy gxL+ b] ;stf hf] s"6gLlts b[li6sf] 0f ;] ;xL eL x} . sf] O{ eL b] z ls;L cGo b] z s] cfGtl/ s dfdnf] + d] + bvn gxL+ b] ;stf lsGt', ox eL

;r x} ls ef/ t s] ;xof] u s] lagf cfhts g] kfn d] + sf] O{ kl/ jt{g ;Dej gxL+ xf] kfof x} . ef/ tLo g] tf ox dfgt] x} + ls cu/ dw] z d] + c;'/ Iff a9ÞL tf] p;sf c;/ ef/ t s] laxf/ , pQ/ k|b] z cf} / klZrd a+ufn k/ ls;L gf ls;L ¿k d] + cjZo k8Þ] uf . ha aft ef/ t cf} / af+unf b] z s] ;DaGwf] + sL xf] tL x} tf] klZrd a+ufn sL ;'/ Iff sf ;jfn ;fdg] xf] tf x} . ha >Ln+sf cf} / ef/ t s] aLr sL aft xf] tL x} tf] tldngf8' ;fdg] xf] tf x} cf} / ha ef/ t cf} / g] kfn s] aLr sL aft xf] tL x} tf] ef/ t s] tLg / fHof] + sf ;jfn ;fdg] xf] tf x} , laxf/ , pQ/ k|b] z cf} / klZrd a+ufn . Og tLgf] + / fHof] + sL ;Ldf g] kfn s] dw] z If] q ;] ;Da4 x} k/ dw] z seL eL Ogk/ xfjL gxL+ / xf x} cf} / g xL If] qlj: tf/ sL aft ;fdg] cfO{ x} .

sO{ Ps pbfx/ 0f x} + ls oxfF ls;L gf ls;L d'b\b] k/ ef/ t sf lj/ f] w xf] tf / xf x} . s'5 k|ltzt sf] 5f] 8Þ lbof hfo tf] kxf8ÞL d"n sL dfgl;stf ef/ t lj/ f] wL xf] tL x} k/ dw] lzof] + d] + ox sd kfof hftf x} , O;sL jhx zfob xdd] + kfoL hfg] jfnL ;dfgtf x} . lkm/ eL dw] z ef/ t ;] b"/ x} . zfob lbNnL sf] ox nutf xf] ls cu/ dw] lzof] + sf] v'z lsof uof tf] sxL+ ;Qfwf/ L, uf] vf{ / ] hLd] +6 cf} / ;'/ Iff uf8{ ju} / x gf/ fh gf xf] hfPF . Ps sdhf] / L tf] dw] lzof] + d] + eL x} ls jf] 5fqj[lQ, ljsf; cg'bfg sL / flz cflb ;] cnu sf] O{ l/ Ztf ef/ t ;] agf xL gxL+ kfP x} + . zfob O;sL jhx ;] xd ;dsIfL cf} / ldq gf xf] s/ ;"rs cf} / cfb] zkfns d] + l;d6 s/ / x uP x} + . xd] + : jo+ sf] O; l: ylt ;] cfu] lgsfngf xf] uf .

ef/ t d] + efhkf sL ;/ sf/ agg] s] afb cf} / ef/ tLo k|wfgd+qL g/ ] Gb| df] bL s] g] kfn e|d0f s] afb Og bf] b] zf] + s] l/ Zt] d] + s'5 kl/ jt{g tf] cjZo x'P x} + . g] kfn s] Oltxf; d] + ox kxnL af/ x'cf x} ls sf] O{ eL ef/ tLo k|wfgd+qL g] sfo{ef/ ;Defng] s] afb Ps xL jif{ d] + bf] af/ g] kfn e|d0f lsof xf] . ox e|d0f eL sO{ dfogf] + d] + ljjflbt / xf . kxnL af/ ha ef/ tLo k|wfgd+qL df] bL g] kfn cfP tf] ;+;b d] + dw] lzof] + sf] ox ;Lv bL ls kxfl8Þof] + ;] ldns/ rn] + lh;g] hxfF Ps kIf s] dgf] an sf] xtfz lsof jxL+ Ps kIf g] sfkmL v'lzofF dgfO{ . jxL+ df] bL ha b";/ L af/ g] kfn e|d0f s] ;fy xL hgsk'/ e|d0f sL OR5f htfO{ tf] ;QfkIf sf] ;f/ ] lgod sfg"g cf} / dof{bf s] kf7 ofb cfg] nu] cf} / ox e|d0f Otgf ljjflbt x'cf ls c+ttM p;] / f] sgf k8Þf . ;QfkIf sf] ox 8/ ;tf a} 7f ls gf hfg] df] bL hL dw] z hfs/ Sof af] n b] + cf} / Sof b] b] + . ;QfkIf sL bf] x/ L dfgl;stf v'ns/ ;fdg] cfO{ cf} / zfob O;L sf c;/

df] bL s] a8Þ] efO{ jfnL e"ldsf sL cfjZostf g] kfn dx;"; tf] s/ / xf x} , k/ O; zt{ k/ ls aft ;dfgtf sL xf] . ca hf]

eL kxn xf] p;d] + g] kfn sf : jfledfg, p;sL : jtGqtf cf} / nf] stf+lqs cj: yf k/ sf] O{ rf] 6 gxL+ kx'Fr] . ef/ t sf] ckgL ls;L eL gLlt lgwf{/ 0f s] kxn] g] kfn sL cfd hgtf sL efjgfcf] + sf

Vofn / vgf xf] uf .


cfj/0f

yf ls 6«df ;] G6/ s] pb\3f6g d] + jf] af] n a} 7] ls ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f sL k|lqmof ;xdlt ;] xf] gL rflxP gf ls ax'dt s] bjfa s] ;fy . cf] nL hL g] tf] ;fkm sx lbof ls unt la|lkm+u sL jhx ;] df] bL hL g] P] ;f sxf . ox aft ;QfkIf sf] kr gxL+ / xL yL ls df] bL sL lgufx dw] z sL cf] / s} ;] p7 uO{ .

g] kfn d] + ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f s] cj;/ cf} / r'gf} tL O; ljifo sL k|: t'lt s] lnP xL lbNnL hfg] sf cj;/ k|fKt x'cf . ^ hgj/ L ;] ( hgj/ L ts jxfF / xg] sf cj;/ ldnf cf} / g] kfn s] ljifo d] + sO{ hfg] dfg] lbUuh g] tfcf] + ;] ljrf/ ljdz{ eL x'P . k"j{ / fhb"t hoGt k|;fb d'vhL{, s] =aL=/ fhg, P;=8L=d'lg h} ;] dxTjk"0f{ JolStof] + g] g] kfn ;] ;DalGwt ckgL ckgL wf/ 0ffPF / vL+ . efhkf s] ;Qf d] + cfg] s] afb oxfF s] lxGb'jfbL kIf d] + ox efjgf lj: tf/ kf / xL x} ls g] kfn d] + lkm/ ;] lxGb' / fHo sL : yfkgf xf] uL cf} / efhkf p;sf ;dy{g s/ ] uf . ha O; d'b\b] k/ jxfF aft p7L tf] : ki6 ¿k d] + ox aft ;fdg] cfO{ ls ox g] kfn sf cfGtl/ s dfdnf x} , xdf/ f O;d] + sf] O{ x: tIf] k gxL+ x} cf} / xd wd{lg/ k] Iftf d] + ljZjf; s/ t] x} + cf} / O;sf ;dy{g s/ t] x} + . O; wf/ 0ff ;] ox tf] : ki6 xf] uof ls g] kfn d] + lkm/ ;] lxGb' / fi6« agg] sL ;Defjgf IfL0f x} . b";/ L hf] aft b] vg] d] + cfO{ jx ox yL ls ca ts hf] JolSt g] kfn sL / fhgLlt d] + ef/ t sL cf] / ;] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x s/ t] cfP y] jf] lkmnxfn lqmofljxLg xf] uP x} + . pgsL hux efhkf s] clht l;+x, / fddfwj hL, / fi6«Lo ;'/ Iff ;nfxsf/ cf} / ck|ToIf ¿k ;] cf/ =P;=P;= ;lqmo lbv / x] x+} . Ogsf dfggf x} ls ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f d] + ;f+: s[lts

cfwf/ sf] ;fdg] / vgf plrt xf] uf Sof] +ls cfly{s cf} / ;fdflhs lje] b sf pGd"ng gxL+ s/ g] ;] ls;L eL / fi6« sf ljsf; ;Dej gxL+ x} . hjls O;;] kxn] sfFu|] ; ;/ sf/ O; dfdn] d] + cg'bf/ yL . g] kfn s] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f sL k|lqmof k/ s6fIf s/ t] x'P sfFu|] ; s] dxf;lrj 8L=kL= g] tf] ox eL sx lbof ls g] kfn kxnf b] z x} + hxfF s] ;+ljwfg d] + ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f s] cnfjf ;eL sfd xf] tf x} . jxfF s] kl/ j] z sf] b] vs/ oxL ;dem d] + cfof ls ef/ t rfxtf x} ls g] kfn d] + hNb ;] hNb ;+ljwfg ag] lsGt' ;xdlt s] cfwf/ k/ ag] . Sof] +ls pgsf dfggf x} ls sfkmL d'lZsnf] + s] afb dfcf] jfbL d"nwf/ d] + cf kfP x} + cf} / pgsL tyf dw] z sL ;+t'li6 cfjZos x} , gxL+ tf] g] kfn lkm/ ;] cfGbf] lnt xf] hfPuf . P] ;L sf] O{ c;xh aft gf xf] ls dfcf] jfbL sf] lkm/ ;] h+un hfgf k8Þ] , cu/ P] ;f x'cf tf] g] kfn Ps af/ lkm/ cfGtl/ s åGå sf lzsf/ xf] hfPuf . O; l: ylt d] + ag] ;+ljwfg sf sf] O{ cf} lrTo gxL+ x} . k/ ;ag] ox eL : ki6 lsof ls ox g] kfn sf cfGtl/ s dfdnf x} cf} / O;] : jo+ xL ;'nemfgf xf] uf . s'5 pkfo eL ;fdg] cfP lh;d] + ox zfldn yf ls s'5 nrLnf x/ kIf sf] aggf xf] uf s'5 n] s/ cf} / s'5 b] s/ O; dfdn] sf] lgk6fof hf ;stf x} . h} ;] emfkf kxf8Þ d] + cf} / df] / u+, ;'g;/ L t/ fO{ d] + cf} / s+rgk'/ kxf8Þ d] + cf} / s} nfnL t/ fO{ d] + eL lnof hf ;stf x} . sxL+ gf sxL+ ;demf} tf tf] s/ gf xf] uf . ljut sL ;xdlt, ;demf} tf cf} / b";/ ] ;+ljwfg ;ef s] d;f} b] sf ;Gt'ng xL dha"t ;+ljwfg sf cfwf/ xf] ;stf x} . P;=8L=d'lg g] tf] : ki6 sxf ls ;Qf cf} / ;fem] bf/ L sf ha ts ;fy gxL+ xf] uf ta ts

;+ljwfg lgdf{0f c;Dej x} . dfggLo cf] nL hL s] O; jStJo ;] ls o"=kL=cf} / laxf/ bf] gf] + n] nf] k/ eL ;ag] gf/ fhuL htfO{ pgsf dfggf yf ls Ps lhDd] bf/ JolSt sf P] ;f jStJo plrt gxL+ x} . k/ jxL+ Ps kIf P] ;f eL gh/ cfof lhgsf dfggf yf ls s] =kL=cf] nL sf] h/ f g/ d sLlhP k|wfgd+qL agf bLlhP cf} / ;+ljwfg agf nLlhP jxL+ ox aft eL pe/ s/ cfO{ ls sfFu|] ;, Pdfcf] jfbL cf} / dw] zjfbL bnf] + sf df] rf{ agfs/ eL ;/ sf/ cf} / ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f sL k|lqmof sf] cfu] a9Þfof hf ;stf x} .

g] kfn s] ljsf; sL aftf] + k/ tf] ;eL ;xdt lbv] lsGt' pgsf dfggf yf ls ;/ sf/ lbnr: kL gxL+ n] / xL x} . dw] z ljsf; ;] ;DalGwt x'nfsL dfu{ s] lnP tf] : ki6 ¿k ;] sxf uof ls O;] agfg] s] lnP bf] dxLg] k"j{ k|: tfj e] h] uP x} + lsGt' ;DalGwt lgsfo cf} / ef} lts of] hgf tyf lgdf{0f ljefu sL cf] / ;] sf] O{ hjfa gxL+ cfof x} lh;;] tf] oxL ktf rntf x} ls ;DalGwt lgsfo sf ljsf; sL cf] / of x'nfsL dfu{ s] lgdf{0f sL cf] / Wofg xL gxL+ x} .

df3 cf7 cfs/ u'h/ uof . ljkIfL kIf s] x+ufd] + s] afjh"b ;efd'v b\jf/ f k|: tfj sf k9Þf hfgf cf} / kfl/ t lsof hfgf tyf cf] nL s] dgf] an sf] b] vt] x'P tf] P] ;f nutf x} ls Og ;as] d"n d] + ef/ t s] t6: y kIf xL sfd s/ / x] x} + . ceL s] dfxf} n d] + ef/ t sL ;lqmotf sL cfjZostf dx;"; sL hf / xL x} Sof] +ls af/ x ;"qL ;demf} tf cf} / dw] z cfGbf] ng s] kZrft\ afO; ;"qL ;demf} tf eL ef/ t s] dWo: ytf d] + xL ;Dej x'cf yf . O;lnP cfh eL p;s] kxn sL cfjZostf dx;"; sL hf / xL x} . j} ;] eL ef/ t s'5 s/ ] tf] eL, gf s/ ] tf] eL p;sL e"ldsf xd] zf g] kfn d] + ljjflbt / xL x} . df] bL s] a8Þ] efO{ jfnL e"ldsf sL cfjZostf g] kfn dx;"; tf] s/ / xf x} , k/ O; zt{ k/ ls aft ;dfgtf sL xf] . ca hf] eL kxn xf] p;d] + g] kfn sf : jfledfg, p;sL : jtGqtf cf} / nf] stf+lqs cj: yf k/ sf] O{ rf] 6 gxL+ kx'Fr] . ef/ t sf] ckgL ls;L eL gLlt lgwf{/ 0f s] kxn] g] kfn sL cfd hgtf sL efjgfcf] + sf Vofn / vgf xf] uf . n] lsg dw] z Og ;a;] clws sL ck] Iff ef/ t ;] / vtf x} cf} / ef/ t sf] eL dw] z s] dd{ sf] ;demgf k8Þ] uf . cfh dw] z lh; bjfa cf} / bdg sf lzsf/ xf] / xf x} p;k/ cGt{/ fi6«Lo lgsfof] + sf] Wofg b] g] cf} / ;a;] ghbLs k8Þf] ;L xf] g] s] gft] ef/ t s] kxn sL cfjZostf eL x} . J-n]vs bLk] Gb| emf g] kfn s] ;jf] {Rr cbfnt

s] clwjStf x} + ._

s} nf; bf;lbg] z zdf{gjn s'df/

Pj+ ;d: t lxdflngL kl/ jf/

lxdflngL s] dxf] Q/ L ;+jfbbftf / Tg] Zj/ s'df/ emf s] ;'k'q

njs'df/ emf s] ] d'08g s] z'e cj;/ k/ -km/ j/ L @#, @)!%_ p;s] bL3f{o' cf} / ;': jf: Yo sL sfdgf s/ t] x'P cz] if

z'esfdgfPF .

njs'df/ emf


ljrf/ dLdf+zf

gj u0ftGq g] kfn sL clwsf+z hgtf cefjk"0f{ hLjg hLg] sf] afWo x} . ljut ;ft jiff] {+

;] ;+ljwfg s] cefj d] + hLjg hLg] sL cfbt agf r'sL g] kfnL hgtf ;/ sf/ sL cb"/ bzL{ zf;g Joj: yf s] kl/ 0ffd: j¿k seL k] 6«f] n, seL 8Lhn, seL ld§Lt] n kfg] s] lnP 306f] + stf/ d] + nug] sf] afWo xf] tL x} , tf] seL gds cefj sL kL8Þf em] ntL x} . ljut s'5 dxLgf] + ;] PnkLhL u} ; s] 8Ln/ f] + cyjf ;DalGwt lgsfof] + åf/ f xf] g] jfn] s[lqd cefj of lsP uP sfnf afhf/ L ;] ;j{;fwf/ 0f 56k6f / x] x+} . g] kfnL hgtf sf] cefjhGo kL8Þf sL 6] 9ÞL nsL/ k/ rnt] –rnt] 6] 9ÞL nsL/ eL ;LwL nug] nuL x} .

u} ; 8Ln/ f] + s] åf/ f dgdfgf d"No n] s/ b] / / ft d] + af] / f] + d] + aGb s/ s] sfnfahf/ L s/ t] oq–tq ;j{q b] vf hf / xf x} . cfhsn u} ; b} lgs j: t' sL cfjZostf -gds, t] n, ns8ÞL_ s] ¿k d] + : yflkt xf] r'sL x} . P] ;L b} lgs pkef] Uo j: t' u} ; s] s[lqd cefj sL] xfxfsf/ Sof] + gxL+ ;'gfO{ b] / xL x} < pQ/ bfloTjaf] w Sof] + gxL+ xf] / xf x} < / fhgLlt1f] + sL ;kmntf sf l9+9f] / f tf] kL6t] x} +, ;DalGwt ljefu k|d'v nf] u ckg] –ckg] lu/ ] jfgf] + d] + Sof] + gxL+ emfFsg] sL sf] lzz s/ t] x} + < ax't b'Mv ;] sxgf k8Þtf x} ls xd hgtf, sd{rf/ L ;a s] ;a a/ fa/ s] bf] ifL x} + . hgtf sd{rf/ L hfu?s xf] tL tf] sf] O{ eL ;/ sf/ k|d'v nf] u s[lqd cefj of unt sfo{ s/ g] –s/ fg] ;] kxn] b; af/ ;f] rg] sf] ljjz xf] t] , k/ pRr kbf] + k/ rfs/ L s/ s] cf;Lg xf] g] jfn] k|d'v nf] ] u hfgt] x} + ls xdf/ ] b] z sL ax';+Vos hgtf uf} tda'4 h} ;] a'4Tj k|fKt s/ g] s] lnP ;dflw: y xf] r'sL x} . kmn: j?k Ps dxLgf kxn] 8L8L;L sDkgL g] k|ltln6/ b"w d] + !@, !$ ?ko] sL d"Noj[l4 sL, lkm/ eL hgtf sL cf] / ;] r"F sL cfjfh eL gxL+ lgsnL . O;L t/ x u} ; sf cefj dxLgf] + ;] x} k/ hgtf g] 7fg / vL x} ls xd ckgL df} gtf gxL+ tf] 8] Þ+u] .

u} ; cefj s] sf/ 0f hgtf qflx dfd s/ / xL x} , clws d"No b] s/ 3';k} l7o] t/ Ls] ;] u} ; v/ LbtL x} k/ d'Fx d] + bxL hdfs/ a} 7L x} . ;j{;fw/ 0f pkef] Qmf 3+6f] + ts stf/ d] + nug] s] afb lhgsf] Ps l;ln08/

u} ; ldn hftf x} , j] ckg] sf] tL;df/ vfF ;demt] x} + . pgsf] nutf x} ls d} +g] ax't a8Þf h+u hLt lnof . pkef] Qmf ju{ Ps–bf] dxLg] k"j{ xL u} ; a] rg] jfn] b'sfgf] + k/ , 8Ln/ f] + s] kf; ckgf–ckgf gfd lnvjft] x} cf} / k|ltlbg pgs] kf; p;L k|sf/ hft] x} dfgf] + …s[kflgwfgÚ s] kf; dlGb/ d] + hfof hftf x} . s[lqd cefj s/ g] jfn] s[kflgwfgf] + -l8n/ f] +_ sL Ps xL cfjfh ;'gg] s] lnP u} ; eQmu0f, cfbt agf r's] x} + ls cft] –hft] / lxP . ls;L g ls;L lbg u} ; eujfg sL s[kf xf] hfPuL .

lgud sf sxgf x} – u} ; cfoft ;xh x} , x/ ] s lbg df+u ;] clws !$ xhf/ l;ln08/ cftf x} k/ pkef] Qmf sf] ;xh ¿k d] + u} ; gxL+ ldntL x} . Sof] + < Sof] +ls dlGqof] +, cfon lgud cf} / u} ; Joj;floof] + sL ldnLeut s] sf/ 0f hfga"ems/ s[lqd cefj sL l: ylt k} bf sL uO{ x} . P] ;f cf/ f] k ;j{q ;'gg] d] + cf / xf x} . ctM ox cf/ f] k c: jfefljs gxL+ nutf .

kz'kltgfy sf ox b] z a8Þf ljlrq x} . Ps t/ km ;+ljwfg ;ef ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f sf] n] s/ s'?If] q agf x'cf x} , hxfF ;eL kfl6{of] + s] lgjf{lrt–dgf] lgt ̂ )! ;b: o w[t/ fi6« ag cf/ f] k–k|Tof/ f] k cf} / dNno'4 d] + d: t x} +, tf] b";/ L cf] / kbf;Lg ;/ sf/ xL / Ifs xL eIfs agg] s] sf/ 0f k/ d'vfk] IfL hgtf -afns, j[4, aLdf/ , k|;"tL dlxnfP+_ O; s+ks+kftL 708 s] df} ;d d] + u} ; cefj s] sf/ 0f s} ;L cf} / sf} g–sf} g ;L d';Lat sf] em] ntL x} , sNkgf sL hf ;stL x} .

afhf/ d] + u} ; s] s[lqd cefj s] sf/ 0f ;fwf/ 0f hgtf dxLgf] + ;] qflx qflx s/ tL b] v ;/ sf/ sf lqg] q v'nf tf] pkef] Qmfcf] + sf] / fxt kx'Frfg] s] lnP ;'ne u} ; b'sfg vf] ng] sf lg0f{o lnof x} . @@ hgj/ L cfon lgud, g] zgn 6] «] l8+u 6] s' s] ;xsfo{ d] + 6] s'l: yt ;'ne b'sfg d] + u} ; n] g] jfnf] + sL nDaL stf/ nuL . s'5 sf] ldnf, s'5 sf] gxL+ . lhgsf] gxL+ ldnf, j] gf/ ] afhL s] ;fy k|bz{g s/ t] / x] . sf] O{ tf] stf/ d] + xL a] xf] z xf] uo] . lgud s] bfj] s] cg';f/ olb df+u ;] clws u} ; cfoft xf] tf x} tf] afhf/ d] + u} ; cefj Sof] + < j: t'tM cefj sL l: ylt ;[lht gxL+ sL uO{ x} tf] clws k} ;] b] g] k/ u} ; s} ;] ldn hftf x} < ox k|Zg p7gf : jfefljs

x} . s[lqd cefj s/ g] jfnf] +, sfnf afhf/ L sf] / f] sg] sf pQ/ bfloTj ls;sf x} < Sof ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f s] cefj d] + kbf;Lg ;/ sf/ Pj+ cfon lgud sf] sfnfahf/ L sf] / f] sg] sf pQ/ bfloTj axg s/ g] sf eL clwsf/ gxL+ x} < lg/ Lx ;j{;fwf/ 0f hgtf s'zf;g s] rqmJo"x d] + 3'g sL t/ x sa ts kL;tL / x] uL <

Sof] + O; b] z sL zf;g k|zf;g sL Joj: yf k~rfotL e|i6frf/ L Joj: yf ;] abt/ xf] tL hf / xL x} < Sof g] kfn d] + gju0ftGq sd{rf/ LtGq sf] a|Xdn"6 s/ g] s] lnP xL nfof uof < jfx / L nf] stflGqs ;/ sf/ Û k} ;f b] s/ b} lgs pkef] Uo j: t' sL df+u sf] eL k"/ f gxL+ s/ ;stL x} , ox s} ;L nf] stflGqs ;/ sf/ <

;xdlt cg';f/ PnkLhL u} ; pBf] u ;+3 sf] pTkflbt u} ; sf % k|ltzt u} ; g] zgn 6«] l8+u s] 6] s' Pj+ / fdzfx ky l: yt k|f+u0f d] + c: yfoL ¿k d] + laqmL–ljt/ 0f s/ g] s] lnP b] gf xf] uf . g] zgn 6] «l8ª u} ; laqmL ljt/ 0f s/ g] s] lnP : yfg, ;'/ Iff tyf laqmL k|aGwg sL Joj: yf d'x} of s/ ] uf . O; c: yfoL Joj: yf ;] pkef] Qmf sf] / fxt ldn] uL tyf sfnf afhf/ L s/ g] jfn] lg?T;flxt xf] +u] , P] ;f sxgf lgud s] sfo{sf/ L lgb] {zs rl08sf e§ sf x} . ca k|Zg p7tf x} ls Sof bf] –rf/ ;'ne u} ; b'sfg s] dfWod ;] ;Dk"0f{ / fhwfgLjf;L ;d: of ;] lghft kf hfPuL < pkef] Qmfcf] + sf] sf] ;f] + b"/ ;] u} ; n] hfg] d] + s} ;L lbSst] + p7fgL k8] ÞuL < lstg] ?ko] Joo s/ g] k8] +Þu] O; cf] / ;/ sf/ –lgud g] seL ;f] rf < bf] rf/ c: yfoL ;'ne u} ; b'sfg vf] ng] s] ahfo ;/ sf/ cf} / lgud åf/ f sfnfafhf/ L s/ g] jfnf] +, s[lqd cefj k} bf s/ g] jfn] lgsfof] + k/ b08fTds gs] n s;g] sf ;fx; Sof] + gxL+ lbvfof hf / xf x} < P] ;f g s/ g] ;] oxL nutf x} ls sfnfafhf/ L s/ fg] d] + ;/ sf/ –lgud bf] gf] + sL ldnLeut x} . lgud eL dfgtL x} ls sfnfafhf/ L Pj+ xf] l8{+u s/ g] ;] afhf/ d] + u} ; cefj sL ;d: of ljBdfg x} . sfnfafhf/ L sf] ;/ sf/ –lgud ldns/ c+s'z nufg] sf k|of; s/ ] + cf} / qflxdfd s/ tL hgtf sL kL8Þf sf cg'ej s/ ] + cf} / p; kL8Þf ;] d'lQm lbnfPF, O;L cfzf s] ;fy === . J

/d]z emf drL x} xfxfsf/ u} ; sL


cflv/ sf/ bnf] + åf/ f ;+ljwfg agfg] s] lnP : jo+ 3f] lift ;do df3 * cyf{t\ hgj/ L

@@ eL bnf] + s] aLr c;xdlt s] rnt] ljgf ;+ljwfg s] xL lgsn r'sf x} . Pdfcf] jfbL cf} / dw] zL df] / r] g] clgjfo{ ¿k ;] ;j{;Ddlt ;] ;+ljwfg agfg] sL df+u s/ t] x'o] df3 * sL ;do–;Ldf sf] nf+3g] sL / 0fgLlt ckgfO{ yL tf] ;QfkIfLo u7aGwg, lh; s] kf; ;+ljwfg kfl/ t s/ g] s] lnP cfjZos bf] ltxfO{ ;] Hofbf ;b: o ;+Vof ;+ljwfg;ef d] + x} , g] sfkmL sf] lzzf] + s] afjh"b eL ljjflbt d'2f] + k/ ;j{;Ddlt g xf] kfg] s] sf/ 0f dtbfg s] lnP lgod cg';f/ k|lqmof sf] cfu] a9Þfg] s] lnP ;efd'v k/ bjfj 8fn / vf yf . ;efd'v g] ljkIf s] sO{ lbg s] cj/ f] w s] jfjh"b eL

k|ZgfjnL ;ldlt sf P] nfg lsof . O; n] v sf] lnvg] ts O; k|: tfljt ;ldlt k/ ljkIf ckg] ;b: of] + sf] g e] hg] sL dgMl: ylt k/ x} . k|wfgd+qL sf] O{/ fnf cf} krfl/ s jftf{ sL ckLn s/ / x] x} + . Pdfcf] jfbL s] g] t[Tj d] + dw] zL df] rf{, ;+ljwfg;ef r'gfj sf] alxisf/ s/ g] jfnL j} w dfcf] jfbL cf} / hfltjfbL h} ;] cGo 5f] 6] bnf] + s] ;Kt/ +uL u7aGwg s] eLt/ eL b/ f/ ] + cfg] nuL x} + . j} B dfcf] jfbL ;+ljwfg;ef ;] Pdfcf] jfbL cf} / dw] zL bnf] + sf] ax't hNb ;+ljwfg ;ef ;] afx/ nfg] s] p;s] dg;"af] + k/ kfgL km] / tf b] vs/ u7aGwg ;] afx/ xf] g] sL va/ x} cf} / s'5 5f] 6] bn eL cfGbf] ng ;] ;+ljwfg agfg] sL cfjZostf sf] k|fYfldstf b] t] x'o] u7aGwg 5f] 8ÞÞg] sL va/ ] cf / xL x} + . O; ;do ;QfkIf cf} / ljkIf s] aLr b"/ L lkm/ ;] a9Þ uO{ x} .

k/ Gt' ;eL kIff] + s] pmk/ ;+ljwfg agfg] s] lnP ef/ L bafj agf x'cf x} . cf/ f] k–k|Tof/ f] k s] aLr en] xL ;+jfbxLgtf sL l: ylt x} lkm/ eL ;+jfb d] + cfg] s] cnfjf bnf] + s] kf; b";/ f ljsNk gxL+ x} .

O;;] kxn] !( hgj/ L sL cfwL / ft sf] ;+ljwfg;ef s] cGb/ ljkIfL ;ef;bf] + sL tf] 8Þ kmf] 8ÞÞ cf} / xfyfkfO{ s] b[Zof] + sf] b] vs/ tf] nuf ls xd ceL eL nf] stGq ;] ;} s8Þf] + ;fn b"/ dWoo'uLg saLnf hdfg] ;] cfu] gxL+ a9Þ ;s] x} + . bftfcf] + ;] ;xof] u df+us/ v/ LbL uO{ s';L{, dfO{s cf} / 6] lneLhg tf] 8Þs/ sf] O{ x/ ;do qmflGtsf/ L sxnfg] sf xsbf/ gxL+ xf] tf . lj/ f] w s] gfd k/ g] kfn aGb sf cfof] hg cf} / ;+ljwfg;ef d] + Ps kIfLo ¿k ;] x'O{ tf] 8Þkmf] 8Þ g] ljkIfL u7aGwg ljz] ifs/ Pdfcf] jfbL s] sb sf] h?/ wSsf nuf . ca eL hgo'4sfnLg

k|f] ku08f sf k|of] u ljz] ifs/ Pdfcf] jfbL s] lnP k|To'Tkfbs xf] ;stf x} + . l;km{ Wj+z s/ gf ck/ fw x} , ha Wj+z s] ;fy j} rfl/ s cf} / ef} lts lgd{f0f eL ;fy–;fy cfu] a9] Þ tf] p;] qmflGt sxf hftf x} .

hgtf sL d'lSt s] gfd k/ b; ;fn ts rnf dfcf] jfbL hgo'4 cf} / p;s] afb sf ;+o'St zflGtk"0f{ cfGbf] ng, dw] z cfGbf] ng, hghflt cfGbf] ng, cv08 klZrdf~rn cf} / ;'b"/ klZrdfGrn cfGbf] ng s] dfWod ;] kl/ jt{g rfxtL hgtf sf] cats / fhgLlts hdLgbf/ L d] + lk;g] s] l;jfo cf} / s'5 g;La gxL+ x'cf x} . kxnL ;+ljwfg;ef hf] hgcfGbf] ngf] + s] tTsfn afb agL yL cf} / p;L sf k|ltlaDa yL, p;L g] sO{ ;f} ;fnf] + ;] rnL cf / xL / fh;+: yf s] g] t[Tjjfn]

;fdGtjfb sf cGt s/ lbof . b] z u0ftGq xf] uof k/ Gt' ;fdGtjfb s] hft] –hft] oxf+ cu|udg cf} / k|ltudg s] gfd k/ sO{ t/ x s] 5f] 6] a8] Þ ;fdGtjfbL zlSt s] Gb| v8] Þ xf] uo] x} + . lhgsf a'lgofbL rl/ q u/ La d] xgtsz hgtf sf] clwsf/ ;DkGg s/ gf gxL+ alNs cats sL s] Gb|Ls[t ;fdGtjfbL ;Qf sf] dfq ljs] lGb|t s/ gf x} . ljut d] + l;+xb/ af/ sL ;Qf åf/ f kflnt ju{ sf] b] z cf} / hgtf sL v'zxfn eljio sL lrGtf ;] sxL+ clws 3f] / qmflGtsf/ L lbvg] sL lkmqm x} . Sof] +ls qmflGt sf afhf/ ca cfly{s ju{jfb ;] sxL+ clws hflt cf} / If] qf] + s] gfd k/ ud{ xf] rnf x} . O;sf ds;b d] xgtsz g] kfnL hgtf sL dxfg Pstf lh; g] / f0ffzfxL cf} / / fhfzfxL sf] hdLgbf] h s/ lbof p;] hflt, wd{ cf} / If] q s] gfd k/ vl08t s/ sdhf] / s/ gf x} .

lk5n] cfGbf] ngf] + sf pQ/ flwsf/ sf bfjf s/ g] jfnL l;of;L tfstf] + sL Og lbgf] + g] kfn d] + sf] O{ sdL gxL+ x} . k/ Gt' ;do / xt] p;] ;+: yfut s/ g] sL lbzf d] + ls;L g] sf] O{ cu|;/ tf gxL+ lbvfO{ . qmflGt cf} / p;s] : yfkg s] aLr ;do sf hf] dxTj xf] tf x} , p;] g] kfnL l;of;tbf/ f] + ljz] if s/ qmflGt s] t/ kmbf/ f] + g] ;bf gh/ cGbfh s/ lbof x} . nDa] ;+qmd0fsfn s] sf/ 0f qmflGt sL ult d] + ;': tL cfgL : jefljs xL x} Sof] +ls p;d] + aLtt] ;do s] ;fy go] cR5] cf} / a'/ ] bf] gf] + ljrf/ f] + sf ;+qmd0f xf] hftf x} . p; k/ eL qmflGtsf/ L sx] hfg] jfn] zlStof] + s] aLr x] f / x] : jfy{k|] l/ t cGt/ åGå s] rnt] j] lhtg] cnf] slk|o xf] hft] x} + ptgf xL 3l6t qmflGt s] k|lt cfd nf] uf] + d] + lg/ fzf pTkGg xf] hfgf c: jfefljs gxL+ . nDa] ;+qmd0fsfn s] rnt] g] kfn d] + ca oxL ;a xf] / xf x} . lj=;+= @))& d] + g] kfn d] + x'P qmflGt s] afb ef/ t d] + ;Dk"0f{qmflGt s] g] tf hok|sfz gf/ fo0f g] g] kfnL k|wfgd+qL jL=kL= sf] O{/ fnf sf] ;do sf dxTj atft] x'o] t'/ Gt e"ld k/ ljz] if gLlt nfg] sL ;nfx bL yL . pgsf dfggf yf– ox sfd aLtt] ;do s] ;fy s/ gf c;Dej ;f xf] hftf x} . sf] O{/ fnf O;]

/ fhgLlts ;+qmd0f ;] a9Þ / xL x} + ;d: ofP+

afa'/fd kf} 8\ofn

ljrf/

g] kfnL hgtf sf] ;d[4 s/ g] jfnL hfb'O{ 58 ÞL s] ¿k d] + k|rfl/ t ;+ljwfg ;ef g] lh; t"kmfgL c+bfh d] + g] kfnL / fhgLlt d] + k|j] z lsof, p;L cGbfh d] + aLtt] ;do s] ;fy ;': t eL k8 Þ uO{ .


;do k/ gxL+ s/ kfo] cf} / ox dxTjk"0f{ sfd afsL / x uof yf .

kxnL ;+ljwfg;ef lh; ud{hf] zL s] ;fy agL yL cf} / p;sf hf] ;dLs/ 0f cl: tTj d] + cfof yf, jxL+ ;] cu/ ;+ljwfg ag uof xf] tf tf] Joj: yfkg k/ qmflGt sf c;/ : jfefljs ¿k ;] k8Þtf yf . cflv/ sf/ kxnL ;+ljwfg;ef ;+ljwfg b] kfg] d] + c;kmn xf] uO{ . g] kfnL hgtf sf] ;d[4 s/ g] jfnL hfb'O{ 58ÞL s] ¿k d] + k|rfl/ t ;+ljwfg ;ef g] lh; t"kmfgL c+bfh d] + g] kfnL / fhgLlt d] + k|j] z lsof, p;L cGbfh d] + aLtt] ;do s] ;fy ;': t eL k8Þ uO{ . l;km{ u0ftGq sf] 5f] 8Þs/ b] z cf} / hgtf sf] s'5 vf; gxL+ ldnf . j} ;] wd{lg/ k] Iftf sf] eL s'5 nf] u pknlAw atft] x} +, k/ Gt' jt{dfg k|wfgd+qL ;'zLn sf] O{/ fnf cf} / sf+u|] ;L g] tf z] v/ sf] O{/ fnf h} ;] eL wd{lg/ k] Iftf s] ;jfn sf] sxf+ ls;g] s} ;] ;+ljwfg;ef ts kx+'rfof cf} / kfl/ t xf] uof, O; af/ ] d] + laNs'n cgle1tf hflx/ s/ t] x'o] cfZro{ eL k|s6 s/ t] kfo] hft] x} + . pgsf ox eL dfggf x} ls hgcfGbf] ng cf} / p;s] cf;kf; dfcf] jflbof] + s] ;fy ;DkGg ls;L eL jftf{ cf} / aftrLt d] + wd{lg/ k] Iftf sf d'2f seL p7f xL gxL+ yf . s'5 nf] u tf] oxf+ ts c6\sn] + nuf / x] + x} ls o"/ f] lkog o"lgog sL cf] / ;] lh; t/ x hflt cf} / hghltof] + s] gfd ;xof] u ldntf / xf, p;L t/ x wd{lg/ k] Iftf s] kIf d] + eL ldzgl/ of] + g] g] kfn s] s'5 / fhgLlts

bnf] + s] g] tfcf] + sf] k|efj d] + lnof yf . ;r d] + g] kfnL cfjZostf s] abn] sxL+ afx/ ;] cfofltt d'2f] + sf] xd k/ yf] kf tf] gxL+ uof x} < ox Ps uDeL/ ;jfn x} . O; b[li6 ;] tf] ox eL ;+b] x pTkGg xf] hftf x} } ls sxL+ kxnL ;+ljwfg;ef oyfy{ ;] sxL+ clws dxTjfsf+Iff cf} / efjfj] u sf eL lzsf/ tf] gxL+ xf] uO{ yL < cu/ cf} / pknlAwof] + sL aft sL hftL x} tf] dfggf xL k8] Þuf ls kxnL ;+ljwfg;ef s] cj;fg s] ;fy ox d'2f xL

c;kmn xf] r'sf yf . p; ;do xL a'/ L t/ x ;] lk6 r's] ;+ljwfg;ef s] d'2] s] cf} lrTo k/ ls;L eL ;dLIfs cf} / / fhgLlts bn g] ;jfn s/ gf plrt gxL+ ;ddmf . j] ox dfgg] sL e"n s/ / x] y] ls hgtf xd] zf s] jn d'2] s] kL5] efutL x} . sn lhg d'2f] + s] kL5] hgtf sL eL8Þ lbvtL yL, ca pbf;Lgtf x} . ;RrfO{ tf] ox yL ls hgtf lhtg] d'2] sf] b] vtL x} , ptgf xL d'2] sL jsfnt s/ g] jfnf] + s] cfr/ 0f sf] eL . nDa] ;+qmd0fsfn g] ca hgtf sf] / fhgLlts bnf] + sL s/ t"tf] + sL nDaL km] xl/ : t eL xfyf] + d] + ydf bL yL . hgtf g] qmflGtsf/ L gfosL s] an k/ bnf] +

s] k|lt hf] ljZjf; sf : tDe v8Þf lsof yf, p;] OGxL bnf] + g] ;+qmd0fsfn sL cf8Þ d] + pvf8Þ km] sf .

lkm/ a8] tfdemfd s] ;fy b";/ L ;+ljwfg;ef sf r'gfj s/ fof uof . bf] –bf] af/ lso] uo] Og r'gfj d] + ;/ sf/ L cf+s8f] s] d'tflas tL; ca{ ?ko] vr{ x'P . s'n vr{ tf] O;;] ts/ Ljg b'u'gL atfO{ hftL x} . g] kfn h} ;] u/ La b] z s] lnP ox cfjZostf ;] sxL+ clws lkmh"nvrL{ x} . b";/ ] ;+ljwfg;ef

@)&) s] r'gfj d] + ;eL bnf] + g] kxn] ;+ljwfg;ef d] + p7fP uP ckg] d'2] sf] hgtf s] ;fdg] / vt] x'o] ;+ljwfg agfg] s] lnP cfjZos bf] ltxfO{ dtf] + sL df+u sL yL . r'gfj g] hf] kl/ 0ffd lgsfnf, jx tf] cf} / eL rf} +sf b] g] jfnf yf . kl/ jt{g s] bfj] bf/ l;of;L tfstf] + Pg] skf dfcf] ] jfbL, dw] zjfbL cf} / hfltjfbL tfstf] + sL l: ylt ;+ljwfg;ef d] + ax't sdhf] / xf] uO{ cf} / g] kfnL sf+u|] ;, g] skf Pdfn] h} ;] nf] stflGqs k/ kl/ jt{g g rfxg] sf cf/ f] k em] n / x] bnf] + sL dha"t l: ylt cf} / / fhtGq sL jsfnt s/ g] jfnL / fi6«Lo k|hftGq kf6L{ g] kfn sL ;+ljwfg;ef s] ;L6f] + d] + cgk] lIft a9Þt g] ;eL sf] x} / t d] + 8fn lbof yf . kxnL ;+ljwfg;ef bnf] + s] aLr d'2f] + s] 6s/ fj s] sf/ 0f lj3l6t xf] uO{ yL . ox l: ylt ca eL ts/ Lag a/ s/ f/ x} k/ Gt' p;;] cnu ca j} wflgstf sL dfqf sf hl6n ljjfb v8f xf] uof x} . ;+ljwfg;ef d] + sdhf] / k/ : jo+ sf] kl/ jt{gsf/ L bfjf s/ g] jfn] v] d] sf dfggf x} ls ;+ljwfg;ef sf] hgcfGbf] ng s] cfb] zf] + s] txt / xgf rflxP lh; s] ;+jfxs j] : jo+ x} + . b";/ L cf] / g] kfnL s+fu|] ; cf} / Pdfn] h} ;] bnf] + sf ;Qf kIfLo v] df, hf] : jo+ sf] ckg] d'2f] + sf] hgtf åf/ f go] r'gfj s] hl/ o] cg'df] lbt eL dfgtf x} . nDa] ;+qmd0f s] sf/ 0f P] ;L ;d: ofcf] + sf hGd x'cf x} . cu/ O; af/ eL ;+ljwfg;ef s] hl/ o] ;+ljwfg gxL+ agtf x} tf] lglZrt x} b] z sf] k"/ L t/ x blIf0fk+yL tfstf] + sL ks8Þ d] + hfg] ;] sf] O{ gxL+ / f] s ;stf . b";/ L aft ox x} ls blIf0fk+y ls;L hf] / h''Nd ;] gxL+ jlNs nf] slk|o dtf] + ;] ax't cfu] xf] uf . ef/ t d] + blIf0fk+yL / fhgLlt v] d] + ;] cfP df] bL sL nf] slk|otf O;sf ld;fn x} . g] kfn d] + eL cu/ bnf] + s] aLr rng] jfnL df] rf{] + sL n8ÞfO{ sf] aGb gxL+ lsof tf] ca eL kl/ 0ffd z"Go xf] g] sL ;+efjgf sf] gsf/ f gxL+ hf ;stf . Ps g] kfnL ldl8of sf] g] kfn s] ;DaGw s] ef/ tLo hfgsf/ czf] s d] xtf g] xfn xL d] + sxf ls g] kfn d] + ceL sf] O{ of] Uo g] tf gxL+ x} hf] xfnftf] + sf] ;+efn ;s] . j] cfu] sxt] x} – ceL ts s] ;eL / fhgLlts ;+qmd0fsfnLg ;d: ofcf] + sf] lgk6fg] s] lnP ef/ t sL dWo: ytf xf] tL cf / xL x} , tf] O;af/ eL ef/ t of ls;L tL;/ ] kIf sf] a'nf n] gf plrt xf] uf . ox ;r x} ls ljut d] + g] kfn sL ;d: ofcf] + d] + oxL s'5 x'cf x} . Sof ca eL g] kfnL g] tfcf] + d] + OtgL ;dem gxL+ x} < j] ckgL ;d: ofcf] + sf] v'b ;'nemf kft] x} + of lkm/ k'/ fgL nHhf: kb / f: tf r'g] +u] ox tf] ;do xL atfPuf . J

baburampoudyal352gmail.com

ljrf/

b";/ ] ;+ljwfg;ef @)&) s] r'gfj d] + ;eL bnf] + g] kxn] ;+ljwfg;ef d] + p7fP uP

ckg] d'2] sf] hgtf s] ;fdg] / vt] x'o] ;+ljwfg agfg] s] lnP cfjZos bf] ltxfO{ dtf] + sL df+u sL yL . r'gfj g] hf] kl/ 0ffd lgsfnf, jx tf] cf} / eL rf} +sf b] g] jfnf yf .

O; af/ eL ;+ljwfg;ef s] hl/ o] ;+ljwfg gxL+ agtf x} tf] lglZrt x} b] z sf] k"/ L t/ x blIf0fk+yL tfstf] + sL ks8 Þ d] + hfg] ;] sf] O{ gxL+ / f] s ;stf . b";/ L aft ox x} ls blIf0fk+y ls;L hf] / h''Nd ;] gxL+ jlNs nf] slk|o dtf] + ;] ax't cfu] xf] uf . ef/ t d] + blIf0fk+yL / fhgLlt v] d] + ;] cfP

df] bL sL nf] slk|otf O;sf ld;fn x} .


OGtxfF xf] uoL OGthf/ sLcfO{ gf s'5 va/ ;+ljwfg sL .ca tf] a; oxL k+lSt lgolt ag uO{ x}

g] kfnL hgtf s] lnP . ;+ljwfg, ;+ljwfg, sa cfo] uf o] ;+ljwfg < ljqmd ;Djt\ @)^@–^# d+] x'P hg cfGbf] ng g] kfn sL / fhgLlts Joj: yf d] + o" 6g{ n] s/ cfof . / fhf s] xfy d] + / xL ;eL zlSt hgtf g] n] nL cf} / : yflkt xf] uO{ Ps gO{ / fhgLlts k|0ffnL . O; kl/ jt{g s] ;fy xL g] kfn ;+3Lo nf] stflGqs u0ftGq ag uof . / fhgLts bnf] + d] + Otgf hf] z yf ls, pGxf] +g] bf] ;fn s] cGb/ gof ;+ljwfg hf/ L s/ g] sf pb\3f] if s/ 8fnf . / fhgLlts bnf] + sL 3f] if0ff cJofjxfl/ s xf] t] x'P eL hgtf sf] ljZjf; yf ls bf] ;fn s] cGb/ pGx] gof nf] stflGqs ;+ljwfg ldn] uf . hgtf cR5] lbgf] + sL sNkgf s/ g] nuL, dgrfxf ;+ljwfg ldn] uf cf} / s'5 xL lbgf] + d] + b] z sL cy{ Joj: yf bf} 8Þ k8] ÞuL . lahnL, kfgL, ;eL sf] / f] huf/ cf} / ef] hg ;a s'5 ldn] uf a; yf] 8Þ] xL lbgf] + sL tf] aft x} . czflGt cf} / u/ LaL tf] a; ca s'5 lbgf] + sf xL d] xdfg x} ;dems/ a8ÞL ;+Vof d] +, a8] Þ pT;fx s] ;fy kxnL af/ nf] uf] + g] ;+ljwfg ;ef s] r'gfj d] + efu lnof .

lgjf{rg d] + cTolws dt k|fKt s/ dfcf] jfbL ;+ljwfg;ef sL ;a;] a8ÞL kf6L{ ag uoL . sfFu] |;, Pdfn] cf} / dw] zjfbL bnf] + g] eL ckgL cR5L pkl: ylt htfO{, oBlk ls;L eL bn sf] hgtf g] : ki6 ax'dt gxL+ lbof . hgtf sL OR5f yL ls ;+ljwfg ag / xf x} tf] p;d] + x/ tas] s] nf] uf] + s] ljrf/ sf] ;dflxt lsof hfo cf} / O;lnP pGxf+] g] ls;L eL Ps bn sf] zlStzfnL agg] gxL+ lbof . n] lsg bf] ;fn u'h/ t] b] / gxL+ nuL cf} / / fhgLlts bnf] + sf c;nL / +u ;fdg] cf uof . bf] ;fn s] cGb/ ;+ljwfg b] g] sL aft g] tfu0f e"n uP cf} / lkm/ ^ dxLg] sf ;do df+uf uof . / fhgLlts bnf] + s] aLr, ;+3Lotf, zf;sLo : j¿k cf} / lgjf{rg

k|0ffnL h} ;] s'5 cxd d'2] d] + ;xdlt gxL+ xf] kfO{ cf} / ;+ljwfg hf/ L s/ g] sL tf/ Lv lkm/ a9ÞfO{ uO{, lkm/ a9ÞfO{ uO{ cf} / cGttM rf/ ;fn d] + eL g] tf u0f ;+ljwfg gxL+ agf kfo] . / fhgLlts bnf] + sL csd{0otf sf] b] vs/ ;jf] {Rr cbfnt g] x: tIf] k lsof cf} /

;+ljwfg ;ef sf] c+ltd df} sf lbof n] lsg b'ef{Uo, g] tfu0f O; df} s] sf eL pkof] u gxL+ s/ kfP cf} / ;+ljwfg agfo] au} / ;+ljwfg;ef sf lj36g xf] uof .

kxnL ;+ljwfg;ef ckgf ds;b k"/ f gxL+ s/ kfoL . lkm/ b";/ L af/ ;+ljwfg;ef sf lgjf{rg x'cf cf} / O;af/ sfFu|] ; ;a;] a8ÞL kf6L{ ag uoL . Pdfn] b";/ L cf} / kxn] ;+ljwfg;ef d] + ax't cR5] dt k|fKt s/ g] jfnL Pdfcf] jfbL cf} / dw] zjfbL bn sL l: ylt O; af/ cR5L gxL+ / xL . lkm/ eL g] tfu0f k'/ fgL untL gxL+ bf] x/ fP+u] sxt] x'P lk5n] ;fn df3– * ut] sf] 3f] if0ff s/ lbof ls cun] ;fn 7Ls O;L lbg ;+ljwfg hf/ L s/ ] +u] . n] lsg Ps af/ lkm/ j} ;f gxL+ xf] ;sf h} ;L pg nf] uf] + g] k|lta4tf JoSt sL yL . ;+ljwfg hf/ L s/ g] sL ;do ;Ldf cGt xf] g] ;] bf] lbg kxn] ljleGg / fhgLts bnf] + s] g] tf g] ;+ljwfg;ef ejg d] + hf] s/ t"t lbvfof, p;g] ;f/ ] ljZj s] cfu] g] kfn sf l;/ em'sf lbof . df3 –^ ut] lbg s] Ps ah] a'nfO{ uoL ;+ljwfg;ef sL a} 7s / ft s/ La !@ ah] z'? x'O{ . ;+j} wflgs / fhgLlts ;+jfb ;xdlt ;ldlt s] cWoIf 8fS6/ afa'/ fd

cfO{ gf s'5 va/ ;+ljwfg sL ===

s~rgf emf

lstg] tf] P] ;] eL ;ef;b x} +, hf] a} 7s d] + ;xefuL gxL+ x'P n] lsg vfg] sf s"kg rf/ –rf/ af/ em6sg] d] + sfdofa / x] .

hgtf s] dt sL OtgL lvNnL p8 ÞfO{ uO{ ls lgjf{rg d] + xf/ ] g] tf

k|wfgdGqL ts ag uo] . b] z cf} / / fhgLlt s'5 g] tf sL d'7\7L d] + rnL uoL cf} / ;+ljwfg;ef d] + a} 7] afsL

;ef;b slyt zLif{ g] tf s] s7k'tnL ags/ / x uo] .

l/kf]6{


/ fhgLlts bnf] + s] x7 s] sf/ 0f ;+ljwfg hf/ L s/ g] sf ;do a9Þtf hf / xf x} . cf} / ox ;do lhtgf a9Þ / xf x} , / fHosf] if sf vr{ eL p;L cg'kft d] + a9Þ / xf x} . hg cfGbf] ng @)^@–^# ;] n] s/ ceL ts ;+ljwfg s] gfd k/ s/ La Ps va{ $! ca{ ;] Hofbf vr{ xf] r'sf x} . O; vr{ sL aft s/ ] + tf] ox / flz g] kfn s] s'n ufx{: y pTkfbg sf nueu & k|ltzt x} . hg;+Vof s] lx;fa ;] b] vf hfo tf] k|To] s gful/ s sf s/ La kfFr xhf/ ?kof vr{ xf] r'sf x} , ;+ljwfg s] gfd k/ . ;+ljwfg;ef ;lrjfno s] cg';f/ kxnf ;+ljwfg;ef sf s'n vr{ (! ca{ @^ s/ f] 8Þ ?kof / xf . ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rg sL xL aft s/ ] + cf} / bf] gf] + lgjf{rg d] + nu] vr{ sf] hf] 8Þf hfo tf] nueu @@ ca{ vr{ xf] r'sf x} . ;ef;b s] j] tg cf} / cGo ;'ljwf sf] hf] 8Þf hfo tf] j] nf] u / fHo sf] if ;] Ps jif{ s] ;do d] + Ps ca{ !# s/ f] 8Þ ?kof n] r's] x} + . k|To] s ;ef;b sf] dfl;s kfl/ >lds $$ xhf/ ! ;f} *), lghL ;lrjfno vr{ @$ xhf/ $ ;f} , cfjf; ^ xhf/ ^ ;f} , 6] lnkmf] g @ xhf/ ;lxt ljleGg cf7 zLif{s k/ dfl;s *) xhf/ ^ ;f} @* ?kof ldntf x} . O;s] cnfjf ;+;b of ;+ljwfg;ef sL a} 7s s] lnP k|lt a} 7s bf] ;f} , kl/ jxg vr{ ! ;f} %) cf} / a} 7s d] + ;xefuL jfn] lbg pGx+] vfgf vfg] s] lnP @ ;f} %) ?kof ldnt] x+} . lstg] tf] P] ;] eL ;ef;b x} +, hf] a} 7s d] + ;xefuL gxL+ x'P n] lsg vfg] sf s"kg rf/ –rf/ af/ em6sg] d] + sfdofa / x] .

O; Ps jif{ sL aft sL hfo tf] ;+ljwfg;ef cWoIf ;'jf; g] Djfª g] cs] n] @% nfv %# xhf/ # ;f} ^) ?kof, pkfWoIf cf] g;/ L 3tL{ g] @! nfv $^ xhf/ # ;f} *), ljkIfL bn s] g] tf Pdfcf] jfbL cWoIf k'ik sdn bfxfn g] @) nfv !) xhf/ % ;f} !^ ?kof lnof x} . hals O;L cjlw d] + cfd ;ef;bf] + sf] s/ La ( nfv ^& xhf/ % ;f} #^ ?kof ldnf x} . O;L t/ x ;+ljwfg;ef cf} / ;+: fb cGtu{t s] ljleGg ;ldlt s] ;efkltof] + g] O; Ps jif{ sL cjlw d] + ;'ljwf s] gfd k/ !% nfv %& xhf/ & ;f} %^ ?kof n] lnof x} . n] lsg Otgf k} ;f n] s/ eL ;do k/ ;+ljwfg g b] s/ / fhgLlts bnf] + g] hgtf s] ;fy hf] wf] vf lsof x} , O;sL ;hf pGx+] ldngL rflxP .

;+ljwfg;ef vr{e§/ fO{ g] ;+ljwfg;ef sf] ;Daf] wg s/ t] x'P sxf ls sfkmL k|of; s] afah"b bnf] + s] aLr ;xdlt gxL+ xf] kfoL . s'5 dfdnf] + d] + bn ax't ghbLs cf kx'Fr] x} hfgsf/ L b] t] x'P pGxf] g] ;+ljwfg;ef cWoIf ;'jf; rGb| g] Djfª ;] s'5 cf} / df] xnt df+uf . n] lsg g] skf Pdfn] sL cf] / ;] ;+ljwfg;ef cWoIf g] Djfª g] Ps g ;'gL cf} / k|ZgfjnL ;ldlt u7g sf k|: tfj n] s/ cfg] s] lnP sfFu|] ; ;ef;b lrgsfhL >] i7 sf] cfu|x lsof . lkm/ hf] s'5 x'cf p;] b] vs/ ;f/ f b] z zd{;f/ xf] uof . Pdfcf] jfbL cf} / dw] zjfbL bn s] ;ef;bf] + g] sfFu] |; g] tf lrgsfhL >] i7 sf] / f] sg] s] lnP e/ k"/ k|of; lsof . j] s'l;{ofF tf] 8Þg] nu] , dfOs km] +sg] nu] cf} / ;+ljwfg;ef cWoIf g] Djfª sf] nlIft s/ h"tf k|xf/ eL lsof .

sfFu|] ; cf} / Pdfn] ckg] bf] ltxfO{ s] an k/ ha/ b: tL s/ / x] y] cf} / Pdfcf] jfbL Pj+ dw] zjfbL bn sf sxgf yf ls ;a s'5 ;xdlt ;] xL xf] . j} ;] eL ceL ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f xf] / xf x} tf] go] ;+ljwfg d] + ;eL hgtf sf clwsf/ ;'lglZrt xf] gf rflxP . hgtf g] ls;L eL Ps bn sf] O;lnP gxL+ ax'dt lbof Sof+] ls hgtf eL rfxtL x} ls ;eL ldns/ ;+ljwfg agfj] + .

hf] eL xf] n] lsg df3–* O;L vL+rftfgL d] + aLt uof . hgtf sf] Ps af/ lkm/ lg/ fzf xfy nuL . lg/ Lx g] kfnL hgtf s/ t] ] eL tf] Sof p;] tf] l;km{ ox lrGtf x} ls / ft d] + r"Nxf hn] uf of gxL+ . zfob O;lnP clwst/ g] kfnL hgtf df3–* ut] s] lbg eL ;+ljwfg;ef ejg s] cfu] g xf] s/ Uf} ; n] g] s] lnP nfOg d] + v8Þ] y] . pGx] ;+ljwfg ;] eL Hofbf h?/ t Uf} ; sL x} . sf7df+8" sfnf] k'n s] czf] s b+ufn sxt] x+} – efO{ d'em] u} ; rflxP, ;+ljwfg ag] of gxL+ ag] ca g] kfnL hgtf sf] sf] O{ dtna gxL+ . pGx+] ktf x} ls ;+ljwfg ;ef s] ^)!

;b: o, hf] ckg] cfk sf] hgk|ltlglw sxt] x} + j] / fi6« sL ;Dklt k/ a|x\dn"6 drf / x] x} + . g] tf sf] ;+ljwfg ;] sf] O{ dtna gxL+ pGx+] tf] a; ckgf sdLzg cfgf rflxP . cfqmf] z k|s6 s/ t] x'P jx cfu] sxt] x} +– ;as] ;a u} / lhDd] jf/ x} + .

lhDd] bf/ sf} g <lxGbL d] + a8ÞL k'/ fgL sxfjt x} – rf] /

rf] / , df} ;] / ] efO{ . a; oxL xf] / xf x} g] kfn

s] ;+ljwfg;ef d] + . / fhgLts bnf+] s] g] tf ckgf lgsDdfkg l5kfg] s] lnP Ps b";/ ] k/ bf] if d9Þ / x] x+} . ;Qf¿9 sfFu|] ; cf} / Pdfn] sf sxgf x} ls Pdfcf] jfbL cf} / dw] zjfbL bnf] + s] x7 s] sf/ 0f ;+ljwfg gxL+ ag kfof . sfFu|] ; ;efklt ;'zLn sf] O/ fnf xf] + of Pdfn] s] cWoIf s] kL zdf{ cf] nL bf] gf] + sf sxgf x} ls Pdfcf] jfbL cf} / dw] zjfbL bn ;+ljwfg g agg] b] g] s] if8\oGq d] + nu] x'P x} . jxL+ Pdfcf] jfbL cf} / dw] zjfbL bnf] + s] g] tf sfFu] |; cf} / Pdfn] k/ ;+ljwfg agg] g b] g] s] if8\o+q d] + nu] / xg] sf bf] if lbvf / x] x} + . g] kfn sL / fhgLlt a8ÞL t] hL ;] w||'jLs/ 0f sL cf] / a9Þ / xL x} cf} / bf] gf] + ;d"x Ps b";/ ] k/ ljb] zL s] Ozf/ ] k/ rng] sL aft s/ t] x} + .

b/ c;n kxnL ;+ljwfg;ef ;] xL untL z'? xf] uO{ yL . hgtf g] lhg g] tfcf] + sf] b'nQL df/ s/ km] +s lbof yf wL/ ] –wL/ ] pGxL+ nf] uf] + s] xfy d] + zlSt cf uoL . hgtf s] dt sL OtgL lvNnL p8ÞfO{ uO{ ls lgjf{rg d] + xf/ ] g] tf k|wfgdGqL ts ag uo] . b] z cf} / / fhgLlt s'5 g] tf sL d'7\7L d] + rnL uoL cf} / ;+ljwfg;ef d] + a} 7] afsL ;ef;b slyt zLif{ g] tf s] s7k'tnL ags/ / x uo] . J

l/kf]6{


;ef;bf]+ sL k|ltlqmof

df3 * ;] kxn]

g] kfnL hgtf sf] ;+ljwfg ldn] oxL ;f] rs/ s/ x/ JolSt cf} / x/ ;+: yf g] lk5n] Ps ;fn d] + ckgL cf] / ;] / fhgLlts bnf] + sf] r] tfjgL bL x} . b] z sL Ps lhDd] bf/ klqsf sL x} l;ot ;] lxdflngL g] eL ;+ljwfg ;do d] + ag] O;lnP nuftf/ bafj agfg] s] lnP ;ef;bf] + s] lnP cnu ;] xL Ps : tDe agfof . vf;s/ dlxnf ;ef;b sf] Hofbf hux bL uO{ O; : tDe d] + ox ;f] rs/ ls dlxnf ;ef;b Hofbf O{dfgbf/ xf] s/ sfd s/ ] +uL . lxdflngL klqsf g] vf;

s/ pg dlxnf ;ef;bf]+ sf cGtjf{tf{ nL, hf] kxnL af/ ;+ljwfg;ef d] + kx+'rL cf} / ckgL cGtjf{tf s] dfWod ;] pGx] ckgL cfjfh ;+ljwfg;ef d] + nuftf/ a'NfGb s/ g] s] lnP k|f] T;fxg eL lsof .

lxdflngL g] lk5n] jif{ km/ j/ L ;] ox cleofg rnfof yf . ;ef;bf] + ;] k"5f uof yf ls df3–* d] + ;+ljwfg ag] uf < Ps jif{ kxn] ;ef;bf] + g] Sof sxf yf cf} / ca, ha lgwf{l/ t ;do d] + ;+ljwfg gxL+ ag kfof tf] pgsf Sof sxgf x} <

df3 * s] afb

/ fhgLlts bnf] + d] + lje] b sL l: ylt tf] x} n] lsg Ps aft lglZrt x} ls ;+ljwfg tf] aggf xL x} cf} / ag] uf xL . hgtf sf] df3 –* d] + ;+ljwfg ldn] uf .

;ef;bf] + sL u} / lHfDd] jf/ L s] sf/ 0f ;+ljwfg gxL+ cf ;sf . n] lsg clwsf/ kfg] s] lnP lx+;s gxL+ xf] gf rflxP, kb sL dof{bf / vgL rflxP . ;xdlt sL / 6 nufg] ;] ;xdlt gxL+ xf] uL . ca ;xdlt sf ljsNk 9+"9gf k8Þ] uf . l;km{ zLif{ g] tf xL gxL+ ;as] ;fdg] cf} / dWo: ystf{ sL pkl: ylt

d] + jftf{ xf] gL rflxP ta ag] uf ;+ljwfg ./ +h' 7fs'/ , Pdfn]

ox xdf/L] h} ;L Ps 5f] 6L kf6L{ s] k|oTg ;] ;Dej gxL+ n] lsg ckgL cf] / ;] xd k"/ f k|oTg s/ ] +u] .

l8Dkn emf,;+3Lo ;befjgf

;QfkIf sL u} / lhDd] bf/ L s] sf/ 0f ;+ljwfg gxL+ agf . ;Qf kIf tf] cleefjs sL t/ x xf] t] x+} pGx] ckgL zlSt lbvfg] s] abn] ;xdlt agfg] s]

lnP clwstd k|of; s/ gf rflxP . ;xdlt gxL+ h'6g] s] sf/ 0f ;+ljwfg gxL+ cf ;sf . j} ;] eL ha ts ;eL sf] ;dfg clwsf/ gxL+ ldn] uf, ta

ts ;+ljwfg gxL+ ag] uf .

5f] 6] d;n] k/ ljjfb x} lh;] ;'Nfemfg] sf k|of; eL xf] / xf x} . to sL uoL ;do ;Ldf s] cGb/ xL g] kfnL hgtf sf] ;+ljwfg ldn] uf .

/ fhnIdL uf] N5f, Pdfn]

;l/ tf ofbjkmf] / d u0ftflGqs

;+ljwfg lgdf{0f a8Þ] bn cyf{t\ g] kfnL sfFu] |; cf} / Pdfn] k/ lge{/ s/ tf x} . o] bf] gf] + bn alxis[t ;d'bfo sf] clwsf/ lbnfg] s] k|lt O{dfgbf/ x} + tf] ;+ljwfg ag] uf cGoyf gxL+ ox sxgf d'lZsn x} .

cfzf rt'j] {bL,kmf] / d nf] stflGqs

ue{ d] + aRrf x} tf] hGd xf] uf xL . 7Ls j} ;] xL ;do ;Ldf s] cGb/ ;+ljwfg aggf x} cf} / jx eL hgtf s] kIf d] + .

df3 * ;] kxn]

lxdflngL sL ;f] r yL ls j] ;eL !@ dlxnf ;ef;b\ lhgsL cGtjf{tf O; !@ dxLg] sL cjlw d] + lxdflngL g] k|sflzt lsof, j] ;eL ;+ljwfg gxL+ agg] sf sf/ 0f atfo] + cf} / ca cfu] Sof xf] ;stf x} p;s] af/ ] d] + atfo] + . n] lsg b'ef{Uo af/ Daf/ k|of; s] afjh"b, cfzf rt'j] {bL, ;l/ tf ofbj cf} / / fhnIdL uf] N5f ;Dks{ d] + gxL+ cf ;sL+ O;lnP pg ;ef;bf] + sL efjgf sf] lxdflngL gxL+ ;d] 6 kfoL .

l/kf]6{


Pdfcf] jfbL cf} / dw] zjfbL bn s] : jfy{ s] sf/ 0f ;do k/ ;+ljwfg hf/ L gxL+ xf] ;sf . j] nf] u g ;xdlt d] +

cft] x} + g tf] k|lqmof sf] cfu] a9Þg] b] t] x} . cflv/ sxL+ ;] tf] z'? s/ gf xL

xf] uf ,l: y/ / xg] ;] ;+ljwfg gxL+ ag] uf . d+} tf] sxtL x"F ceL eL s'5 gxL+ lau8Þf x} , ;xdlt d] + cfo] + cf} / hgtf g] hf] lhDd] bf/ L bL x} p;] k"/ L s/ ] + .

df3 * ;] kxn] df3 * s] afb

k|ltIff ltjf/ L, Pdfcf] jfbL

ljjflbt d'2] k/ ;xdlt agfg] sL sf] lzz hf/ L x} , d} + ljZj: t x"F ls ;do ;Ldf s] cGb/ xL ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f xf] uf .

sfFu|; Pdfn] cf} / ;+ljwfg;ef cWoIf sL u} / lhDd] bf/ L s] sf/ 0f df3 –* d] + ;+ljwfg hf/ L gxL+ xf] ;sf . cf} / vf; s/ df3 –^ ut] / ft d] + ;efWoIf g] hf] lsof, p;sL

lhtgL lgGbf sL hfo sd x} . ;efWoIf sf] tf] lgikIf / xgf rflxP n] lsg jf] tf]

kf6L{ sf k'tnf lgsn] . n] lsg Ps aft tf] ca ;fkm xf] uof x} ls sfFu|] ; cf} / Pdfn] sL gLot 7Ls gxL+ O;lnP ca ha ts xdf/ L d+fu k"/ L gxL+ xf] hftL ;+ljwfg gxL+ ag] uf .

z} n dxtf] ,;befjgf

b[9Þ OR5f zlSt s] ;fy sfd x'cf tf] df3 –* sf] ;+ljwfg h?/ cfo] uf .

d} + tf] k"/ L t/ x ;] sfFu|] ; cf} / Pdfn] sf] bf] ifL b] v / xL x"F .

xdg] tf] l;km{ kfFr ufFj df+uf x} , cu/ O;d] + j] nf] u / fhL gxL+ xf] ] +u] tf] ;xdlt

gxL+ xf] ;stL x} . dw] z sf hux dw] z d] + xL xf] gf rflxP .

df3 –* d] + ;+ljwfg cfo] O;s] lnP ;eL bn k|of;/ t x} + . n] lsg s'5 bn s] x7 s] sf/ 0f ;xdlt gxL+ ag kfoL x} . d'em] gxL+

nutf x} ls hgtf sf] df3–* d] + ;+ljwfg ldn] uf .

ldlynf rf} w/ L, g] skf ;+o'St

;+ljwfg ;do k/ hf/ L gxL+ s/ g] s] lhDd] bf/ d'Vo tLg bn cf} / ;+ljwfg;ef cWoIf xL x} + . xd nf] uf] + g] ckgL t/ km ;] sfkmL sf] lzz sL n] lsg

;+ljwfg;ef d] + ;+Vof sL aft xf] tL x} . ;+ljwfg;ef

;+ljwfg agfg] s] ahfo tLg bn sf l;G8Ls] 6 ags/ / x uO{ x} . d+} tf] hf / xL x"F hgtf s] ;dIf cf} / ;f/ L aft] + atfpFuL cf} / ;do k/ ;+ljwfg gxL+ ag ;sf O;s] lnP Ifdf ofrgf eL s?FuL . ;+ljwfg ;do

k/ xL hf/ L xf] O;s] lnP k|of; tf] xf] / xf x} n] lsg df3 –* sf] ;+ljwfg cf hfo] uf

O;sL Uof/ ] G6L gxL+ bL hf ;stL x} . Sof] +ls a8] Þ bn cf} / pgs] zLif{ g] tf ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f d] + u+eL/ gxL+ lbv / x] x+} .

?lSd0fL rf} w/ L, Pdfcf] jfbL

a8] Þ bnf] + s] g] tfcf] + sL OR5f xL gxL+ x} ls ;+ljwfg ag] . : jzf;g cf} / cfTdlg0f{o sL

df+u xd s/ / x] x} , cf} / ha ts ;dfg xs clwsf/ gxL+ ldn] uf ta ts ;+ljwfg gxL+

ag] uf . ;+ljwfg;ef d] + sfFu] |; Pdfn] g] ;+Vof sL aft s/ xd] + alxis[t s/ g] sf k"/ f k|of; lsof cf} / afWo xf] s/ xd] + ;8Þs cfGbf] ng d] + pt/ gf k8Þf x} .

df3 * ;] kxn] df3 * s] afb

/ lZd 7fs'/ , g] kfnL sf“u|] ;

lglZrt ¿k ;] ;+ljwfg ag] uf . ;eL

;ef;b hfu?s x} +,

O;lnP d+} ljZj: t x"F ls ;+ljwfg agg] sL hgtf sL cfsfFIff df3–* d] + k"/ L xf] s/ xL / x] uL .

k|ltkIf sL u} / lhDd] bf/ L s] sf/ 0f ;+ljwfg gxL+ ag ;sf . k|ltkIfL bn cfh lh; rLh

sL df+u s/ / x] x} + jf] kxn] eL s/ ;st] y] . j] nf] u v'b ;Qf d] + y] . d+} tf]

Otgf sxtL x"F ls dgd'6fj ;] aft gxL+ ag] uL, / fhgLts bnf] + g] hf] k|lta4tf JoSt sL yL p;] k"/ L s/ gL rflxP .

OlGb/ f emf, tdnf] kf

;eL bn k|of;/ t x} + ls ;do k/ ;+ljwfg ag] . n] lsg s'5 uDeL/ d'2f] + k/ ;xdlt

gxL+ ag kfoL x} . cu/ ;+ljwfg d] + hgtf sL efjgf sf] ;d] 6f gxL+ uof tf] kl/ : ylt k|lts"n xf] ;stL x} .

sfFu|] ; cf} / Pdfn] s] sf/ 0f ;xdlt gxL+ h'6 kfoL cf} / ;+ljwfg eL hf/ L gxL+ xf] kfof . ljkIfL bn sL / fo

lnP au} / ;efWoIf g] sfFu] |; cf} / Pdfn] s] bafa k/ k|ZgfjnL ;ldlt

u7g sL aft s/ bL . ox s} ;] ;Dej xf] ;stf x} , ca tf] b] lvP ;+ljwfg ta ts hf/ L gxL+ xf] ;stf x} , ha ts hf] clwsf/ xd df+u / x] x} + jf] gxL+ ldntf x} .

z/ jt cf/ f vfgd, g] kfnL sf+u|] ;

lglZrt tf} / k/ s'5 gxL+ sxf hf ;stf x} . ;eL ;ef;b rfxt] x} ls df3–*

d] + ;+ljwfg cfo] n] lsg a8Þ] sxnfg] jfn] g] tf gxL+ rfxt] x+} ls ;+ljwfg ag] + cf} / O;L s] sf/ 0f l9nfO{ xf] / xL x} .

l/kf]6{


s}nfz bf;

* df3 @)&! sf] g] kfn d] + gofF ;+ljwfg nfu" lsof hfgf yf . ls;L sf/ 0fjz ;+ljwfg gxL+ eL

cf ;sf tf] p;sf d: ff} bf cjZo cfPuf, k|d'v bnf] + sf P] ;f bfjf yf . df3 * aLt r'sf, g ;+ljwfg cfof cf} / gf d: ff} bf . b] z d+] lkm/ jxL xf] gf lglZrt k|foM nu / xf x} , hf] cfd g] kfnL gxL+ rfxt] y] . cyf{t\ b] z lkm/ ;] d'7e] 8 d+] hftf lbv / xf x} . lkm/ ;] cfGbf] ng sf lau'n ah r'sf x} .

;Qfwf/ L Pdfn] –sfFu|] ; cf} / k|ltkIfL Pdfcf] jfbL–dw] zjfbL bn aLr ;+3Lotf s] gfd k/ hf] ljjfb z'? ;] xL b] vf hf / xf yf jx cf} / eL clws u+eL/ df] 8Þ k/ cf v8Þf x'cf x} . b] z d+] lkm/ ;] cfGbf] ng xf] g] sL ;Defjgf b] vL hf / xL x} . ljkIfL Pdfcf] jfbL–dw] zjfbL …;xdlt s] cfwf/ k/ ;+3Lotf ;lxt sf ;+ljwfgÚ rfxt] x} + . O;s] cnfjf / fHo ljefhg, zf;sLo : j¿k, Gofo k|0ffnL cflb OToflb eL k|ltkIfL bnf] + sL df+u x} , b";/ L cf] / Pdfn] –sfFu|] ; s] ;+o'Qm ;/ sf/ sf] k|foM ;eL zt] {+ dGh"/ x} + . n] lsg kfFr lhnf emfkf, df] / Ë, ;'g;/ L, s} nfnL, s~rgk'/ Pdfn] –sfFu|] ; s] cg';f/ kxf8Þ d] + xf] gf rflxP tf] Pdfcf] jfbL–dw] zjfbL dw] z sxt] x} + dw] z d] + . ;jfn oxL+ k/ vTd gxL+ xf] tf x} . ;+3Lotf ;lxt sf ;+ljwfg Pdfn] –sfFu|] ; sf] eL rflxP n] lsg k|fGt s] ljefhg d] + dw] zL hgtf s] clwsf/ sf] ;+s'lrt lsof uof x} , hf] cfGbf] ng sf k|d'v sf/ s agtf lbv / xf x} . cu/ O;d] + ;xdlt gxL+ x'O{ tf] @)^#÷)^$ s] dw] z cfGbf] ng ;] Hofbf cfqmfds cfGbf] ng xf] g]

sL ;Defjgf x} , lh;sf l/ x;{n -k"jf{Eof;_ df3 &–* ut] ;+;b d] + Pdfcf] jfbL–dw] zjfbL bn s] ;ef;bf+] åf/ f lsof uof yf . / fhgLlts k|ltjfb s] qmd d] + ;ef;bf] + åf/ f dfOs km] sgf, s';L{ tf] 8 Þkmf] 8 Þ s/ gf, ufnLunf} h cf} / gf/ f h'n"; k|bz{g s/ gf lgM;Gb] x nHhf: kb dfgf hfPuf, k/ Gt' sxt] x} +– …d/ tf Sof gxL+ s/ tf===.Ú Pdfcf] jfbL cWoIf k|r08 g] df] rf{ ;Da4 ;ef;b åf/ f k|blz{t O; Jojxf/ sf]

afWofTds sbd atfof x} . ls;L bn ljz] if s] / fhgLlts : jfy{ cf} /

pRr juL{o zf;s sf] lg/ Gt/ tf b] g] s] p2] Zo ;] olb ;+ljwfg cftf x} , tf] O;sf lj/ f] w : jfefljs x} . Ps P] ;f ;+ljwfg lh;d] + dw] zL, blnt, cNk;+Vos, d'l: nd cflb lk58Þf ju{, wd{, ;f+: s[lts If] q d+] a;g] jfn] pk] lIft, bldt cf} / ;fdflhs d"n k|jfx ;] j+lrt ju{ sf clwsf/ s6f} tL lsof uof xf] , tf] P] ;] ;++ljwfg sf lj/ f] w xf] gf gfhfoh gxL+ dfgf hf ;stf . P] ;] tf] , ;Qfwf/ L Pdfn] –sfFu|] ; u7jGwg cf} / Pdfcf] jfbL g] t[Tj s] dw] ;L df] rf{ ;lDdlnt k|ltkIfL df] rf{ bf] gf] + ckg] cfksf] ;+ljwfg sf ;Rrf kIfw/ atf / x] x} + . bf] gf] + sL lnlvt k|ltj4tf yL ls df3 * ut] ;+ljwfg nfPFu] + k/ Gt' hf] x'cf jx xd ;as] ;fdg] x} . ;Qfwf/ L bn cfwL cw"/ L ;+3Lotf b] gf rfxt] x} + . k"j{ s] emfkf, df] / +u, ;'g;/ L tyf ;'b"/ klZrd s] s+rgk'/ , s} nfnL k/ v; kxf8ÞL ;d'bfo sf cu|flwsf/ ;'lglZrt s/ gf rfxtL x} . b";/ L cf] / Pdfcf] jfbL g] t[Tj sf df] rf{ O;s] lj/ f] w d+] x} + . ;xL dfog] d] + sxf hfo tf] lkmnxfn ;+3Lotf sL / fx d] + d'Vo afwf oxL x} . hf] ;+ljwfg ;ef ! d] + gxL+ yf . cflv/ / ftf+] / ft dw] ; sf] ljefhg s/ g] sf o] …u|} 08l8hfogÚ cfof sxfF ;] < cflv/ ls;s] lbdfu sL pkh x} < dw] ; lj/ f] wL ox v'/ fkmft <

k"jL{ g] kfn s] tLg lhnf k/ Pdfn] cWoIf s] kL cf] nL, sfFu|] ; dxfdGqL s[i0fk|;fb l;6f} nf cf} / g] kfnL sfFu|] ; s] lbUuh sf] O/ fnf kl/ jf/ sf af] njfnf / xf x} . b";/ L cf] / dw] ; cfGbf] ng s] g] t[Tjstf{ kmf] / d g] kfn s] cWoIf pk] Gb| ofbj cf} / ;bfjxf/ g] tf kmf] / d nf] stflGqs cWoIf ljhos'df/ uR5] bf/ sL eL cR5L ks8Þ dfgL hftL x} . v; kxf8ÞL ;d'bfo sf g] t[Tj s/ g] jfnL sfFu|] ; cf} / Pdfn] k"j{ s] tLg lhnf sf] Pdfcf] jfbL åf/ f k|: tfljt vDa'jfg k|b] z d+] ldnf s/ sf] zL k|b] z agfgf rfxt] x} + . lh;;]

;+s6 d] + ;+ljwfg, d'7e] 8Þ d] + b] z

/ fhgLlts k|ltjfb s] qmd d] + ;ef;bf] + åf/ f dfOs km] sgf, s';L{ tf] 8 Þkmf] 8 Þ s/ gf, ufnLunf} h cf} / gf/ f h'n"; k|bz{g s/ gf

lgM;Gb] x nHhf: kb dfgf hfPuf, k/ Gt' sxt] x} +– …d/ tf Sof gxL+ s/ tf===.Ú

ljrf/


dw] ;L cf} / cflbjf;L hghflt bf] gf] + cNkdt d+] k8Þ hfPF cf} / k|: tfljt sf] zL k|b] z d+] eL v; kxf8ÞL xL d'VodGqL ag] . P] ;] xL ;'b"/ klZrd s] yf?cf] + sf] ;Qf d+] cfg] ;] / f] sg] s] lnP s+rgk'/ cf} / s} nfnL sf] ;'b"/ klZrd k|fGt d+] ldnfg] sf if8\oGq xf] / xf x} .

ef/ t cf} / ;+o'Qm / fi6« ;+3 eL ;xdlt s] cfwf/ k/ ;+ljwfg nfg] s] lnP af/ –af/ bafj b] t] / x] x+} . lkm/ eL Pdfn] –sfFu|] ; sL ;/ sf/ seL k|lqmof tf] seL ;xdlt sL / 6 nufs/ cfgg kmfgg d] + ;+ljwfg sf] clglZrtf d] + 8fn / xL x} . j} ;] tf] cfd hgtf ceL ts u0ftGq sL cg'e"lt zflGt cf} / ljsf; ;] gxL+, / fhgLlts cl: y/ tf, c/ fhstf, xTof–lx+;f, a] / f] huf/ L, ck/ fw, aGb x8Þtfn, clzIff, a] / f] huf/ L tyf a9Þ / xL j} b] lzs / f] huf/ L ;] sL x} .

hflx/ x} ls ;+3Lotf ;lxt sf ;+ljwfg Pdfcf] jfbL–dw] zjfbL d'Vo Ph] 08f x} tf] Pdfn] –sfFu|] ; sf eL . kms{ l;km{ Otgf x} ls Pdfcf] jfbL–dw] zjfbL ;xdlt s] cfwf/ k/ ;+3Lotf ;lxt sf ;+ljwfg vf] h / x] x+} tf] Pdfn] –sfFu|] ; hgtf sf clwsf/ sd cf} / / fhgLlts kmfobf Hofbf . xfF, ;+ljwfg d] + ;eL kIff] + sf] ;+t'i6 s/ gf d'lZsn x} . n] lsg kxf8ÞL dw] zL aLr sL hf] efjgf x} p;] vTd s/ g] s] lnP cfjZos x} ljjfb / lxt ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f xf] . cu/ O{dfgbf/ Lk"j{s ;+3Lotf ;lxt sf ;+ljwfg Pdfcf] jfbL–dw] zjfbL cf} / Pdfn] –sfFu|] ; rfxt] tf] emfkf, s} nfnL, df] / Ë, ;'g;/ L lhnf d] ++ ljjfb xL

gxL+ xf] tf . P] ;f nutf x} ox k|b] z gxL+ b] z ljefhg xf] / xf x} . lh;s] lnP Ps af/ lkm/ ;] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f clglZrttf d] + x} . ox / fHo ;Ldfs+g xf] / xf x} / fi6« gxL+ . cu/ ox kfFr lhnf dw] z d] + x} tf] O;] dw] z k|b] z d] + xf] gf rflxP dw] zL bnf] + sf P] ;f ts{ x} . jxL+ Pdfn] –sfFu|] ; kxf8Þ s] ls;L k|b] z d] + xf] gf rflxP O; k/ c8Þ] x} + . cu/ / fHo sf ljefhg O{dfgbf/ L ;] lsof hfP tf] kxf8 Þ s] nf] u dw] z d] + / x] , rfx] dw] z nf] u kxf8 Þ d] +, x} + tf] ;eL g] kfnL xL .

n] lsg ox ;Dej gxL+ x} , Sof] ls v;

zf;sf+] g] dw] z cf} / dw] zL hgtf k|lt / f0ff zf;g sfn ;] n] s/ ceL ts O; k|sf/ ;] lje] b lsof x} ls ca ljZjf; s/ gf sl7g xf] uof x} . O;s] ax't ;f/ ] pbfx/ 0f eL x} + . xfn d] + xL ef/ tLo k|wfgdGqL g/ ] Gb| df] bL sf hgsk'/ e|d0f, g] skf Pdfn] cWoIf s] kL zdf{ cf] nL sf dw] z cf} / ef/ t s] o"kL, laxf/ h} ;L ljjflbt cleJolQm, dw] z s] ljsf; k|lt ah6 lgsf; d] + cfgfsfgL ;] l;4 xf] tf x} ls b] z Ps x} n] lsg lbn bf] x} . cu/ ox lje] b u0ftGq d] + cGt xf] r'sf xf] tf tf] cfh lkm/ ;] dw] z cfGbf] ng hGd gxL+ n] tf . ;Ls] / fpt h} ;L ljrf/ wf/ f hGd gxL+ n] tL . ca jx ;do gxL+ / xf, hxfF ;] g] tfu0f hLt s/ hft] y] cf} / jxL+ sL hgtf s] pmk/ zf] if0f, bdg lsof s/ t] y] . dw] zL / fhgLlts bn eL O; k|sf/ kl/ kSj xf] r's] x} + ls x/ d';Latf] + sf ;fdgf s/ ;st] x} + . xfF, Pdfn] sfFu|] ; sL ;/ sf/ ;Qf d] + x} tf] bdg sL ;Defjgf x} n] lsg baf gxL+ ;st] x+} .

Pdfcf] jfbL–dw] zjfbL s] lnP eL ox ;do ax't xL ;+j] bgzLn x} . pGx] + eL P] ;f sf] O{ sfo{ gxL+ s/ gf rflxP lh;sf kl/ 0ffd b] z sf] e'utgf k8Þ] . / fhgLlts n8fO{ ljrf/ f] + ;] n8Þf hftf x} , ef} lts ;+/ rgf ;] gxL+ . ;QfkIf sL lhDd] bf/ L ;Dk"0f{ / fi6« sL xf] tL x} cu/ oxfF lje] b lsof uof tf] ls;L cR5] kl/ 0ffd sL cfzf gxL+ sL hf ;stL x} . J

/ fHo sf ljefhg

O{dfgbf/ L ;] lsof hfP

tf] kxf8 Þ s] nf] u dw] z

d] + / x] , rfx] dw] z nf] u

kxf8 Þ d] +, x} + tf] ;eL

g] kfnL xL .

ljrf/

xd] v]b x}…lxdflngLÚ s] jif{ !*, c+s ! hgj/ L c+s

d] + …hg;] jf d] + ;dlk{t cf] l/ oG6n OG: of] / ] G;Ú zLif{s cGtu{t O; sDkgL s] af/ ] d] + sfo{sf/L k|d'v 8f= cho uu{ sL cGt/ jftf{ 5kL x} . lh; d]+ s'5 h?/L aft]+ e'nj; 5'6 uO{ yL . O;s] lnP xd] v]b x} . 5'6f x'cf c+zM–

s_ sDkgL g] cf=j= @)^(÷&) d] + s'n lk|ldod ?= %@$# nfv ts k|fKt lsof cf} / lgj] z d] + ts/ La !@) s/ f] 8 sf cf+s8Þf to lsof .

v_ rf} y] k|Zg s] hjfa d] + xdf/ f sxgf x} , seL–seL P] ;f eL xf] tf x} ls ;dfh d] + y8{ kf6L{ åf/ f k] z lsof uof bfjf jf: tljstf ;] h/ f a9Þf–r9Þf xf] tf x} . n] lsg ;DalGwt ;/ sf/ L lgsfo, h} ;] – k'ln;, lhnf k|zf;g sfof{no, c: ktfn cflb ;] ;dGjo s/ s] cf} / b'3{6gf : yn sL hfFr s/ s] t'/ +t bfjf] + sf e'Qmfg lsof hfP tf] y8{ kf6L{ Sn] d d] + xf] g] jfnL kmh{/ L sL ;d: of k/ sfa" kfof hf ;stf x} .

u_ hxfF ts 57] ;jfn sf tfNn's x} , p;s] hjfa d] + l;km{ OtgL ;L aft k/ hf] 8Þ b] gf rfxtf x"F ls aLdf e/ kfO{ s] d"n l;4fGtf] + s] cg';f/ bfj] sL / sd ;] s'5 s6f} +ltofF clgjfo{ xf] tL x} +M 8} lk|l;Pzg, clgjfo{ s6f} tL OToflb .

– ;=


g] kfnL klqsf k9Þg] ;] Hofbf cfhsn ;fdflhs ;+hfn d] + ckg] cfksf] Jo: t / Vftf x"F, 6\

jL6/ k/ s'5 Hofbf xL . !* hga/ L s] lbg, g] kfn s] Ps jl/ i7 n] vs Pj+ ljZn] ifs vu] Gb| ;+u|f} nf s] Ps 6\jL6 k/ gh/ uoL– zflGtk"0f{ 9+un] cledt k|s6 ug{ vf] Hbf kb\d/ Tg t'nfw/ nfO{ k|x/ L n] n5f/ k5f/ ug{ yfn] . P / fQ} – kmfl;afbn] d'G6f] p7fpg vf] Hb} xf] t < aft x} !^ hga/ L sL, kb\d/ Tg t'nfw/ hf] ls g] kfn s] hghflt cfGbf] ng s] dxfgfos x+} , pGxL+ s] g] t[Tj d] + sf7df+8" d] + rn / x] zflGtk"0f{ cfd;ef d] + / fHoåf/ f lsP uP bdg k/ Jo+Uo yf, vu] Gb|hL sf jx 6\jL6 . cleJolSt : jtGqtf sf xfn dw] z d] + O;;] eL abt/ x} . lh;sL k'li6 xf] tL x} 8f= ;L=s] = / fpt sL gf6sLo lu/ km\tf/ L sL 36gf ;] , ;'ax lu/ k\mtf/ s/ gf cf} / zfd sf] 3/ k/ n] hf s/ 5f] 8Þ b] gf .

lk5n] ;+lawfg;ef d] + ;fd"lxs c;kmntf s] afb, b";/ L ;+lawfg;ef sf lgdf{0f lsof uof . hga/ L @@ sf] ;+lawfg b] g] sf e"m7f jfbf eL lbof uof hgtf sf] . k/ +t' ox em"7 gxL+ ls xdf/ ] g] tfu0f nf] u ;+ljwfg agfg] sL r] i6f gxL+ lso] . lbg cf} / / ft afn'jf6f/ s] sd/ ] d] + ;+ljwfg k/ rrf{ sL uO{ tf] seL ls;L xf] 6n s] sd/ ] d] + . O;sf dtna ox gxL+ ls ;+ljwfg;ef ejg d+] j] nf] u a} 7] xL gxL+ . ljjflbt laifo j: t'cf] + k/ ha uxg ¿k ;] aftrLt s/ gL xf] tL yL tf] sf7df+8" s] ;a;] zfGt dfg] hfg] jfn] : yn uf] s0f{ l/ ;f] 6{ hfgf k;Gb s/ t] y] . g] kfnL sf+u] |;, Pdfn] cf} / Pg] skf dfcf] jfbL s] pRr cf] xb] jfn] g] tfu0f uf] s0f{ d] + a} 7s/ g] kfnL hgtf s] efUo sf lgwf{/ 0f cf} / ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f sf uf] Ko cf} / c;kmn k|of; s/ t] y] . sf} g atfP Og dfGoj/ f] + sf] ls, ;+3Lotf ;lxt s] ;+lawfg sL cfjZostf g] kfn s] tfdfª sf] x} , s0ff{nL jfl;of+] sf] x} . ;+ljwfg s] lnP nfnflot tf] yf? x} +, lhgsf] ckgL xL hdLg k/ ;'s'Daf;L sf hLjg JotLt s/ gf k8Þ / xf x} . dw] ] ; sL ld§L ;] k"5f] lh;g] ;+3Lotf nfg] s] lno] ckg] %$ ;k"tf] + sf alnbfg lbof x} . k/ +t' ljjflbt laifo k/ ;xdlt h'6fg] s] lnP afn'jf6f/ ;] n] s/ uf] s0f{ ts n'Ssf 5'KkL sf v] n tLg bn s] zLif{: y g] tf åf/ f v] nf hftf / xf .

;+ljwfg lgdf{0f s] gfd k/ b] z d] + a9Þ / xL u/ LaL, clzIff cf} / a] / f] huf/ L sf] s} ;]

gh/ c+bfh s/ ;stL x+ sf+u] |;, Pdfn] sL ;/ sf/ < k|=d ;'zLn sf] O{/ fnf åf/ f kb tyf uf] kgLotf sf zky n] g] s] afb pgsf laz] if hf] 8Þ b] z sf] ;'zfl;t s/ g] k/ yf . la8Dagf Û hgtf sf] g tf] lgwf{l/ t ;do k/ ;+lawfg ldnf, gf xL ;+3Lotf ldnL, alNs g] kfn sf] b'lgof s] e|i6 b] zf] + sL ;"rL d] + cf} / pmk/ : yfg ldn uof . cGtl/ d ;+ljwfg s] cg';f/ g] kfn Ps wd{lg/ k] If / fi6« s] ¿k d] + kxrfgf hftf x} . k/ +t' xdf/ ] k|wfgd+qL hL sf] ktf gxL+ ls b] z sa lxGb" / fi6« ;] wd{lg/ k] If / fi6« d] + abn uof . blIf0f Pl;of d] + cy{ s] dfdn] d] + xd s] an ckmuflg: tfg ;] cfu] x} + . ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f s] gfd k/ lk5n] & aiff] +{ d] + nueu %) c/ a / flz xd vr{ s/ r's] x} + . b";/ L ;+ljwfg ;ef d] +, ;efd'v ;'efif g] djfª sL cu|tf b] vs/ nuf yf ls O; af/ ;+ljwfg zfob ag hfouf . lkm/ ;f] rg] k/ ktf rnf cu/ ;+lawfg agfgf g] Djfª s] xfy d] + x} tf] – o] cu|tf pgs] åf/ f lk5nL af/ ;+lawfg lgdf{0f s] ;do Sof] + gxL+ lbvfO{ bL < lk5n] ;do tf] b] z sL bf] k|ultzLn / fhgLlt zlQm sf ax'dt yf . æk|ultzLnÆ O;lnP ls, ;+ljwfg ;ef sL df+u dfcf] jfbL sL yL tf] P] ltxfl;s ;+3Lotf sL df+u dw] zL bnf+] sL . O; af/ sL h} ;L cu|tf ;efd'v g] cu/ lk5nL af/ lbvfO{ xf] tL tf] zfob %) c/ a xd+] vr{ gxL+ s/ gf k8Þtf . k|ltkIfL åf/ f ;efd'v k/ nufof hf / xf cf/ f] k ls, ;efd'v sf] ckg] clwsf/ bfo/ ] sf b'?kof] u gxL+ s/ gf rflxo] , cf/ f] k gxL+ alNs ;RrfO{ nug] nuL x} . cf} / O; ;RrfO{ sf] k'i6 s/ tf x} – bf] bnLo a} 7s d] + ;efd'v sf efu n] gf . @@ hgj/ L s] lbg afn'jf6f/ d+] cfof] lht sf+u] |;–Pdfn] sL a} 7s s] bf} / fg ;efd'v p; a} 7s d] + pkl: yt y] . O; d'b\b] k/ , ;+ljwfgljb\ Pj+ ;'lk|d sf] 6{ s] jsLn bLk] Gb| emf sf dfggf x} ls– æ/ fhgLlts w|'jLs/ 0f s] ;do d] +, ls;L ljz] if bn s] a} 7s d] + ;efd'v sf hfgf gfhfoh x} . ;efd'v tf] ;eL bnf] + s] ;femf xf] t] x+} . …Go"6«nÚ / xgf rflxo] pgsf] . ;+ljwfg;ef lgodfanL O; aft sL k'li6 s/ tL x} .Æ ha dfF s] gfd ;] a+zh gful/ stf b] g] sL aft cftL x} tf] Pdfn] s] s'5 vf; / fi6«jfbL g] tf O; aft sf] ;+ljwfg d] bh{ xf] g] ;] / f] st] x} + cf} / O; d'b\b] k/ g] kfnL sf+u|] ; df} g ¿k d] + Pdfn] sf ;fy b] tL x} . Sof O; lnª\ue] bL

efjgf ;] b] z cfu] a9Þ ;stf x} < oxfF lh;sf] b] vf] x/ sf] O{ Ps b";/ ] s] clwsf/ sf xgg s/ g] d] + nu] x'P x} + . ha ;a ckgL–ckgL dof{bf sf v'b pNn+3g s/ g] d] + nu] xf+] tf] enf x/ t/ km w'cf+–w'cf+ Sof] + g lbvfO b] <

bfZf{lgs Kn] 6f] sf dfggf yf ls æefif0f dfgj s] dl: tis d] + zf;g s/ g] sL cR5L snf x} .Æ cfw'lgs / fhgLlt d] + ef/ tLo k|wfgd+qL g/ ] Gb| df] bL g] O; snf sf af/ LsL ;] k|of] u lsof x} . pgs] : j: y efif0f sf gtLhf x} , cfh ef/ t df] bLdo xf] r'sf x} . xdf/ ] b] z g] kfn d] + eL cfhsn efif0fafhL sf zf} v xfjL xf] tf lbvfO{ b] / xf x} . v8\uk|;fb cf] nL, Pdfn] s] cWoIf tyf lk5n] ;Ttf ;dLs/ 0f s] lx;fa ;] g] kfn s] efjL k|wfgd+qL, lh; lx;fa ;] d'xfa/ ] sf k|of] u s/ efif0f b] t] x} +– 8/ nutf x} sxL+ pgs] d'xfa/ ] afhL sf lzsf/ g xf] hfo g] kfn sL cv+8tf . lk5n] efif0f d] + dw] z sf] o"kL cf} / laxf/ ;] h'8Þg] sf efif0f b] / x] y] cf] nL hL . efif0f df] bL h} ;f b] ;s] tf] cf] nL hL s] lnP a] xt/ . So"Fls k|wfgd+qL agg] s] bf} / fg df] bL s] ls;L EfL efif0f s] afb ;DeatM ef/ t d] + pgsf k'tnf bxg gxL+ x'cf x} . oxfF g] kfn d] +, s'5 g] tf x+} hf] ls;L vf; ;d'bfo sf] lav+8gsf/ L sxs/ tf] ls;L sf] a+b/ sL ;+1f b] s/ ckg] cfksf] / fi6«afbL l;¢ s/ g] d] + nu] x} + .

b] z ceL æ;xdlt e/ ;] h k|lqmofÆ sL n8ÞfO{ d] + pnemf x'cf x} . ;+3Lotf sf] yftL / v s/ ;+lawfg 3f] if0ff s/ g] sL wdsL huhflx/ x} . ha ;/ sf/ d] + / x] bn k|lqmof s] lnP bjfa b] t] x} + tf] ljkIfL cfGbf] lnt xf] hft] x+} . oxL sf/ 0f x} ls dw] ;L bn eL cfGbf] ng s/ g] sf dg agf r's] x} + . n] lsg sf7df+8" ;] gLr] pt/ g] sf gfd gxL+ n] / x] x} + . g] kfn s] jl/ i7 / fhlglts ljZn] ifs ;L=s] nfn s] cg';f/ , dw] ;L bn s] g] tfu0f sf] O; jSt jL/ u+h d] + cfGbf] ng s/ gf rflxo] g sL afg] Zj/ d] + . g hfg] Sof] + dw] zL æa8] ÞÆ g] tfcf+] sf] sf7df+8" ;] Otgf ux/ f Kof/ x} . zfob j] nf] u ;f] rt] xf] +u] ls ;L=s] / fpt gfds Og;fg x} , hf] dw] z sf] huf / xf x} . hok|sfz u'Ktf s] g] t[Tj d] + ul7t t/ fO{ dw] z / fi6«Lo cleofg s] o'jf x} + hf] dw] z sf] dw] zjfb k9 Þf / xf x} . k/ sf7df+8" k|] dL g] tfcf] + sf] dw] z d+] O;af/ em6sf

x/ t/ km x} w'cf“–w'cf“/0fwL/ rf}w/L

z]if %# k]h d]+

ljrf/






cfwf cfsfz k"/L p8fg

;+3if{ dfgj hLjg sf cleGg c+u x} . lh; JolSt g] O; ;RrfO{ sf] ;do k/ xL ;dem lnof cf} / ;lns] ;]

p;sf ;fdgf lsof jx ;kmn xf] hftf x} . aft s/ / xL x"F, z] v rfFb tf/ f sL . rfFbtf/ f / fi6«Lo dlxnf cfof] u sL cWoIf x} + . Ps tf] dw] zL p;d] + eL d'l: nd ;d'bfo sL, g] kfn d] + Otg] pFr] cf] xb] k/ kxF'rg] jfnL rfFbtf/ f ;DejtM g] kfn sL xL kxnL dlxnf x} + .

jL/ u~h sL rfFb tf/ f sf arkg Ps lzlIft kl/ jf/ d] + latf . lktf df] xDdb cfl/ km tfTsfnLg k~rfot gLlt tyf hfFra'em ;ldlt s] ;b: o y] . d'l: nd ;d'bfo d] + n8Þlsof] + sf] k9Þfof gxL+ hftf n] lsg rfFbtf/ f s] kl/ jf/ g] pGx+] k9Þg] sf cj;/ lbof . tLg efO{ cf} / bf] axg] + yL . n] lsg pGx] xd] zf nutf yf ls pgs] ;fy lje] b xf] / xf x} . 3/ sf sfdsfh axgf] + sf] s/ gf k8Þtf yf . sO{ af/ 3/ d] + eL O;s] lnP lj/ f] w htfof . pGx] nutf x} ls k9fO{ d] + eL pgs] ;fy lje] b lsof uof .

efO{ sf] d] l8sn k9fof uof n] lsg pGx+] jL/ u~h s] 7fs'/ / fd SofDk; d] + sf‘d;{ k9Þgf k8Þf . j} ;] o] cnu aft x} ls pGxf] g] sf‘d;{ sL k9fO{ eL cR5] t/ Ls] ;] sL, cf} /

dl: nd ;d'bfo ;] k|yd >] 0fL d] + aL sd kf; s/ g] jfnL jx 7fs'/ / fd SofDk; sL kxnL 5fqf yL . lkm/ !* jif{ sL pd| d] + zfbL xf] uoL . ;DejtM 3/ s] jftfj/ 0f g] xL rfFb tf/ f sf] ljb|f] xL : jefj sf agf lbof . oBlk P] ;f s'5 jx gxL+ s/ ;sL, lh;;] pgs] v'b s] 3/ d] + xf] / xf lje] b sd xf] . k9ÞfO{ vTd s/ g] s] afb jx jL/ u~h l: yt g] zgn d] l8sn sn] h d] + atf} / PsfpG6] G6 sfd s/ g] nuL+ . n] lsg jxfF eL pGx] nuf ls pgs] ;fy lje] b xf] / xf x} . cf} / jx xd] zf O; lje] b ;] n8ÞtL

/ xL . d'l: nd ;d'bfo d] + dlxnfcf] + sf] a'sf{ kxggf nueu clgjfo{ x} n] lsg rfFbtf/ f g] p;] gxL+ : jLsf/ f . lh;s] lnP pGx+] ax't s'5 ;'ggf k8Þf . pgsf sxgf x} – ts{xLg aftf] + d] + d'em] ljZjf; gxL+ .

O;d] + sf] O{ bf] dt gxL+ ls dlxnf sf] sd cfFsf hftf x} xdf/ ] ;dfh d] + . dlxnf s] kf; kof{Kt Ifdtf x} n] lsg pGx] cj;/ xL gxL+ lbof hftf x} . pgsL OR5f sf] d;n lbof hftf x} . rfFbtf/ f sf sxgf x} ls uNtL dlxnf sL eL x} , jx ljb|f] x gxL+ s/ tL . cGofo sf] ;xg s/ gf ;a;] a8f ck/ fw x} oxL ;f] rs/ jx / fhgLlt d] + s"b uO{+ . pGx] nuf ls ha ts dlxnfcf] + sf] / fhgLlt d] + clwsf/ gxL+ ldn] uf, ta ts cfu] a9Þgf s7Lg x} . cf} / jx s"b uO{+ / fhgLlt d] + . kfl/ jfl/ s k[i7e"ld / fhgLts xf] g] s] sf/ 0f pGx] Hofb lbSst tf] gxL+ x'O{, n] lsg pGx] + 3/ ;] vf; s/ lktfhL sL cf] / ;] bafj yf ls / fi6«Lo k|hftGq kf6L{ of g] kfnL sfFu|] ; ;] cfa4 xf] + . ckg] lktf sL / fhgLts cf: yf sf] pGxf] g] : jLsf/ gxL+ lsof cf} / jx h'8 uO{ @)^$ ;fy d] + x'P dw] z cfGbf] ng ;] . dw] zL hgclwsf/ kmf] / d s] Jofg/ s] gLr] / x s/ pGxf] +g] ;lqmo ?k ;] dw] z cfGbf] ng d] + efu lnof . pGx+] nutf

yf ls ox cfGbf] ng dw] zL hgtf sf] clwsf/ lbnfg] d] + / fdjf0f ;flat xf] uf .

s'5 xb ts cfGbf] ng ;kmn eL x'cf cf} / ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rg sL aft cfoL . lkm/ j] t/ fO{ dw] z nf] stflGqs kf6L{ sL ;b: o ag uO{ . ;;'/ fnjfn] ljNs'n lj/ f] w d] + y] . sO{ af/ pg nf] uf] + g] sxf ls 3/ sL OHht vTd xf] uO{ . n] lsg ha jx / fi6«Lo dlxnf cfof] u s] cWoIf eL agL+ ta ;a s'5 h} ;] 7Ls xf] uof .

jx sxtL x+} – cfbdL s] x/ sbd k/ lbSst] + cftL x} +, p;;] 3a/ fgf gxL+ rflxP . nIo ;xL xf] gf rflxP cf} / p;] xfl;n s/ g] s] lnP O{dfgbf/ cf} / nugzLn xf] s/ cfu] a9Þgf rflxP, ;kmntf tf] ldn] uL xL .

cfof] u s] cWoIf agg] s] afb jx ckg] cfk sf] dlxnf ;zlSts/ 0f d] + nuf r'sL x} + . pGx] nutf x} dlxnf sL kxnL cfjZostf lzIff x} cf} / p;s] afb / f] huf/ L . cf} / lkm/ p;s] afb / fHo s] x/ tx d] + dlxnf ;xeflutf . jx ax't s/ gf eL rfxTfL x} + O; If] q d] +, n] lsg / fhgLlts cl: y/ tf s] sf/ 0f ax't s'5 gxL+ s/ kfoL x} + .

cfof] u s] cWoIf xf] g] s] afb jx ljZj s] sO{ / fi6« 3"d r'sL x} + . jx sxtL x} +– jf: tj d] + g] kfn sL dlxnf sL cj: yf bogLo x} . lje] b 3/ ;] z'? xf] tf x} , lkm/ : s"n d] +, sf‘n] h d] +, bkm\t/ d] + . / fhgLlt d] + nug] s] afb pGx] nuf ls jxfF tf] cf} / Hofbf lje] b x} . a] rf/ L dlxnf 3/ sf sfdsfh vTd s/ s] b] z cf} / ;dfh s] lnP s'5 s/ ] +, P] ;f ;f] rs/ / fhgLlt d] + cftL x} + n] lsg pgsf sfd of sx] + of] ubfg sf] ;xL d"Nof+sg gxL+ xf] tf . cf} / jxfF eL pGx] lk5n] a] Gr k/ xL a} 7gf k8Þtf x} . k|s[lt g] dlxnf sf] ;+od s] ?k d] + ax't a8f xlyof/ b] / vf x} n] lsg oxL xlyof/ pGx+] hLjg d] + k5f8Þ b] tf x} . pgsL ;+odtf sf] ;dfh sdhf] / L s] ?k d] + n] tf x} . bx] h, 8fOg hf] ug, of} g zf] if0f, afn ljjfx cflb lhtgL eL dlxnf ;] ;+alGwt ck/ fw x} +, O: fL sdhf] / L sL pkh x} . jx sxtL x} +– ;dfh sL ;f] r d] + xL kl/ jt{g cfjZos x} . b: tfj] h d] + lnv b] g] ;] ;dfgtf gxL cfo] uL, b: tfj] h d] + lnvL aftf] + sf] Jojxf/ d] + ptf/ gf xf] uf .

lkm/ eL jx v'zL JoSt s/ tL x} + ls ;do abn / xf x} . yf] 8Þf ;f xL ;xL n] lsg dlxnf k|lt s] b[i6Lsf] 0f d] + abnfj cfof x} n] lsg ;+3if{ hf/ L x} . ox ax't nDaf eL xf] ;stf x} , a; h?/ L x} ;lns] ;] O;sf ;fdgf s/ gf . jx lbg b"/ gxL+ ha ;kmntf xfy cfo] uL . J

k|:t'ltM s~rgf emf

;+3if{ ;] xL ;kmntf ldntL x} M rf“b tf/ f


!(%! s] kl/ jt{g s] afb eL ;/ sf/ L b: tfj] hf] + d] + O; / fHo sf gfd g] kfn g xf] s/ uf] / vf xL x} cf} / g] kfn sxg] ;] cfh sL / fhwfgL sf7df+8" 3f6L sf xL af] w xf] tf x} . ox hflx/ s/ tf x} ls g dw] z g] kfn sf c+u x} gf xL dw] zL nf] u g] kfnL x} + .

ljZn]if0f

O;L : t+e d] + d} +g] O;;] kxn] / fi6«Lo d'lQm s] ;+be{ d] + s'5 lnvf yf . O;d] + ;fd+tL uf] vf{nL ;fd|fHojfb

s] txt ckgL abxfnL s] s'5 b[i6f+t lbP uP y] . slyt dfS;{jflbof] + s] kfv+8 sf eL kbf{kmf; lsof uof yf . O;s] afjh"b Pdf+u|] ;L zf;s vf; tf} / ;] dw] lzof] + s] pmk/ h'Nd k/ h'Nd 9fo] hf / x] x} + . ca tf] Pdfn] –;/ bf/ xd] + o"= kL= cf} / laxf/ eL e] hgf rfxtf x} . j} ;] …g] kfnLÚ kxrfg s] eLt/ k"/ f g] kfn gxL+ cftf, O;sL rrf{ tf] kxn] xf] r'sL x} , vf; tf} / k/ dw] z cf} / dw] zL hf] g] kfn d] + tf] x} + k/ +t'

g] kfnL gxL+ x} +, O;L ljifo k/ s'5 aft s¿+uf .dw] z dWob] z sf cke|+; s] ¿k d] +

g] kfn d] + k|o'Qm xf] tf cf / xf x} . jdf{ -@))&_ s] cg';f/ k|frLg cf} / dWosfn d] + ef/ tjif{ s] !# hgkbf] + sf] ;+o'Qm ¿k ;] dWob] z sxf hftf yf . pGxf] +g] Og hgkbf] + sf] jxfF af] nL hfg] jfnL hg–efiffcf] + ;lxt O; k|sf/ / vf x} M— != s'? -v8ÞLaf] nL_, @= k+rfn -sÌf} hL_, #= z"/ ;] g -a|hefiff_, $= sf] ;n -cjwL_, %= sfzL -ef] hk'/ L_, ^= ljb] x -d} lynL_, &= duw -duxL_, *= c+u -c+lusf_, (= blIf0f sf] ;n -5QL;u9ÞL_, !)= jT; -a3] nL_, !!= r] lb -a'+b] nL_, !@= cj+lt -dfnjL_ cf} / !#= -hok'/ L_ .

Og hgkbf] + s] gfd cf} / OgsL efiffcf] + sf] b] vg] s] afb : ki6 xf] tf x} ls tTsfnLg sf] ;n, sfzL cf} / ljb] x sf cf+lzs lx: ;f ;g\ !*!^ sL ;'uf} nL ;+lw cf} / !*^) sL a] nfot–g] kfn ;+lw s] txt g] kfn sL ;Ldf s] eLt/ cfof . cyf{t cjw, ef] hk'/ cf} / ldlynf sf g] kfnLo lx: ;f hf] dWob] zLo If] q yf g] kfn d] + dWo] z, dWo] ; xf] t] dw] z of dw] ; sxnfg]

nuf . g] kfn sf kxnf lnlvt sfg"gL b: tfj] h d'n'sL P] g, !(!) -ljj|md ;+jt_ d] + Og zAb-fjlnof] + s] k|of] u ;] o] aft l;4 xf] tL x} cf} / o] k/ +k/ f g] kfn s] sfg"gL b: tfj] hf] + d] + lj= ;+= @)!@ ts rntL cfO{ x} . hxfF ts b] z s] gfd sL aft x} tf] uf] / vf / fHo s] tLg lx: ;f] + sL aft xd oxfF s] sfg"gL b: tfj] hf] + d] + kft] x} +, g] kfn, kxf8Þ cf} / dw] zM

!= ckgL hfuL/ ;/ sf/ sf] b] s/ O;s] abn] sxL+ cf} / df+ug] jfnf] + sf] g] kfn sL hdLg s] abn] g] kfn d] + xL, kxf8Þ sL hdLg s] abn] kxf8Þ d] + xL cf} / dw] z sL hdLg s] abn] dw] z d] + xL gfk s/ ;/ sf/ sf] @) d] + % d'gfkmf xf] g] s] lx;fa ;] bflvnf s/ abn b] + === ===[1]

@= g] kfn, dw] z, kxf8Þ ;eL hux s] lnP cfjZos rfª\, ufw|f, s/ sr, ;fa/ L, ;] +wf gds d] + ;] ls; k|sf/ sf gds sxfF ;] ls;

hux s] lnP lstgf gds lstg] dxLg] s] c+b/ nf s/ ls; b/ ;] laj|mL sL hfP, ckgL zt{ ;lxt vf] n s/ g] kfn s] lnP nfg] jfn] ! dxLgf s] eLt/ cf} / dw] z, kxf8Þ s] lnP nfg] jfn] @ dxLg] s] eLt/ O; d+qfno d] + kx'Fr hfg] s] lx;fa ;] bvf{: t b] + .[2]

pmk/ s] bf] gf] + b[i6f+tf] + ;] ox l;4 xf] tf x} ls !(%! s] kl/ jt{g s] afb eL ;/ sf/ L b: tfj] hf] + d] + O; / fHo sf gfd g] kfn g xf] s/ uf] / vf xL x} cf} / g] kfn sxg] ;] cfh sL / fh-wfgL sf7df+8" 3f6L sf xL af] w xf] tf x} . ox

hflx/ s/ tf x} ls g dw] z g] kfn sf c+u x} gf xL dw] zL nf] u g] kfnL x} + . O;s] ;fy ;fy lj= ;+= !(^$ -!()& O{=_ ts tf] b] z sf 8fs l6s6 eL uf] / vf ;/ sf/ s] gfd ;] xL lgsng] sf k|df0f ldntf x} . ox l;4 s/ tf x} ls g] kfn, kxf8Þ cf} / dw] z k/ uf] / vf ;fd|fHo sf cflwkTo yf cf} / ceL ts x} .

O;s] ;fy ;fy lj= ;+= !(() ts oxfF sL sf] O{ efiff g] kfnL gxL+ yL . lj= ;+= !(&) d] + agL uf] / vf efiff k|sflzgL ;ldltsf] xL lj= ;+= !(() d] + g] kfnL efiff k|sflzgL ;ldlt s/ bL uO{ . k/ +t' lj= ;+= @))& s] / fhgLlts abnfj s] ax't afb ts ;/ sf/ L b: tfj] hf] + d] + uf] / vf / fHo xL lnvf hftf / xf lh;s] k|df0f pmk/ lbP hf r's] x} + . O;;] eL nHhf: kb aft tf] ox x} ls dw] lzof] + sf] slyt k|hftf+lqs g] kfn d] + eL dw] z ;] / fhwfgL cfg] s] lnP kf/ kq, ofgL / fxbfgL sx] + of kf;kf] 6{, n] gf k8Þtf yf . …k/ t+q dw] z cf} / p;sL ;+: s[ltÚ s] n] vs / 3'gfy 7fs'/ …dw] zLÚ g] ckg] kf/ kq sf] eL p; k': ts d] + k|sflzt lsof x} .[3] Ps t/ km dw] z ;] g] kfn cfg] s] lnP P] ;L l: ylt yL tf] b";/ L cf] / dw] lzof] + sf] , a] nfotL ef/ t xf] of : jfwLg ef/ t, jxfF hfg] s] lnP ls;L b: tfj] h sL h¿/ t gxL+ yL . O;sf Ps hab{: t sf/ 0f yf, dw] zL nf] u kxnL of b";/ L efiff s] ¿k d] + uf] / vf efiff sf k|of] u gxL+ s/ t] y] .

O; b/ Dofg lx+b': tfg ;g\ !($& ;] kxn] ts en] k/ t+q / xf xf] , k/ +t' s'? sL v8ÞLaf] nL c/ aL cf} / kmf/ ;L s] ;+ks{ d] + cfs/ lx+bL–pb{" s] ¿k d] + ljsl;t xf] g] nuL yL . ckgL tT;d zAb-fjnL ;+: s[t d] + 9"+9 s/ b] jgfu/ L lnlk d] + lnvg] –k9Þg] jfnf] + g] O;] lx+bL sxgf k;+b lsof cf} / O;L ¿k d] + : yflkt lsof tf] jxL zAbfjnL c/ aL of kmf/ ;L d] + 9"+9 s/ kmf/ ;L lnlk d] + lnvg] –k9Þg] jfnf] + g] O;] pb{" s] ¿k d] + : yflkt lsof . ef/ tjif{ d] + lk|+l6+u k|] ; : yflkt xf] g] s] afb 5kfO{ eL OGxL+ bf] ¿kf] + d] + xf] g] nuL cf} / ef/ tLo : jt+qtf ;+u|fd s] bf} / fg OGx] + / fhefiff s] ¿k d] + ljsl;t s/ g] sf cleofg eL rnf . ;f/ ] lx+b" wfld{s ;flxTo lx+bL d] + cg"lbt xf] g] nu] . ;fw'–;+tf] åf/ f k|o'Qm O;s] ¿k sf] ;w'Ss8ÞL eL sxf hfg] nuf . ;+: s[t d] + / x] wfld{s ;flxTo sf w8ÞNn] ;] lx+bL cg"lbt k|sfzg cf} / ljt/ 0f eL z'¿ xf] uof yf hf] lx+b" dw] lzof] + s] lnP eL ;'ud yf . O;L t/ x d'l: nd dw] zL eL pb{" ;] kl/ lrt xf] t] rn] uo] y] . ctM dw] lzof] + sL ;+ks{ efiff s] ¿k d] + lx+bL sf ljsf; xf] r'sf yf .

O;s] ;fy–;fy cfhfbL s] lbg ts cft] –cft] ef/ t d] + / xf dWob] zLo If] q sf k"0f{tof ef/ tLos/ 0f x'cf ;xh xL k|tLt xf] tf x} . Sof] +ls jxfF dWob] z of dw] z gfd sL g

dw] zL of g] kfnL <uf]kfn 7fs'/


sf] O{ zf;sLo OsfO{ x} gf xL sf] O{ dw] zL x} + l;jf s'5 lx+b" k] z] j/ hfltof] + s] hf] ckg] sf] db] lzof sxf s/ t] x} + . tf] dWob] z sf cjz] if cu/ s'5 arf x'cf x} tf] jx x} uf] / vf ;fd|fHo clwg: y dw] z . O; k|sf/ cu/ xd ckgL P] ltxfl;s, ef} uf] lns, eflifs, ;f+: s[lts kxrfg cf} / xdf/ ] zf;sf] + sL dgf] j} 1flgs jl[Qof] + sf ljZn] if0f s/ ] + tf] xd ox kft] x} + ls dw] z Ps k"0f{ / fi6« s] ¿k d] + ljsl;t x} hf] uf] vf{ ;fd|fHo s] clwg: y ca eL ckgL ljnu / fi6«Lo kxrfg s] sf/ 0f gf/ sLo xfnft sf lzsf/ xf] s/ / x uof x} . o] uf] vf{nL zf;s a8ÞL r'ZtrfnfsL ;] ckg] sf] g] kfnL atf / x] x} +, hf] o] x} + gxL+ . k/ lg/ y{s b'iok|oTg s/ t] hf / x] x} + uf] vf{nL ;fd|fHojfb sL lg/ +t/ tf d] + c+w g] kfnL / fi6«jfb sf] xd k/ yf] kg] sf .

b";/ L cf] / xdf/ ] ;uf] qL sx] + of ;xf] b/ , dWob] zLo ;f+: s[lts lj/ f;t sf] lnP pQ/ ef/ t s] xdf/ ] a+w'–af+wjf] + sf] eL e|d x} ls xd uf] / vf ;fd|fHo d] + cfk|jf;L s] ¿k d] + cf a;] x} + . cu/ Ogsf] o] e|d x} tf] : jfef ljs x} cGo ef/ ltof] + d] + tf] ox cgle1tf xf] uL xL . sO{ af/ ef/ t d] + d'em ;] xL k"5f uof x} ls xd sa ;] g] kfn d] + / x / x] x} + . l;km{ Otgf xL gxL+ g] kfn d] + dw] z k/ sfd s/ g] jfn] ax't–;] / fhgLlts-dL{ eL xdf/ L ;d: of sf] hftLo, ef} uf] lns, ;f+: s[lts, ;fd'bflos of If] qLo atft] x} + . lglZ-rt ¿k ;] xd] + Og e|f+ltof] + ;] lgsngf xL xf] uf .

O;s] lnP d} + cfk ;eL kf7sf] + ;] Ps

lh1f;f / vgf rfxtf x"F . ls;L ;+lw–;demf} t] of o'4 d] + xL ;xL, cu/ sf] O{ e"efu ls;L ;fd|fHo s] clwg: y xf] hftf x} tf] jxfF s] d"naf;L p; ;fd|fHo s] cfk|jf;L sx] hfo] +u] of cflbjf;L w/ tLk'q < 7Ls j} ;] xL pmk/ pNn] lvt ;+lwof] + s] txt xd dw] zL ckg] dw] z ;lxt uf] / vf ;fd|fHo s] clwg: y s/ lbP uP x} + . O;L lnP tf] xd uj{ ;] sxt] x} +, xd dw] zL x} +, sf] O{ ljb] zL euf} 8Þ] gxL+, oxfF s] w/ tLk'q x} + .

ca cft] x} + xd, xdf/ ] zf;sf] + åf/ f xdf/ ] ;fdg] c+w/ fi6«jfbL ;jfn v8Þ] lsP hft] x} +, p; k/ . ceL ceL s'5 jiff] {+ ;] xd ;] k"5f hfg] nuf x} , …cfk ckg] sf] kxn] g] kfnL sxt] x} + of dw] zL <Ú o] ;jfn lkm/ g] kfn ofgL sf7df+8" s] g] jf/ nf] u zfob xL k"5t] x} + . o] k"5t] x} + jxL uf] vf{nL hf] v'b g] kfnL gxL+ x} + . j: t'tM jt{dfg g] kfn sL ;Ldf s] eLt/ pgsL sf] O{ cflb e"ld gxL+ x} . j] v'b afx/ ;] cfP x} + . sf] O{ s'dfpm ;] , sf] O{ u9Þjfn ;] , sf] O{ sfGos'Ah ;] , sf] O{ lrtf} 8Þ ;] , tf] sf] O{ / fh: yfg ;] . n] lsg j] x} + a8Þ] zflt/ lbdfu s] g] kfn d] + cfs/ pGxf] +g] kxn] v;fg sAhf lsof yf cf} / ckg] sf] v; atfg] nu] hf] jxfF s] cflbjf;L v; nf] u O;sf af/ LsL ;] v'nf;f s/ g] nu] x} + . O;s] afb j] uf] vf{ sAhf lsP cf} / uf] vf{nL xf] uo] . lkm/ g] kfn sAhf s/ s] g] kfnL ag uo] . tf] o] cl: y/ kxrfg jfn] cfh Ps t/ km g] kfn s] zf;s ag] x} + tf] b";/ L t/ km ca klZrdL d'Nsf] + s] u|Lgsf8{

cf} / kLcf/ sf8{ eL xlyof s/ a} 7] x'P x} + .xfF, tf] xd ;] k"5f uof p; k|Zg sf

;Lwf hjfa o] x} ls xd dw] zL x} + . uf] vf{ ;fd|fHo clwg: y g] kfn d] + x} + O;lnP xd g] kfn s] gful/ s x} + k/ +t' lh; kxrfg sf] xd] b/ lsgf/ s/ g] s] lnP xL u9Þf uof xf] , jf] enf xdf/ L xf] xL s} ;] ;stL x} < O;lnP xd Ps ;+3Lo nf] stf+lqs u0ft+q g] kfn sf lgdf{0f s/ gf rfxt] x} + hxfF xd ckg] dw] z k/ v'b sL x's"dt s/ ] + cf} / ;+3Lo x's"dt d] + hg;f+lVos ¿k ;] g] kfn d] + / x] ;f/ ] / fi6«f] + sL ;f+emL x's"dt xf] . O;s] lnP xd cun] ;+ljwfg d] + / fi6«Lo cfTd–lg0f{o sf clwsf/ ;'lglZrt s/ jfgf rfxt] x} + . O;lnP / fHo / fi6« (A State of Nations) g] kfn sf] / fi6« / fHo (A Nation State) sL anhˆtL kl/ efiff b] s/ oxfF sL ljnu / fi6«Lotfcf] + sf] uf] vf{nL pklgj] z agfg] sL w[i6tf cu/ gf sL hfP tf] cR5f x} . J

;+be{;"rLM!= jdf{, wL/ ] +b|= @))&= dWo b] z M P] ltxfl;s

tyf ;f+: s[lts l;+xfjnf] sg= k6gf M laxf/ –/ fi6«efiff–kl/ ifb\ .

@= 7fs'/ , / 3'gfy= !(%*= k/ t+q dw] z cf} / p;sL ;+: s[lt= dxfg+b 7fs'/ .

#= d'n'sL P] g, !(!)= www.lawcommision.gov.np

$= pBf] u / jfl0fHo dGqfnosf] ;"rgf= @))* -lj= ;+=_= g] kfn uh] 6, efu #, efb| @% ut] , lj= ;+= @))* ;fn .

ljZn]if0f


/fdfzLif

/ fhf 1fg] Gb| zfx sf] u2L ;] k"0f{ ptf/ ] hfg] tyf ax'bnLo ;+;bLo nf] stf+lqs u0ft+q

sL 3f] if0ff s] afb lgld{t cGtl/ d ;+ljwfg s] txt g] kfn s] gjlgjf{lrt / fi6«klt cf} / pk/ fi6«klt kbf] + sf zky u|x0f ;df/ f] x cfof] lht lsof uof yf . ljqmd ;+jt @)^% >fj0f * ut] -@# h'nfO{ @))*_ sf] cfof] lht pQm ;df/ f] x d] + zfldn g] kfnL u0fdfGo gful/ sf] +, g] kfn d] + sfo{/ t ljleGg b] zf] + s] / fhb"tf] + Pj+ / fhglosf] + s] ;fy xL b] z–ljb] z s] dLl8ofsld{of] + s] r] x/ ] k/ Ps gof pT;fx : ki6 ¿k ;] lbv / xf yf . ;af] + sL s't"xn e/ L lgufx] + gjlgjf{lrt / fi6«klt 8f‘= / fdj/ 0f ofbj cf} / ;'k|Ld sf] 6{ s] k"j{ GofofwLz k/ dfgGb emf k/ l6sL x'O{ yL . dLl8of k+8fn d] + a} 7] dLl8ofsdL{ cfk; d] + ox sof; nuf / x] y] ls r"+ls ……8f‘= ofbj cf} / hl: 6; emf,ÚÚ bf] gf] + xL dw] zL d"n s] x} + tyf ;fy xL ……lxGbL–d} lynLÚÚ efifL eL x} + . O;lnP j] d} lynL of lxGbL d] + xL zky u|x0f s/ ] +u] .

dLl8ofsdL{ O; aft sL eL rrf{ s/ / x] y] ls 8f‘= ofbj, sf] O/ fnf kl/ jf/ s] cToGt xL jkmfbf/ Pj+ g] kfnL sf+u|] ; d] + lul/ hf k|;fb sf] O/ fnf s] d'+xaf] n] g] tf eL x} + . ;fy xL jx g] kfnL kf] zfs ……na] bf ;'/ afn -kxf8ÞL kf] zfs_ÚÚ d] + ;h] x'P eL x} +, O;lnP jx sf] O{ hf] lvd p7fgf gxL+ rfx] +u] cf} / g] kfnL efiff d] + xL zky u|x0f s/ ] +u] . hals, b";/ L cf] / Goflos ;] jf d] + / xt] x'P xd] zf ……na] bf ;'/ afnÚÚ kxgg] jfn] GofofwLz emf, ef/ tLo ;Ldf ;] nu] g] kfn s] t/ fO{ If] q sL kljq klx/ g– wf] tL, s'tf{ cf} / a+8L -hjfx/ sf] 6_ d] + ;h] x'P y] . O;lnP, ox cg'dfg nufof hf / xf yf ls …r"+ls jx dw] zL hgflwsf/ kmf] / d kf6L{ ;] ;+a4 x} +

cf} / …d} lyn a|fXd0fÚ eL x} +, O;lnP ……jx d} lynLÚÚ efiff d] + xL zky u|x0f s/ ] +u] .

zky u|x0f sf sfo{qmd z'¿ x'cf cf} / ;a;] kxn] / fi6«klt kb s] lnP 8f‘S6/ ofbj sf] zky lbnfof uof, pGxf] +g] cg'dfg s] cg';f/ xL g] kfnL efiff d] + zky u|x0f lsof . n] lsg, ;df/ f] x d] + tf] ;g;gL ta km} n uO{ ha, dw] zL kf] zfs wf] tL s'tf{ kxg] emf g] g] kfnL efiff sf lxGbL d] + cg'jfb s/ t] x'P zky n] gf z'¿ lsof . zky u|x0f s] afb O;L ;g;gL jftfj/ 0f d] + ljleGg b] zf] + s] / fhglosf] + tyf u0fdfGo gful/ sf] + åf/ f / fi6«klt cf} / pk/ fi6«klt sf] awfO{ b] g] sf l;nl;nf z'¿ x'cf . rfo–hnkfg rnf lh;s] bf} / fg sfgf–km";L sf ljifo xL …lxGbL d] + zkyÚ / xf . Og k+lQmof] + s] n] vs ;df/ f] x ;] afx/ lgsn] tf] ;b\efjgf kf6L{ s] cWoIf / fh] Gb| dxtf] u] 6 k/ ldn] . pgs] ;fy kf6L{ kbflwsf/ L clgn emf eL y] . / fh] Gb| dxtf] g] em6 O;sL jfxjfxL n"6t] x'P sxf ……xf+, clgn hL g] d'em] atfof yf ls …pGxf] +g] pk/ fi6«klt hL ;] cfu|x lsof yf ls jx lxGbL d] + xL zky n] +Ú . ax't xL cR5f x'cf . g] kfn s] Oltxf; d] + Ps / ] s8{ tf] xf] xL uofÚÚ .

n] lsg, xfo–tf} af tf] ta dr uoL ha / fhwfgL ;lxt b] z e/ s] g] kfnL cf} / c+u|] hL efiff s] cvaf/ f] +, g] kfnL k|;f/ 0f s] Pkm Pd / ] l8of] : 6] zgf] + cf} / 6LjL r} g] nf] + s] ;fy g] kfnL g] tfcf] + g] O; d'2] sf] l;/ k/ p7f lnof . GofofwLz emf sf] , hf] pk/ fi6«klt ag r's] y] , lhg zAbf] + d] + ufnL–unf} h lsof, p;] pGxL+ zAbf] + d] + lkm/ ;] JoQm gxL+ lsof hf ;stf . oxL gxL+ lxGbL zky u|x0f s] sf/ 0f pGx] + 5x dxLg] ts lgnlDat eL / xgf k8Þf . O;s] lnP cGtl/ d ;+ljwfg d] + ;+zf] wg nfs/ pGx] + lxGbL of d} lynL d] + zky u|x0f s/ g] sf] sxf cf} / pGxf] +g] j} ;f lsof eL . O; sf/ 0f pgs] k|lt cfb/ efj / vg] jfn] nf] uf] + sL jqm b[li6 s] eL lzsf/ x'P . O; ;+a+w d] + ha pk/ fi6«klt emf ;] Ps ljz] if e] +6 s] bf} / fg k"5f uof ls cflv/ cfkg] lxGbL d] + xL Sof] + zky u|x0f lsof cf} / afb d] + Sof] + kn6 uP tyf g] kfnL Pj+ d} lynL d] + zky lnof < tf] pgsf sxgf yf lh; ;do d} + zky u|x0f s/ / xf yf p; ;do g] kfn d] + af] nL hfg] jfnL

g] kfnL, d} lynL lxGbL ;lxt ;eL efiffcf] + sf] / fi6«Lo efiff sf bhf{ k|fKt yf . hgu0fgf l/ kf] 6{ d] + eL lxGbL eflifof] + sL ;+Vof Ps nfv ;] pk/ atfoL uO{ yL . O;lnP d} +g] lxGbL d] + zky lnof . n] lsg, afb d] + ha cbfnt g] p;] vfl/ h s/ lbof tf] cGtl/ d ;+ljwfg d] + ;ftjL+ af/ ;+zf] wg lsof uof lh;s] cg';f/ d'em] g] kfnL of d} lynL d] + xL zky n] g] sL afWotf xf] uoL . cf} / , d} +g] bf] gf] + xL efiffcf] + d] + zky nL .

n] lsg, pk/ fi6«klt emf sf] nueu 5x–;ft jiff{] + s] afb ha df} sf ldnf tf] pGxf] +g] lxGbL s] k|lt ckgf ;+sNk tyf g] kfnL zf;sf] + åf/ f kx'+rfoL uO{ rf] 6 sL s;s sf] Ps e/ L ;ef d] + ;fx; s] ;fy cflv/ JoQm s/ xL lbof . cj;/ yf ef/ t s] ljZj lxGbL lbj; ;df/ f] x sf . : yfgLo cGgk"0ff{ xf] 6n d] + !) hgj/ L sL hux !$ hgj/ L sf] ox ;df/ f] x dgfof uof yf . k|d'v cltly s] ¿k d] + pk/ fi6«klt emf p; ;df/ f] x d] + pkl: yt x'P y] . ef/ tLo / fhb"t / +hLt / fo ;df/ f] x s] ;efklt y] . pQm ;df/ f] x d] + pk/ fi6«klt emf g] lhg zAbf] + d] + lxGbL sL ul/ df sf avfg lsof cf} / p;] hNb ;] hNb ljZj efiff agfg] s] lnP ef/ tLo k|wfgd+qL g/ ] Gb| df] bL åf/ f lsP hf / x] k|of;f] + sf] ;kmn xf] g] sL sfdgf JoQm sL, p;sf ;Dkflbt c+z k|: t't x} . pk/ fi6«klt emf g] tf] O; efif0f d] + lagf ls;L nfu nk] 6 s] oxf+ ts sx 8fnf ls ……lxGbL sf] ljZj efiff agfg] sf cleofg lgs6td k8Þf] ;L -g] kfn_ ;] xL lsof hfgf rflxP .Ú

lxGbL sf] ljZjefiff agfg] s] cleofg sf k|f/ +e lgs6td k8Þf] ;L g] kfn ;] xf] M pk/ fi6«klt emf

;Gbe{ ljZj lxGbL lbj;


cfh ljZj lxGbL lbj; sf sfo{qmd x} cf} / O;lnP O; sfo{qmd d] + lxGbL efiff sf xL k|of] u lsof hfP tf] cfh s] O; sfo{qmd sL ul/ df a9Þ] uL . cfh s] O; sfo{qmd s] ;efklt Pj+ ef/ tLo / fhb"t >L / +hLt / ] hL,

sfo{qm{d d] + pkl: yt ef/ tLo / fhb"tfjf; s] clwsf/ Lu0f

tyf pkl: yt cfb/ 0fLo ;Hhgf] + . xd ;eL hfgt] x} + cf} / P] ;f sxg] d] +

sf] O{ ck/ fw gxL+ xf] uf ls ef/ tLo ;Eotf cf} / ;+: s[lt jx dxfg kfjg u+uf;fu/ x} , lh;d] + xdf/ ] g] kfn sL kljq afudtL sL wf/ f eL hf ldntL x} . p;d] + xdf/ f g] kfn eL zfldn x} . O;sL ;+: s[lt cf} / ;Eotf cToGt xL k|frLg x} lh;sf k|df0f O; If] q d] + af] nL hfg] jfnL efiffPF x} + . rfx] xd ;+: s[t sf] n] + of lxGbL sf] .

hxfF ts lxGbL ;flxTo sL aft x} tf] ox O{;f s] !))) jif{ kxn] ;] b] vg] d] + cftf x} . kxn] ox cke|+z s] ¿k d] + k|of] u xf] tf yf cf} / cfu] rns/ jxL cke|+z, lxGbL ;flxTo s] pTklQ sL k[i7 e"ld agL . P] ;f dfgf hftf x} ls !%jL+ zbL, vf;s/ !$^) O{= s] cf;kf; lxGbL b] z–efiff s] ¿k d] + ;fdg] cfoL P] ;f sxgf rflxP . b] zefiff s] ¿k d] + bf] xf, 5Gb, ufyf sf lgsngf z'¿ x'cf . p;L ;do ljBfklt, rGb/ j/ bfO{, saL/ cflb ;flxTosf/ f] + Pj+ sljof] + g] / rgf z'¿ lsof . d'em] ceL rGb/ j/ bfO{ sL Ps jx sljtf ofb x} lh;g] ef/ t d] + Ps go] Oltxf; sL / rgf s/ bL–

……rf/ af+; r} aL; uh, c+u'n ci7 k|df0fPt] k} ;'Ntfg x} , dt r"sf] r} fxfgÚÚ……b/ c;n d] + x'cf ox yf, ls ljb] zL

cfqmd0fsf/ L d'xDdb uf] / L g] ef/ t s] / fhf k[YjL/ fh rf} } xfg k/ xdnf s/ pgs] / fHo k/ sAhf s/ lnof cf} / v'b afbzfx ag a} 7f . O;s] ;fy xL d'xDdb uf] / L g] k[YjL/ fh rf} xfg sL bf] gf] + cf+vf] + d] + cfu d] + tkL x'O{ nf] x] sL nfn 58Þf] + sf] 3f] +ks/ , cGwf agf lbof yf . lh; sf/ 0f rf} xfg uf] / L sL h] n d] + o'4aGbL cGw] sf hLjg hL / x] y] . O;L aLr afbzfx uf] / L ts ox va/ kx'+rfoL uO{ ls k[YjL/ fh r} xfg ……zAb–e] bLÚÚ jf0f rnfgf hfgt] x} +, Sof] + g pgsL snf sf] b] vf hfP, a; Sof yf, b/ af/ nuL lh;d] + d'xDdb uf] / L tyf pgs] b/ af/ L, slj tyf pgs] d+qLu0f a} 7 uP . k/ Dk/ f s] cg';f/ uf] / L sL b/ af/ d] + rGb| j/ bfO{ gfds Ps slj eL pkl: yt y] . cGw] agfP uP / fhf k[YjL/ fh r} xfg sf] e/ L b/ af/ d] + nfof uof . ;ef d] + nf] x] sf Ps taf eL lgzfgf nufg] s] lnP p+r] : yfg k/ / vf uof . d+r sL Ps cf] / afbzfx cf} / b";/ L cf] / taf . ta] k/ rf] 6 bL uO{ cf} / k[YjL/ fh rf} xfg sf] jf0f rnfg] sf] sxf uof . b] zeQm tyf rf} xfg s] k|lt jfbf/ slj rGb/ j/ bfO{ g] rf} xfg s] lgs6 hfs/ tVt k/ a} 7] afbzfx sf ;xL l7sfgf atft] x'P sxf– ……rf/ af+;, r} aL; uh, c+u'n ci7 k|df0f, Pt] k} ;'Ntfg x} , dt r"sf] rf} xfg .Ú cyf{t\, hxf+ t'd v8Þ] xf] jxf+ ;] 7Ls rf/ af+;, rf} aL; uh cf} / cf7 c+u'n sL b"/ L k/ t'Dx] + cGwf agfg] jfnf afbzfx a} 7f x} , O; cj;/ sf] gxL+ u+jfcf] . Otgf ;'gt] xL k[YjL/ fh rf} xfg g] af0f ;] lgzfgf ;fws/ , ta] sL hux d'xDdb uf] / L sf] df/ lu/ fof yfÚÚ -;+be{_ .

ox sljtf nueu !$^( O{= s] xL cf;kf; sL / rgf x} . jf: tj d] + !(jL+

ztfAbL ;] cfh ts lxGbL sf sfkmL ljsf; xf] r'sf x} cf} / cfh sL hf] lxGbL x}, p;d] + clws a+6af/ f eL xf] uof x} . lxGbL : 6fOn s] Otg] gfd xf] r's] x} + ls sxgf eL d'lZsn . cfh d'+aO{ l;g] df sL lxGbL : 6fO{n cnu x} , blIf0f ef/ t d] + lxGbL af] ng] sf cnu : 6fO{n x} . lbNnL d] + lxGbL af] ng] sf cnu : 6fO{n x} . jf: tljstf tf] ox x} ls ha ef/ t d] + : jt+qtf ;+u|fd rn / xf yf, cfGbf] ng rn / xf yf, p; jQm pQ/ ef/ t ;] n] s/ blIf0f ts, k"/ ] ef/ tjif{ d] + lxGbL efiff sf xL k|of] u xf] tf yf . cf} / , ef/ t : jt+q xf] g] s] afb O;sf ljsf; t] hL ;] x'cf x} . cf} / , cfh lxGbL sf k7g–kf7g ljZj s] nueu !$% b] zf] + d] + xf] / xf x} . ca lxGbL sf k|of] u cfO= 6L= If] q d] + eL xf] g] nuf x} . O; ;do lxGbL–efiff, ;flxTo, bz{g cf} / ;dfhzf: q sL ;Ldf ;] ax't cfu] lgsn r'sL x} . O;sf k|of] u a} +ls+u ;] jf, ko{6g ;] jf cf} / lj1fkg s] kmLN8 d] + a8Þ] k} dfg] k/ xf] / xf x} . d} + ljZj lxGbL lbj; s] pknIo d] + sfdgf s/ tf x"F ls ox hNb ;] hNb ljZj efiff ag] . ;+o'Qm / fi6«;+3 o"=Pg=cf] d] + 5x efiffcf] + sf] dfGotf ldnL x'O{ x} hals c+u|] hL, : k] lgz cf} / rfOgLh efiff s] afb, ljZje/ d] + ;a;] clws af] nL hfg] jfnL efiffcf] + d] + rf} y] : yfg k/ xf] g] s] afjh"b ceL ts lxGbL sf] / fi6«;+3 sL efiff s] ¿k d] + dfGotf gxL+ ldnL x} . d'em] ofb x} ls ef/ t ;/ sf/ g] ;+o'Qm / fi6«;+3 sL ;bg–sfo{jfxL d] + lxGbL efiff sf] eL : yfg ldn] cf} / p;] / lh: 68{ lsof hfP, O;sf k|of; lsof yf . p;s] afb O; k|of; d] + lstgL k|ult x'O{ cf} / sa ts lxGbL o"gfO{6] 8 g] zg d] + lxGbL / lh: 68{ xf] uL, O;sL



hfgsf/ L d'em] gxL+ x} . n] lsg, xf+, ef/ t s] jt{dfg k|wfgd+qL

g/ ] Gb| df] bL hL, hf] v'b lxGbL af] ng] d] + clws cle¿lr / vt] x} ,+ ax't xL k|;Ggtf s] ;fy jx lxGbL efiff sf k|of] u s/ t] x} +, pgsf k|of; h¿/ ;kmn xf] uf . d'em] OtgL hfgsf/ L x} ls pGxf] +g] ckg] ;eL ef/ tLo s"6gLlt1f] + -l8Knf] d} 6\;_ sf] ljb] zL s"6gLlt1f] + s] ;fy lxGbL efiff d] + xL aftrLt s/ g] sf lgb] {z lbof x} . pgs] O; k|of; ;] cfzf s/ ;st] x} + ls ax't xL hNb lxGbL efiff ;+o'Qm / fi6«;+3 sL efiff ag] uL . cf} / , O;s] ;fy xL ox ljZj efiff s] ¿k d] + ckgf : yfg kf n] uL . jf: tj d] + ls;L eL b] z sf] hfgg] s] lnP, ls;L eL b] z sL ;+: s[lt cf} / ;Eotf sf] kxrfgg] s] lnP, efiff sL cfjZostf xf] tL x} . cf} / , ef/ t sL zfg p;sL / fi6« efiff lxGbL x} . O;sL ;Eotf cf} / ;+: s[lt sf] hfgg] ;demg] s] lnP lxGbL sL cfjZostf x} .

hxf+ ts d'em] dfn"d x} O; ;do ef/ t sL cfafbL sf #% k|ltzt nf] u xL c+u|] hL af] nt] cf} / ;demt] x} + lkm/ eL pgsf Otgf jr{: j x} ls #% k|ltzt c+u|] hL af] ng] jfn] ef/ tLo xL ljb] z hf kft] x} +, ljb] z 3"d kft] x} + . O;;] ljZj e/ d] + P] ;f dx;"; xf] tf x} ls ef/ t eL c+u|] hL af] ng] jfnf b] z xL x} . afsL hf] ^% k|ltzt nf] u x+} j] c+u|] hL s] cefj d] + uf} 0f xf] hft] x+} . nf] u rfOgLh efiff ;Lvt] x+} , hfkfgL ;Lvt] x} +, c+u|] hL ;Lvt] x} +, 7Ls x} efiff ;Lvgf ax't cR5L aft x} . n] lsg, cfh s] hdfg] d] + efiff ;Lvg] sf cy{ xf] tf x} – p;;] s'5 cyf{] kfh{g eL xf] gf . d} + cfu|x s¿+uf cfknf] uf] + ;] , vf;s/ ef/ tLo / fhb"tfjf; s] lhtg] eL clwsf/ Lu0f x} +, pg;] –ls ef/ t ;] g] kfn d] + hf] ko{6s cft] x+} , pGx] + g] kfn bz{g s/ fg] s] lnP, pGx] + ufO{8 s/ g] s] lnP, lxGbLefifL ……g] kfnL ufO{8ÚÚ sL lgo'lQm sLlhP . O;;] g] kflnof] + sf] s'5 hLljsf ldn] uL cf} / jx lxGbL efiff ;Lvg] d] + cle¿lr n] +u] Sof] +ls pGx] + lxGbL efiff hfgg] s] sf/ 0f / f] huf/ ldn] uf .

g] kfn d] + O; ;do lxGbL sL l: ylt ox x} ls t/ fO{ cf} / dw] z If] q s] lhtgL eL hfltofF x} +, jx lxGbL af] ntL x} + . ef/ tLo ;Ldf ;] nu] g] kfn–t/ fO{ If] q s] lgjf;L ox hfgs/ lxGbL gxL+ af] nt] ls lxGbL ef/ t sL / fi6« efiff x} . g] kfn–ef/ t v'nL ;Ldf s] sf/ 0f t/ fO{ d] + …O; kf/ Ú – …p; kf/ Ú hf] g] kfnL cf} / ef/ tLo / xt] x} + . pGxf] +g] seL gxL+ ;f] rf ls ……efO{ pw/ …b;uhfÚ s] afb lxGbL af] ngfÚÚ cf} / ……Ow/ g] kfnL af] ngfÚÚ rflxP . ox seL eL pgnf] uf] + s] lbdfu

d] + gxL+ cfof . j] tf] l;km{ ox ;demt] x} + ls ox -lxGbL_ d] / L ckgL efiff x} . d} + v'b ckgf pbfx/ 0f b"+ . d] / ] bfbfhL eL lxGbL af] nt] y] . d} +g] lxGbL seL ;Lvf gxL+ . d} + eL lxGbL af] ntf x"F . d] / ] lktfhL eL lxGbL af] nt] y] . d] / ] aRr] eL lxGbL af] nt] x} + . 3/ d] + k9Þfg] jfnf lxGbL sf sf] O{ 6Lr/ gxL+ / vf . xdnf] uf] + sf] : jtM j+zfg'ut ¿k d] + ox u'0f k|fKt x'cf . O;lnP d} + lxGbL sf ax't a8Þf cef/ L x"F . d} +g,] pk/ fi6«klt ag hfg] s] afb, lxGbL d] + zky u|x0f lsof yf . O; sf/ 0f d'em] 5x dxLg] ts lgn+lat / xgf k8Þf .

jf: tj d] + ha lxGbL cf} / g] kfnL sL aft cftL x} tf] ;a;] kxn] ox hfg] + ls OgsL pTklQ sxfF ;] x'O{ . p;sL tx ts hfP+u] tf] bf] gf] + xL efiffcf] + sL pTklQ ;+: s[t efiff ;] xL x'O{ x} . O;lnP lxGbL cf} / g] kfnL Ps b";/ ] s] ax't xL lgs6 x} . hf] g] kfn d] + lxGbL af] nt] x} +, p; lx;fa ;] cf} / efiff sL hggL s] lx;fa ;] eL g] kfnL efifL cf} / lxGbL eflifof] + s] aLr, sfkmL lgs6tf x} , xdnf] u ax't xL ;dLk x} +} + . ef/ t cf} / g] kfn s] aLr !*)) ls=dL= sL v'nL ;Ldf x} tyf g] kfn sL / fhwfgL sf7df+8" of O;;] eL pQ/ hfP+u] tf] cfksf] ax't ;] P] ;] kl/ jf/ Pj+ nf] u ldn] +u] lhgsL zfbL O+l8of d] + x'O{ . tf] pg zfbL ljjfxf] + s] sf/ 0f eL lxGbL sL cfjZostf, ckgL aft sxg] of / vg] s] dfWod s] ¿k d] + O;sf k|of] u xf] t] cf / xf x} . hxfF ts lxGbL sf k|of] u g] kfn sL / fhgLlt d] + lsP hfg] sL aft x} tf] nueu nueu %%–^) jif{ kxn] , cyf{t\ !(%* O{= s] cf;kf;, kxf8ÞL d"n s] lhtg] eL / fhg] tf x'P, j] ;eL t/ fO{ cf} / dw] z d] + hft] y] , tf] pgsL kf6L{ k|rf/ –k|;f/ sf Ph] +8f lxGbL d] + xL x'cf s/ tf yf cf} / j] ;fj{hlgs hg;efcf] + d] + eL lxGbL d] + xL efif0f lsof s/ t] y] . j] nf] u lxGbL d] + xL lnvt] y] , g] kfnL efiff sf k|of] u gxL+ s/ t] y] . j] nf] u lxGbL efiff s] krf{–kDkmn] 6 xL hgtf d] + af+6f s/ t] y] . oxL gxL+, oxf+ s] ljBfyL{ eL lxGbL sL xL k': ts] + k9Þt] y] cf} / lxGbL xL lnvf s/ t] y] . o"lgj{l;6L d] + eL lxGbL sL k9ÞfO{ xf] tL yL . Sof] +ls, jx ;do P] ;f yf ha g] kfn d] + lxGbL sf jr{: j ax't Hofbf yf .

ox ax't xL cR5L aft x} ls oxf+ g] kfnL efiff sf ljsf; x'cf x} , g] kfn s] t/ fO{ If] q d] + eL g] kfnL efiff sf k|rf/ –k|;f/ x'cf x} , t/ fO{jf;L eL g] kfnL af] ngf ;Lv] x} + . g] kfnL sf ax't xL ;zQm 9+u ;] uf+j–uf+j ts k|rf/ –k|;f/ xf] uof x} . ca uf+jf] + s] dw] zL d"n s] nf] u eL g] kfnL ;demt] x} + . n] lsg, O;s] afjh"b lxGbL sf jr{: j cf} / lxGbL sf

af] ngf–;demgf sd gxL+ x'cf x} . ceL eL t/ fO{ d] + ha bf] efO{ ;fy a} 7t] x+} tf] j] ckgL 3/ ] n" af] nL s] cnfjf lxGbL sf eL k|of] u lsof s/ t] x} + . ceL cfks] -ef/ t_ lhtg] eL O+l8og 6LjL r} g] n x} +, jx t/ fO{ ;] n] s/ b'u{d akmL{n] cf} / kxf8ÞL uf+jf] + ts d] + cf;fgL ;] b] v] hft] x} + . cfk pg If] qf] + d] + 3"dg] hfOP tf] cfk jxfF hL 6LjL, cfhts cflb cflb ;eL k|d'v lxGbL r} g] n s] sfo{qmd cfksf] b] vg] sf] ldn] +u] . pg dfWodf] + ;] eL g] kfn d] + lxGbL sf k|rf/ sfkmL a9Þf x} .

d} + cfu|x s¿Fuf cfk clwsfl/ of] + ;] ls ca O;sf t] hL ;] k|rf/ –k|;f/ s/ g] sL cfjZostf x} . ca ;f] rg] sf ;do cf uof x} . ca, hals, cfk lxGbL sf] ljZje/ s] b] zf] + d] + : yflkt s/ g] hf / x] x} +, tf] ;a;] kxn] lgs6td k8Þf] ;L b] z -g] kfn _ d] + lxGbL sf] : yflkt sLlhP . efiff tf] l;km{ ljrf/ cf} / efjgf JoQm s/ g] sf dfWod x} . ljleGg dfWodf] + ;] O;sf k|rf/ –k|;f/ xf] . z'¿cft d] + O;sf Ps : 6] aln;d] G6 xf] . ef/ t tyf ljleGg b] zf] + d] + hf] ef/ t s] / fhb"tfjf; x} +, pgs] clwsf/ Lu0f O; k/ Wofg b] +u] .

d'em] nutf x} ls lxGbL ca ax't xL hNb ljZj efiff s] ¿k d] + ckgf : yfg u|x0f s/ ] uL . ef/ t s] k|wfgd+qL v'b lxGbL af] ng] d] + k|;Ggtf dx;"; s/ t] x} + . ceL xfn xL d] + pGxf] +g] cd] l/ sf d] + hux–hux k/ lxGbL d] + ckgf ljrf/ JoQm lsof . ;+o'Qm / fi6« dxf;ef sf] eL pGxf] +g] lxGbL d] + ;+af] lwts/ , ckg] lxGbL ;+sNk sL k'li6 sL . jx hkfg d] + eL lxGbL d] + af] n] . cf: 6«] lnof d] + eL lxGbL d] + af] n] . lkm/ , pGx] + g] kfn d] + tf] lxGbL d] + efif0f b] gf xL yf cf} / pGxf] +g] g] kfn s] ;+ljwfg ;ef sf] lxGbL d] + ;Daf] lwts/ , ;+ljwfg ;b: of] + sL tflnof] + ;] ;bg sf] u'+hfodfg s/ f lbof . oxL gxL+ pGxf] +g] g] kfn e|d0f s] ckg] ;eL sfo{qmdf] + sf] lxGbL d] + xL ;+af] lwt s/ , g] kfnL hgtf sf dg df] x lnof .

Ps ;do yf dxfTdf uf+wL cf} / k+= g] x¿ sf, ha ef/ t sf] OG6«f] 8\o"; s/ g] s] lnP, ef/ t sf kl/ ro s/ fg] s] lnP c+u|] hL efiff sf k|of] u lsof uof yf . hals, cfh jx ;do x} ha ef/ t s] k|wfgd+qL g/ ] Gb| df] bL g] ljZj e/ s] b] zf] + sf] ef/ t sf b] g] s] lnP, ef/ t sL kxrfg s] lnP, ckg] xL b] z sL / fi6«efiff lxGbL sf] dfWod agfof x} . ox ax't xL v'zL sL aft x} . O;d] + ef/ t sf] zL3| ;kmntf ldn] , O; sfo{ sf] cfu] a9Þfg] d] + ef/ t s] / fhb"tf] + sf] eL cj;/ k|fKt xf] , ox z'esfdgf b] t] x'P d} + ckgL jf0fL sf] oxL+ lj/ fd b] tf x"F . wGojfb . J



wd{

g] kf n ;/ sf / ;"rgf tyf ;~rf / dGqf no

;"rgf l jef u

r'/] /x] kfgL,

kfgL /x] xfdL


x/ cleefjs rfxtf x} ls xdf/ f aRrf b";/ f] + s] aRrf] + ;] cnu cf} / Ifdtfjfg xf] ;s] .

O;LlnP cleefjs ckg] aRr] sf] p; t/ x s] jftfj/ 0f d] + kfng–kf] if0f s/ gf rfxt] x} +, hxfF pgs] aRr] ckgL Ifdtf sf ljsf; cf} / k|bz{g s/ ;s] + . b";/ L t/ km a9Þtf zx/ Ls/ 0f, lhtgf hNbL xf] ;s] cfly{s pGglt s/ g] sL dxTjfsf+Iff cf} / Jo: t b} lgsL s] sf/ 0f x/ kl/ jf/ s] eLt/ dftf–lktf bf] gf] + xL Joj;fo d] + cfa4 xf] t] x} + . P] ;] bDklt s] lnP ckg] aRrf] + sf plrt b] vefn s/ gf d'lZsn xf] hftf x} . O; ;d: of sf] s'5 xb ts ;Daf] wg s/ tf x} – rfON8 s] o/ ;] G6/ cyf{t df‘G6] Zj/ L ljBfno .

df‘G6] Zj/ L ljBfno d] + ha afnaflnsf s'5 ;fn / xt] x} +, jx cGo sL t'ngf d] + s'5 clws Ifdtfjfg xf] t] x} + cf} / pgsf af} l4s ljsf; clws xf] tf x} P] ;L wf/ 0ff dfgL hftL x} . O;LlnP cfhsn ckg] aRrf] + sf] df‘G6] Zj/ L ljBfno d] + gfdf+sg s/ fg] jfn] cleefjs a9Þ / x] x} + . / 6g] jfnL lzIf0f ljlw s] ljsNk s] ¿k d] +

ljsf; xf] / xL df‘G6] Zj/ L lzIff, cflv/ Sof x} < cf} / Sof] + a9Þ / xf x} O;s] k|lt cfsif{0f < cfO{P, s'5 rrf{ s/ ] +–

afnaflnsf sL ?lr ls; If] q d] + x} < p;sL af} l4s Ifdtf Sof x} < O; ljifo d] + ljz] if Wofg lbof hftf x} df‘G6] Zj/ L lzIf0f k4lt d] + . aRrf] + sf dgf] lj1fg eL ljz] if ¿k d] + cWoog lsof hftf x} . p;s] afb xL

v] ns"b cf} / dgf] / ~hg s] dfWod ;] lzIf0f lbof hftf x} . O; k4lt d] + afnaflnsf : jtGq ¿k d] + ckg] cg'ej s] dfWod ;] lzIff u|x0f s/ ;s] +, O; aft k/ ljz] if hf] 8Þ lbof hftf x} . hf] aRr] df‘G6] Zj/ L k4lt d] + cWoog s/ g] s] lnP Snf;¿d d] + hft] x+} ,

j] jxfF / +u s] ;fy v] nt] x} + cf} / ljleGg snfs[lt sL ;[hgf d] + / dt] x} + . hxfF of] u, ;+uLt, g[To, gf6s cflb s] dfWod ;] cg'ej xfl;n s/ t] x'P aRr] lzIff u|x0f s/ t] x} + . P] ;] ljBfnof] + d] + cfP aRrf] + sf] k9Þg] s] lnP

sf] O{ eL bafj gxL+ lbof hftf . pg;] cu|h Snf; d] + cWoog/ t ljBfly{of] + sf] b] vs/ x/ aRrf lqmofzLn xf] ;s] , O; aft k/ hf] 8Þ lbof hftf x} .

df‘G6] Zj/ L lzIff s] z'?cftL sfn d] + O;s] k|lt s'5 cgfjZos e|d eL k} bf x'cf yf . j} ;] tf] ca eL s'5 e|d x} . s'5 nf] uf] + sf dfggf x} ls df‘G6] Zj/ L d] + cWoog/ t ljBfyL{ cGo ;fdfGo -6] «l8;gn_ : s"n d] + cWoog gxL+ s/ ;st] x} + . n] lsg lzIffGt/ : s"n s] lk|–sf] cl8{g] 6/ tyf lzlIfsf cgfldsf lu/ L sf sxgf x} – ox l;km{ e|d x} , oyfy{ gxL+ x} . lzlIfsf lu/ L s] cg';f/ afnaflnsf l;km{ ;} 4flGts ¿k d] + k9Þ s/ xL gxL+, Jofjxfl/ s

nLnfgfy uf}td

df‘G6] Zj/ L lzIff s] k|lt a9Þtf cfsif{0f

cgfldsf lu/ LlzlIfsf, lzIffGt/ : s"n

afnaflnsf l;km{ ;} 4flGts ¿k d] + k9 Þ s/ xL gxL+, Jofjxfl/ s cf} / cg'ejhGo lqmofsnfk ;] Hofbf ;Lv ;st] x} + . df ‘G6] Zj/ L d] + Jofjxfl/ s cf} / ;} 4flGts bf] gf]

1fg lbof hftf x} .

lzIff


cf} / cg'ejhGo lqmofsnfk ;] Hofbf ;Lv ;st] x} + . df‘G6] Zj/ L d] + Jofjxfl/ s cf} / ;} 4flGts bf] gf] 1fg lbof hftf x} . zfob O;LlnP xf] ;stf x} , df‘G6] Zj/ L lzIf0f k4lt ckgf Jofj;flos : j¿k u|x0f s/ r'sL x} . l;k{m sf7df+8" xL gxL+, b] z s] k|d'v zx/ f] + d] + df‘G6] Zj/ L ljBfno v'ng] sf qmd a9Þtf hf / xf x} . k'tnL;8s l:yt a] : 6 df‘G6] Zj/ L 6«] lgª ;] G6/ sL ;~rflnsf ;'ifdf ;'Aaf s] cg';f/ df‘G6] Zj/ L lzIf0f k4lt sf cg'z/ 0f s/ t] x'P afnaflnsf s] lGb|t ljBfno : yfkgf s/ g] jfnf] + sL ;+Vof a9Þ / xL x} . ;'Aaf s] cg';f/ aRr] sd pd| ;] xL ls;L bafa s] lagf : jtGq ¿k d] + lzIff u|x0f s/ ;s] +, P] ;L ;f] r agf s/ df‘G6] Zj/ L lzIff s] k|lt x/ cleefjs cfslif{t xf] / x] x} + .

g] kfn d] + kxnL af/ OG6/ g] zgn lsG8/ uf8{] g : s"n g] df‘G6] Zj/ L lzIf0f k4lt sL

z'?cft ckg] ljBfno d] + sL yL . p;s] afb k"j{k|fylds lzIff d] + O; k|0ffnL sf] s'5 ljBfnof] + g] cg';/ 0f lsof . z} lIfs ;fdu|L cf} / bIf lzIfs–lzlIfsf sf cefj, z} lIfs ;fdu|L sf dx+uf xf] gf, ljBfno sf ef} lts k"jf{wf/ Pj+ jftfj/ 0f afnd} qLk"0f{ gxL+ xf] gf, cflb s] sf/ 0f ;eL ljBfno O; k4lt sf] rfxt] x'P eL nfu" gxL+ s/ ;st] x} + . n] lsg df‘G6] Zj/ L lzIf0f k|0ffnL sf] ckgft] x'P ljBfno ;~rfng s/ g] jfnf] + sL ;+Vof ;f} ;] eL Hofbf xf] r'sL x} .

g] kfn d] + df‘G6] Zj/ L lzIff s] gfd d] + o"/ f] lkog a] ; sf df‘G6] Zj/ L, cd] l/ sg a] ; sf kmf: 6 6«} s ls8, OlG8og a] ; sf o'/ f] ls8\; cflb afnaflnsf s] lGb|t lzIf0f k4lt sf ljsf; xf] / xf x} . ljz] iftM 9ÞfO{ ;] 5x

;fn ts s] afnaflnsf sf] df‘G6] Zj/ L ljBfno d] + etL{ lsof hftf x} . n] lsg sf7df+8" Po/ kf] 6{ l: yt lzIffGt/ : s"n d] + ceL 5f] 6] –5f] 6] afnaflnsf xL gxL+, P;Pn;L sL t} of/ L s/ / x] lszf] / –lszf] / L eL df‘G6] Zj/ L lzIf0f k4lt s] cg';f/ cWoog

s/ / x] x} + . O;L t/ x j] : 6 df‘G6] Zj/ L 6«] lgª ;] G6/ sL ;~rflnsf ;'idf ;'Aaf eL ±@ ts sf cWoog df‘G6] Zj/ L k4lt s] cg';f/ s/ fgf rfxtL x} + . ;'Aaf sxtL x+} – …xd nf] uf] + g] ^ ;] ( ;fn s] afnaflnsfcf] + sf] n] s/ nflhDkf6 d] + j] : 6 dG6] Zj/ L Plnd] G6«L gfds : s"n sL : yfkgf sL x} . lh;sf p2] Zo

eljio d] + ±@ ts sf cWoog df‘G6] Zj/ L lzIf0f ljlw ;] xL s/ jfgf x} .Ú

df‘G6] Zj/ L ljBfno sf] …rfON8 s] o/ ;] G6/ Ú eL sxf hftf x} . hxfF aRrf] + s] lnP cfjZos ef} lts k"jf{wf/ tyf v] ng] sL ;fdu|L ;xh pknAw xf] ;stL x} . afnaflnsf hf]

;fdu|L sf] n] s/ v] nt] x} +, jxL ;fdu|L p;s] lnP cWoog ;fdu|L eL xf] hftL x} . O;L t/ x sf Joj: yfkg df‘G6] Zj/ L ljBfnof] + d] + lsof hftf x} . hxfF afnaflnsf s] dgk;Gb sf6"{gjfn] ;fdu|L ;] n] s/ uLt, ;+uLt, ufog, 8«fdf cflb s] dfWod ;] cWoog–cWofkg s/ jfof hftf x} . lzIffGt/ : s"n sL lzlIfsf cgfldsf lu/ L sxtL x} +– …aRr] P] ;] jftfj/ 0f d] + O; t/ x / d hft] x} + ls j] cWoog s] lnP sf] O{ eL bafj dx;"; gxL+ s/ t] , j] ;demt] x} + ls d} + v] n / xf x"F, uf / xf x"F, dgf] / ~hg d] + d: t x"F . O;L t/ x afnaflnsf 1fg xfl;n s/ t] x+} . O;L lzIf0f k4lt sf] xL d‘fG6] Zj/ L lzIf0f ljlw sxf hftf x} + .Ú

lagf ls;L bafj s] afnaflnsf 1fg k|flKt sL cf] / cu|;/ xf] g] s] sf/ 0f O; lzIf0f ljlw s] k|lt cleefjs eL cfslif{t xf] / x] x} + . afg] Zj/ l: yt afnjfT;No 8] s] o/ P08 lk|: s'n sL lk|lG;kn s[kf / fO{ s] cg';f/ df‘G6] Zj/ L k4lt s] dfWod ;] lzIff k|fKt s/ g]

xd nf] uf] + g] ^ ;] ( ;fn s] afnaflnsfcf] + sf] n] s/ nflhDkf6 d] +

j] : 6 dG6] Zj/ L Plnd] G6«L gfds : s"n sL : yfkgf sL x} . lh;sf p2] Zo eljio d] + ±@ ts sf cWoog df‘G6] Zj/ L lzIf0f

ljlw ;] xL s/ jfgf x} .Ú

;'ifdf ;'Aaf, ;~rflnsfa] : 6 df‘G6] Zj/ L 6«] lgª ;] G6/

s[kf / fO{, lk|lG;knafnjfT;No 8] s] o/ P08 lk|: s'n

df ‘G6] Zj/ L Ps P];f k4lt x} , hxfF aRr] dgf] / ~hg s/ t] x} + cf} / jxL dgf] / ~hg lzIff k|flKt

sf hl/ of xf] tf x} .

lzIff


) dfG6] Zj/ L lzIf0f cf} / k/ Dk/ fut lzIf0f k4lt d] + Sof cGt/ xf] tf x} <

– df‘G6] Zj/ L lzIf0f d] + k|To] s afnaflnsf, ljz] if ljBfyL{ xf] t] x} + . x/ ] s ljBfyL{ s] ;Lvg] sL Ifdtf cf} / v"aL cnu–cnu xf] tL x} . O;LlnP pg nf] uf] + sf] l;vft] jSt eL cnu–cnu t/ Ls] sf ;xf/ f n] gf k8Þtf x} . ljBfyL{ sL Ifdtf cf} / v"aL sL kxrfg s/ pgsL cfjZostf cg';f/ lzIf0f s/ gf xL df‘G6] Zj/ L lzIf0f ljlw sL k|d'v ljz] iftf x} . df‘G6] Zj/ L lzIf0f d] + k|} lS6sn ljlw sf

cjnDag xf] tf x} . n] lsg k/ Dk/ fut lzIf0f k4lt d] + O; aft sf] Vofn gxL+ lsof hftf x} .) k|foM ;eL af] l8{ª : s"n sxt] x} + ls xdf/ ] oxfF dfG6] Zj/ L sIff ;~rflnt x} , dfG6] Zj/ L : s"n s] lnP cfjZos k"jf{wf/ Sof x} <

– df‘G6] Zj/ L d] + cWog/ t ljBfyL{ pd| d] + 5f] 6] xf] t] x} + . O;LlnP pg nf] uf] + sL cfjZostf sf] k|fyldstf d] + / v s/ : s"n sf ef} lts k"jf{wf/ -8] : s, a] Rg, nfOa] |/ L, 6\jfOn] 6_ lgdf{0f s/ gf rflxP . tfls bf} 8Þt] ;do, 6\jfOn] 6 k|of] u s/ t] ;do,

chGtf bQf8fO/ ] S6/ , lzIffGt/ : s"n

dfG6] Zj/ L lzIff s] k|lt ax't nf] u hfgsf/ gxL+ x} + . s'5 nf] u ;demt] x} + ls 5f] 6] –5f] 6] afnaflnsf s] b] vefn s/ g] jfnL hux -8] s] o/ ;] G6/ _ xL dfG6] Zj/ L x} + . n] lsg lzIffGt/ : s"n P] ;f : s"n x} , hxfF P;Pn;L sL t} of/ L s/ / x] ljBfyL{ eL dfG6] Zj/ L lzIf0f ljlw åf/ f cWoog s/ / x] x} + . xfF, sf7df+8", Po/ kf] 6{ l: yt lzIffGt/ : s"n ljut ( ;fn ;] dfG6] Zj/ L k4lt d] + ;~rflnt : s"n x} . oxfF nueu bf] ;f} ljBfyL{ cWoog/ t x} + . oxfF l;km{ aRr] nf] u xL gxL+, sIff ( d] + cWoog/ t ljBfyL{ eL dfG6] Zj/ L lzIf0f ljlw d] + cWoog s/ t] x} + . : s"n sL 8fO/ ] S6/ chGtf bQf s] cg';f/ ( sIff d] + cWoog/ t ljBfly{of] + sf] O;L : s"n ;] P;Pn;L k/ LIff b] g] sL Joj: yf xf] / xL x} . 8fO/ ] S6/ bQf s] ;fy dfG6] Zj/ L lzIff ;DaGwL lxdflngL ;] x'O{ aftrLt sf ;+kflbt c+zM

jfn] ljBfyL{ cf} / ;fdfGo : s"n d] + cWoog/ t ljBfyL{ s] aLr ux/ f cGt/ / xtf x} . / fO{ sxtL x} +– df‘G6] Zj/ L Ps P];f k4lt x} , hxfF aRr] dgf] / ~hg s/ t] x} + cf} / jxL dgf] / ~hg lzIff k|flKt sf hl/ of xf] tf x} . lzlIfsf cgfldsf lu/ L eL ox aft : jLsf/ s/ tL x} + . lu/ L sf sxgf x} – …df‘G6] Zj/ L Snf; s] lnP x/ afnaflnsf ljz] if xf] t] x} + . oxfF lzIfs sL OR5f s] d'tflas gxL+, ljBfyL{ Sof rfxt] x} +, p;s] cg';f/ k9ÞfO{ xf] tL x} .Ú

cln{ rfON8x'8 Ph's] ;g cyf{t\ df‘G6] Zj/ L

lzIff sf] ;du| d] + # jifL{o z} lIfs k} s] h s] ¿k d] + dfgf hftf x} . hxfF sIffut u|] l8ª sf l;4fGt gxL+, : s"n d] + cf} krfl/ s cWoog z'? s/ g] ;] kxn] sL cfwf/ lznf lgdf{0f sL hftL x} . O;LlnP tf] ax't nf] u O;sf] …8] s] o/ ;] G6/ Ú s] gfd d] + eL hfgt] x} + . n] lsg hfgsf/ f] + sf dfggf x} ls ox l;km{ 8] s] o/ ;] G6/ xL gxL+ x} , O; d] + aRrf] + sL z} lIfs Ifdtf sf cfwf/ lgdf{0f lsof hftf x} .

lzIffljbf] + sf dfggf x} ls ox k"j{jfNofj: yf ;Lvg] sL ;a;] pQd pd|

x} . pg nf] uf] + sf sxgf x} ls ! ;] % ;fn s] aRrf] + s] ;Lvg] sL Ifdtf %) k|ltzt / xtL x} . * ;fn s] aRrf] + sL Ifdtf *) k|ltzt xf] tf x} . afFsL @) k|ltzt Ifdtf sf k|of] u jx af+sL pd/ d] + s/ tf x} . cu/ O; tYo sf] dgg lsof hfP tf] afnaflnsf s] lnP lzIff u|x0f s/ g] sf pko'Qm ;do ! ;fn ;] * ;fn ts sf xL x} . O;LlnP cleefjs sf] O; ;do ljz] if Wofg b] gf rflxP . O;L tYo s] db\b] gh/ xL df‘G6] Zj/ L lzIf0f k4lt s] k|lt cfsif{0f eL a9Þ / xf x} . J


v] nt] ;do, pg nf] uf] + sf] ls;L eL k|sf/ rf] 6 g kx'Fr] , O; aft k/ uDeL/ ¿k ;] Wofg b] gf cfjZos x} . : s"n Pl/ of eL Wjlg tyf jfo' k|b"if0f ;] d'Qm xf] gf rflxP . k|z: t v] n d} bfg, df‘G6] Zj/ L tfnLd k|fKt lzIfs–lzlIfsf, lzIf0f ;fdlu|of] + sL ;xh pknAwtf cflb df‘G6] Zj/ L : s"n s] lnP Go"gtd k"jf{wf/ x} + . hxfF afnaflnsf bafj d] + / x s/ gxL+, : jtM: k"mt{ ¿k d] + ;Lv ;s] + . l;km{ k9Þs/ xL gxL+, v] ns/ cf} / dgf] ~hg s/ t] jQm eL afnaflnsf cIf/ sf] kxrfg ;st] x+} , O; dfGotf sf] ;kmn agfg] sf k"jf{wf/ lh; : s"n d] + / xtf x} , jxL : s"n df‘G6] Zj/ L : s"n s] lnP k"jf{wf/ o'Qm dfgf hftf x} . ljut gf} ;fn ;] ;~rflnt lzIffGt/ : s"n d] + cfjZos k"jf{wf/ x} . ) lzIfs–lzlIfsf s] lnP df ‘G6] Zj/ L tfnLd sL cfjZostf lstgL x} <

–x/ lzIfs s] lnP tfnLd sL h?/ t x} . lzIff sxg] sf dtna l;km{ k9Þ s/ ;} 4flGts 1fg xfl;n s/ gf xL gxL+ x} , Jofjxfl/ s cf} / cg'ejhGo 1fg xfl;n s/ gf eL x} . df‘G6] Zj/ L lzIf0f ljlw l;km{ lstfa k9Þs/ gxL+, cg'ejhGo lqmofsnfk ;] 1fg–ch{g sL cf] / k|] l/ t s/ tf x} . O;LlnP x/ afnaflnsf lagf bafj s] xL cIf/ f] + sf] kxrfgt] x} + cf} / zAb pRrf/ 0f s/ ;st] x} + . Ps pbfx/ 0f sf] n] ;st] x} – k/ Dk/ fut lzIf0f d] + …sÚ ;] snd pRrf/ 0f s/ gf l;vft] x} + . n] lsg df‘G6] Zj/ L lzIf0f ljlw d] + afnaflnsf sf] snd 5"g] sf, v] ng] sf cf} / b] vg] sf cj;/ lbof hftf x} . ha xd nf] u O; t/ x ;] l;vft] x} +, ta afnaflnsf sf] dx;"; gxL+ xf] tf ls d} + k9Þ / xf x"F . pg nf] uf] + sf nutf x} ls d} + tf] v] n / xf x"F . O; ljlw ;] aRr] hNbL ;Lvt] x} + . df‘G6] Zj/ L lzIff d] + lbgk|ltlbg goL–goL cjwf/ 0ffP+ eL ljsl;t xf] / xL x} +, hxfF cf6{ cf} / Do'lhs s] dfWod ;] eL l;vfof hftf x} . ;eL lzIfs P] ;L lzIf0f ljlw s] af/ ] d] + hfgsf/ gxL+ xf] t] x} +, O;LlnP bIf lzIfs agg] s] lnP df‘G6] Zj/ L tfnLd clgjfo{ x} .) df‘G6] Zj/ L tfnLd k|fKt lzlIfs ldng] d] + sf] O{ sl7gfO{ <

– g] kfn d] + df‘G6] Zj/ L lzIf0f ljlw sf k|of] u k|f/ lDes r/ 0f d] + xL x} , cleefjsf] + sf cfsif{0f tf] a9Þ / xf x} . n] lsg tfnLd k|fKt lzIfs–lzlIfsf kof{Kt gxL+ x} + . df‘G6] Zj/ L tfnLd s] lnP ljleGg ;+: yfPF eL ;~rflnt x} + . O;LlnP cfjZostf cg';f/ tfnLd k|fKt lzIfs–lzlIfsf eL pTkfbg xf] / x] x} + . ) dfG6] Zj/ L lzIff s] af/ ] d] + cleefjsf] + sL / fo s} ;L x} <

– x/ ] s cleefjs rfxt] x} + ls pgs] aRr] ljz] if Ifdtfjfg xf] ;s] . O;lnP j] ckg] aRr] sL b";/ ] aRrf] + ;] t'ngf s/ t] x} + . P] ;f s/ gf ;a;] a8ÞL e"n x} . Sof] +ls df‘G6] Zj/ L lzIf0f ljlw sf dfggf x} ls ls;L eL aRr] sL Ps b";/ ] ;] t'ngf gxL+ s/ gL rflxP . cyf{t\ x/ ] s aRrf ljz] if xf] tf x} . pd|, kfl/ jfl/ s jftfj/ 0f, zf/ Ll/ s agfj6, ;demg] sL Ifdtf cflb s] sf/ 0f x/ afnaflnsf s] ;Lvg] sL Ifdtf cnu–cnu xf] tL x} . O;LlnP afnaflnsf sL Ifdtf sf] ;dems/ xL pgsf] lzIff b] gf rflxP . O; aft sf] ;demg] jfn] cleefjs sd xL xf] t] x} + . lkm/ eL df‘G6] Zj/ L lzIff s] k|lt pg nf] uf] + sL lh1f;f cf} / cfsif{0f a9Þ / xL x} .

8f‘= dfl/ of df ‘G6] Zj/ L cf} / df‘G6] Zj/ L : s"n8f= dfl/ of df‘G6] Zj/ L sf hGd ;g\ !*&) d] + O6nL d] +

x'cf yf . j] xL+ dfl/ of …df‘G6] Zj/ L lzIf0f ljlwÚ sL k|jt{s x} + . @)jL+ ;bL s] k"jf{4{ d] + dfl/ of ;Ifd cf} / ;kmn lkmlhl;og tyf afnlzIffljb\ s] ¿k d] + kl/ lrt gfd yf . lh;g] afnlzIff d] + df‘G6] Zj/ L ljlw sf] ljZjJofkL kl/ ro lbof . dfl/ of g] lzIff ;] jl~rt, dfgl;s cf} / zf/ Ll/ s ¿k d] + c;Ifd afnaflnsf s] lnP lzIff cleofg z'? lsof . O;L cleofg s] bf} / fg dfl/ of sf] ktf rnf ls dfgl;s ¿k d] + s'5 czQm xf] t] x'P eL x/ aRrf lzIff k|fKt s/ g] d] + c;Ifd gxL+ xf] tf x} . dfl/ of g] ha O; tYo sf] cg'ej lsof, ta pGxf] +g] k/ Dk/ fut lzIf0f k4lt s] ljsNk s] ¿k d] + goL z} lIfs ljlw sf ljsf; lsof, hf] cfh df‘G6] Zj/ L lzIf0f k4lt s] ?k d] + kl/ lrt x} . ;fy d] + dfl/ of g] …k|mf] lalnogÚ wf/ s] lzIfsf] + sf] tfnLd b] gf rflxP, P] ;f cg'ej eL lsof . cf} /

k/ Dk/ fut lzIf0f s/ g] jfn] lzIfsf] + sf] tfnLd eL b] gf z'¿ lsof . O; qmd d] + hf] cg'e"lt k|fKt x'O{,

p;] z} lIfs l;4fGt s] ¿k d] + dfl/ of g] cfu] a9Þfof . …kxn] cg'e"lthGo lzIff, p;s] afb xL af} l4s lzIffÚ ox dfl/ of df‘G6] Zj/ L sf lzIff ;DaGwL ;} 4flGts ljrf/ x} . p;L cg'¿k sL lzIf0f ljlw ceL ljZj–rlr{t xf] / xL x} . lh;sf] xd df‘G6] Zj/ L lzIff s] ¿k d] + hfgt] x} + . @ ;] ^ ;fn pd/ s] afnaflnsf sf dl: tis lhtgf lqmofzLn / xtf x} , p;;] Hofbf pd/ s] aRrf] + d] + ptgf gxL+ / xtf, O; tYo sf] kxnL af/ phfu/ s/ g] jfnL JolQmTj eL dfl/ of df‘G6] Zj/ L xL x} + .

…b] vg] sf dtna k9Þgf x} cf} / 5"g] sf dtna lnvgf x} Ú df‘G6] Zj/ L lzIf0f ljlw sf ox dxTjk"0f{ l;4fGt x} . afnaflnsf sf] lzIf0f ;DaGwL x/ cg'e"lt xfl;n s/ g] sf jftfj/ 0f, cfTdlge{/ lqmofsnfk sf Joj: yfkg, Jojxf/ cf} / jftfj/ 0fLo lzIff d] + hf] / , df‘G6] Zj/ L lzIf0f sL cjwf/ 0ff x} .

lzIff


d's'Gb cfrfo{

Jo+Uo

ls;L eL k] z] d] + 3';g] s] lnP v'b sf] p; k] z] s] lnP sflan agfgf nflhdL xf] tf x} . ax't ;f/ ] kfk8Þ a] ng] k8Þt] x+} . p; cvf8Þ] sf] gfdL lu/ fdL p: tfbf] + sL uGbL nuf] +6 sL ;kmfO{ ts s/ gL k8ÞtL x} . ta hf s/ cvf8Þ] sL w"n d] + nf] 6g] sf ;f} efUo ldntf x} . ox tf} / t/ Lsf ts/ Lag ;eL k] z] d] + Ps ;f xf] tf x} . cfk tf] hfgt] x} +, df] bL g] rfo a] rg] jfn] sfd ;] ckg] s} l/ o/ sL z'?jft sL yL .

g] kfnL a8Þ] v'zg;La x} + . Og sf] …;+ljwfgÚ gfds Ps P] ;f ;bfaxf/ d'2f ldn uof x} , lh;] jiff] {+ jif{ e'gf s/ , …;f+;bÚ ag s/ gafaL P] z km/ dfof hf ;stf x} . b] z s] vhfg] sf] vfnL lsof hf ;stf x} . a] js"km g] kfnL hgtf ;demtL x} , xd ;+ljwfg agf / x] x} + . du/ ;f+;b cR5L t/ x hfgt] x} + ls ;+ljwfg ag uof tf] xd n"6g] sxfF hfP+u] . ;+ljwfg agf s/ ckg] k} / f] + k/ s'Nxf8ÞL s} ;] df/ ] + < z} tfg sL cf+t sL t/ x ;+ljwfg agfg] sf ;do lhtgf a9Þfof hfP, ptgf xL a] xt/ . ;fnf] + ;fn …sfg"gL n'6] / ] Ú ag s/ P] zf] cf/ fd sL lhGbuL a;/ s/ ;st] x} + . ;+ljwfg s] axfg] ljb] zL db\b eL cf/ fd ;] 8sf/ ;st] x} + . dhfn x} sf] O{ c+u'nL p7f b] .

Otgf nfebfos cf} / cf/ fdbfos k] zf b";/ f sf] O{ xf] gxL+ ;stf . xfF ;f+;b agg] s] lnP s'5 cf;fg zt] {+ tf] k"/ L s/ gL xL xf] uL . ;a;] kxn] tf] ls;L kf6L{ sL k"F5 ks8Þ nLlhP, gxL+ tf] kf6L{ lktf s] k} / ksl8ÞP, r/ 0ff] + d] + nf] 6 hfO{P . kf6L{ g] tf s] r/ 0ff] + d] + s'5 gf] 6, s'5 ef] 6 ;dlk{t sLlhP tf] ;xL, cfk sf] lagf r'gfj n8Þ] xL …;f+;bÚ dgf] lgt s/ lbof hfPuf . lkm/ tf] ;fnf] + ;fn r} g sL j+zL ahft] / lxP .

O; b/ ldofg ls;L a8Þ] g] tf ;] hfg kxrfg x'O{ xf] tf] p; g] tf s] k|d'v cfltYo d] + / f;nLnf sf / +uLnf sfo{qmd / vf hf ;stf x} . k|d'v cltly ag] g] tf jf g] tfOg cljjflxt xf] tf] ;f] g] k] ;f] xfuf ;demf] . / fhgLlt d] + O;L t/ x a'nGbL xfl;n sL hf ;stL x} . safa cf} / zafa ls; cefu] g] tf sf] k;Gb g xf] uf . cfk tx] lbn ;] k] z tf] s/ f] .

;f+;b kb kfg] s] lnP, cfk sf] k9ÞfO{ d] + duhdf/ L s/ g] sL h¿/ t gxL+ . ckg] 5'6kg ;] xL cyf{t\ : s'nL lbgf] + ;] xL cfk d] + a] jhx emu8Þg] sf dfb\bf xf] , tf] 8Þkmf] 8Þ s/ g] d] + dhf cftf xf] , aGb–x8tfn s/ jfg] d] + cfkg] dxf/ t xfl;n sL xf] tf] cfk Ps ;kmn ;f+;b ag ;st] x} + cf} / ;bg d] + dfOs s';L{ cflb ef} lts ;fwgf] + sf] xlyof/ agf s/ dxfef/ t sf l/ x;{n s/ ;st] x} + . cfk ;f+;b sd cf} / bfbf Hofbf ag hfPF tf] kf} af/ x ;dlemP . sf] O{ eL kf6L{ cfk sf] cfksL bfbflu/ L s] lagf k/ d'FxdfFuf bfd b] s/ v/ Lb ;stL x} . j} ;L kfl6{of] + sf

d"ndGq xf] tf x} – ;bg sL km;n …d;nÚ ;] sf6L hf ;stL x} .

d'em] k"/ f osLg x} , O; zt{ sf] cfk a] xb cf;fgL ;] k"/ L s/ n] +u] .

rlnP O;L l;nl;n] d] + Ps cxd zt{ ;] ?–a–? xf] t] x} + . j} ;] tf] x/ cfbdL pmk/ ;] vftf x} cf} / gLr] ;] lgsfntf x} . du/ aft tf] ta ag] uL, ha cfk gLr] ;] vfo] +u] cf} / pmk/ ;] lgsfn] +u] .

gxL+ ;dem] + < cfO{P ;/ n efiff d] + O; aft sf]

;demft] x} + . / fhgLlt d] + cfk kxn] gLr] ;] vfO{P . cyf{t\ lhNnf: t/ ;] cfk n"l6P cf} / n"6 sL p; / sd ;] s'5 k|ltzt pmk/ jfn] sf] r6ft] hfO{P . O;L sf] sxt] x} +– gLr] ;] vf s/ pmk/ ;] lgsfngf . ox vfg] sf P] ;f gfofa tl/ sf x} , lh;;] abxhdL ljNs'n gxL+ xf] uL .

of/ l;wL ;L aft x} . v'b eL vfcf] cf} / b";/ f] + sf] eL lvnfcf] . …lnj P08 n] 6 lnjÚ O;L sf] sxt] x} + . cfhsn tf] ox ljZjJofkL dfGotf k|fKt gf/ f x} . O;] s} ;] em'7nfof hf ;stf x} .

;f+;b agg] s] lnP u/ v'bfgvf: tf r'gfjL b+un d] + bf] –bf] xfy s/ gf xL k8Þ] tf] p; b+un d] + kmtx xfl;n s/ g] s] lnP s'5 k'/ c;/ l6K; cfksL lvbdt d] + k] z s/ tf x"F–

s_ r'gfjL b+un d] + pt/ g] jfn] sf] ha ts r'gfj vTd g xf] hfP ta ts v'b sf] ;a sf ;] js dfg n] gf rflxP, em"7f xL ;xL . xf] ;s] tf] 5f] 6L df] 6L dbb s/ g] sf gf6s eL s/ ;st] x} + .

v_ sf] O{ ufnL eL b] ] tf] xF;t] x'P ckg] u': ;] sf] kL hfO{P . r'gfj s] afb r"lto] sf] h'ltcfof hfPuf .

u_ O; bf} / fg x/ ;fj{hlgs cj;/ f] + d] + qmflGtsf/ L efif0fafhL s/ t] / lxP . …jrg] sf bl/ b|tf <Ú jrg d] + So"F s+h";L <

3_ ;dfh d] + x/ ls;L s] bf] : t cf} / b'Zdg tf] xf] t] xL x} + . cfk eL r'gfjL df} ;d d] + b'Zdg sf] eL nDaf–;f b08jt\ k|0ffd sLlhP . cf} / jQm–j] jQm p; gfd'/ fb sL em"7L tf/ Lkm s/ bLlhP . a] x"bf km'n s/ u'Aaf/ f xf] hfPuf . r'gfj s] afb p; km'n] x'P u'Aaf/ ] sf] Ps cfnkLg sf xNsf ;f r'+ag s/ jf b] gf .

ª_ b'Zdg agf x'cf k|ltåGåL sf] ;fd–bfd, b08e] b ls;L eL gLlt ;] k5f8Þg] d] + ckgf enf x} . sxf eL uof x} – h+u cf} / d'xAat d] + ;a s'5 hfoh xf] tf x} .

sxf hftf x} , a'l4dfg sf] O{zf/ f sfkmL xf] tf x} . cf} / cfk tf] j] zs a'l4dfg xf] xL . J

;f+;b agg] sL h?/ L zt] {+

;f+;b kb kfg] s] lnP, cfk sf] k9 ÞfO{ d] + duhdf/ L s/ g] sL h¿/ t gxL+ . ckg] 5'6kg ;] xL cyf{t\ : s'nL lbgf] + ;] xL cfk d] + a] jhx emu8 Þg] sf dfb\bf xf] , tf] 8 Þkmf] 8 Þ s/ g] d] + dhf cftf xf] , aGb–x8tfn s/ jfg] d] + cfkg] dxf/ t xfl;n sL xf] tf] cfk Ps ;kmn ;f+;b ag ;st] x} +

cf} / ;bg d] + dfOs s';L{ cflb ef} lts ;fwgf] + sf] xlyof/ agf s/ dxfef/ t sf l/ x;{n s/

;st] x} + .


sljtfP+

ofbf] + s] em/ f] v] ;] tf] Sof d] / L rfxt ax't Hofbf yL <d} +g] tf] rfxL yL l;km{ bf] cfFv] cf} / s'5 eL tf] gxL+,ef] / gxL+, ;fFem gxL+, cfwL / ft gxL+–cGg j: q 5t gxL+: d/ 0f dgg s'5 eL gxL+If0fe/ sL Psu|tf cf} / cun] xL knp;sf ld6 hfgf l;km{ oxL tf] –lkm/ eL Sof d] / L rfxt ax't Hofbf yL <

– gjgLtf b] j;] g

lxGbL x} g] kfn sL eL efiff

;'bz{g nfn s0f{ ‘aGw'’

lxGbL x} hg hg sL efiffx} ox O; w/ tL sL efiffox x} O; ld§L sL efifflxGbL x} g] kfn sL eL efiff ;fw' ;Gtf] + g] O;L efiff d] +wd{ sf cy{ oxfF atnfof yfoxfF s] kxf8ÞL u'kmfcf] + d] +/ fds[i0f sf uLt ufof yflzj kfj{tL sL dlxdf sfsGb/ fcf] + d] + eL cnv hufof yf . / fhg} lts ;Ldf abntL / xtLOltxf; g] xd] + l;vfof x} lxGbL x} O; ld§L sL efiffe"uf] n g] xd] + atnfof x} . ha–ha cGw / fi6« eQmf] + g] efiffcf] + sf] ;Ldf d] + afFwgf rfxfx'O{ dfgj sL xflg . efiff tf] efiff xf] tL x} O;sL dlxdf x} lg/ fnLgxL+ xf] tL ls;L Ps b] z sL yftL . k/ oxfF s] s'5 cGw / fi6« eQmf] + g] lxGbL sf] oxfF nnsf/ f yflxGbL af] ng] jfn] sf] oxfF ;/ ] cfd km6sf/ f yf . cNnfx, uha x} ,ca o] eL lxGbL af] nt] x} +o] df} sf k/ : t x} <lxGbL OGx] + efoL x} <lxGbL x} g] kfn sL efiff;do d] + OGx] + ofb cfof x} .

cx+/ ~hgf emf

p;sf cx+ a8Þf x} ,Sof] +ls jx lktf x} .p;sf l;/ em's] s} ;] ,Sof] +ls jx efO{ x} .p;sf kf} ?if xf/ ] s} ;] ,Sof] +ls jx klt x} .p;sL lh2 dfg] s} ;] ,Sof] +ls jx k|] d s/ tf x} .k/ , ;r tf] ;r x} .sf] O{ s'5 gxL, l;km{ k'?if x} k'?ifjx ljjz x} ,Sof] +ls jx dfF x} jx hLt gxL+ ;stL .ckg] Ob{ lub{ hntL cfFvf] + s] 8/ ;] Sof] +ls jx a] 6L x} .jx hs8Þ s] / x uO{ x} ;f} –;f} jh{gfcf] + sL a] l8Þof] + d] +Sof] +ls jx kTgL x} .p;sL lhGbuL sL s'5 sLdt gxL+Sof] +ls jx k|] d s/ tL x} ,k/ aft l;km{ OtgL x} ls,jx gf/ L x} gf/ Lcf} / , jx xf/ tL cfO{ x} ;bf ;] ckgL OHht, ckgL rfxtcf} / ckgL lhGbuL ..

;Ltfd9L, laxf/

afj/ ] dg sL cfjfh

u0f] z nf7

bb{ seL rfxf g yfbjf / f; cfO{ eL g yLu'h/ t] / x] lbg a; o"+ xLls;L ;] sf] O{ lzsfot eL g yL .

sO{ ;'astL ofb] + yL h] xg d] +p;] afx/ cfg] lbof g yf;x] htf / xf cfF;" a; o"+ xLcfFv] seL 8a8afO{ eL g yL . sl7g yf 8u/ lkm/ eLkn6 s/ b] vf g yfa9Þt] / x] tgxf sbd a; o"+ xLls;L / xu'h/ sL k/ 5fO{ eL g yL .

x/ df] 8 k/ ldn] ;f} b] afhls;L ;] sf] O{ ?;jfO{ eL g yLgsf/ tf / xf pgsf ;f} bf a; o"xL+v'b sL lsdt seL nufO{ eL g yL .

sf] O{ yf cGb/ l5kf a} 7f¿–a–¿ seL xf] kfof g yf;'gtf / xf p;sL aft] + a; o+" xL+gh/ ] + seL v'b ;] r'/ fO{ eL g yL .


b l;8Szg cf‘km lbNnL -lbNnL sf nfnr_

sljdg ceo s'df/ sL n] vgL g] s'5 P] ;L d"t{ cd"t{ j: t'cf] + cf} / efjgfcf] + sf] n] s/ sljtf / rL x} , lh;] ;fwf/ 0f ¿k d] + xdf/ L cfFv] + b] vtL x} +, s'5 If0f p;sL agfj6 p;sL v"a;"/ tL sf] cfTd;ft\ s/ tL x} cf} / lkm/ zg} M zg} M p;] lj: d[t s/ b] tL x} . lsGt' Ps snfsf/ dg d] + xL jx Ifdtf xf] tL x} ls, jx O;] ckg] dg d] + xL gxL+ a;ftf x} , alNs seL t'lnsfcf] + s] ;xf/ ] tf] seL r+b zAbf] + s] ;xf/ ] Ps hLjGt t: jL/ xdf/ ] ;fdg] vL+r b] tf x} .

of] + tf] ceos'df/ Ps s"6gLlt1 s] ¿k d] + ef/ tLo b"tfjf; sf7dfG8" d] + sfo{/ t x} +, lsGt' pgsf dg ckg] zx/ lbNnL sf] xd] zf ofb s/ tf x} . lbNnL hf] lbnjfnf] + sL x} cf} / P] ltxfl;s b: tfj] h eL . jxfF sL P] ltxfl;s dLgf/ ] +, Odf/ t] +, ;8Þs] +, ;fpy Anf‘s, l/ Szfjfnf ;eL OgsL sljtf sf ljifo ag] x} + . OGxf] +g] hf] zAbf] + s] ;xf/ ] lsof x} p;] lrqf] + s] dfWod ;] JoSt O6flnog lrqsf/ tf/ l;tf] g] lsof x} . bf] snfsf/ f] + s] ;fy g] O; / rgf sf] ;Dk"0f{ lsof x} .

s[lt sL kxnL xL sljtf x} lbNnL, r+b zAbf] + s] ;xf/ ] slj g] Ps lrq vL+rf x} , lbNnL sL eL8Þ sf, sfkf] {/ ] 6 hut sf lh;] jf] OtgL b"/ / x s/ eL dx;"; s/ / xf

x} , jxfF sL u+w hf] : jfy{ sL x} , b+ufO{of] + sL x} cf} / x} dfgj dfF; s] eL8Þ sL . afh sL tLI0f lgufx] + p; k/ emk6g] sf] , p;] lgun hfg] sf] t} of/ x} . Ps 5f] 6L ;L sljtf cfh s] oyfy{ sf] kf7s s] ;fdg] nf b] tL x} .

seL tf] slj Otgf a} r] g xf] tf x} ls OGb|k|: y sf] jx s'5 If0ff] + d] + xL ckg] s/ La n] cfgf rfxtf x} . P] ;] xL s'5 efj x} + pgsL sljtf k'/ fgf lsnf d] + .

Otgf xL gxL+ slj / fhgLlt s] ulnof/ f] + d] + eL e6stf x} . / fhgLlt s] cvf8Þ] sf] O+lut s/ tL pgsL sljtf x} ;fpy Anf ‘s . efj b] lvP—zlSt s] nDa] ulnof/ ] , 5t ;] pmFrL p8Þg] jfn] d] x/ fj, bkm\t/ f] + sf juL{s/ 0f cf} / / x: odoL km';km';fx6 cf} / cf} +w] k8Þ] a] +r . o] r+b jfSo Ps k"/ L sxfgL sx b] tf x} ls;L eL / fhg} lts ulnof/ ] sL . b] nxL Ph cfO{ Pd d] + lbNnL sL bf: tf+ x} ckg] cGb/ sO{ ptf/ r9Þfj sf] ;d] 6] lbNnL, sO{ zf;sf] + ;] zfl;t lbNnL cfh eL k|sfzdfg x} . cnfO dLgf/ , s't'a dLgf/ , nfn lsnf, nf] wL uf8{g, zLz u'Dab, ;kmb/ h+u h} ;L sO{ sljtfPF O;d] + ;+u|lxt x} + . O; ;+u|x d] + sfkmL xfp;, d] 8, ;'/ IffsdL{, l/ Szfjfnf ;ag] hux kfO{ x} .

O; ;+u|x sf ljdf] rg hok'/ d] + cfof] lht cGt/ / fi6«Lo ;flxTo dxf] T;j d] + x'cf x} . lrqsf/ g] k] +l;n ;] lrqf] + sf] ps] / f x} cf} / Pqm] lns, uf] N8 lnkm cflb sf k|of] u lsof x} . slj ceo sL n] vgL ax't hNb sf7dfG8f} sf] eL ;d] 6g] jfnL x} . slj sf sfJoTj lgv/ ] cf} / cfufdL lbgf] + d] + eL xd] + OgsL efjgfcf] + ;] u'h/ g] sf cj;/ k|fKt xf] . Ps ;fy{s s[lt s] lnP awfO{ cf} / cfufdL s[lt s] lnP clu|d z'esfdgfPF .

–k|:t'ltM 8f= Zj]tf bLlKt

;[li6 cfksL, b[li6 xdf/ L

;flxTosf/ ldq lbg] z u'Ktf sL O; gjLtd s[lt sf] k9Þs/ kf7s ckg] cfk sf] s'5 b] / s] lnP xL ;xL e'nf a} 7tf x} . k"jL{o ;flxTo d] + d'Qms sf] kB ljwf sf n3'Qd : j¿k dfgf uof x} . j} ;] eL cfh sf cfbdL v'b sf] Otgf Jo: t kftf x} ls jx nDa] sn] j/ jfnL u|Gyf] + d] + pnemgf, dfyfkRrL s/ gf ljNs'n k;Gb gxL+ s/ tf . …: dn Oh

s[ltM cfGx/ s] zx/ d] + -ef] hk'/ L d'Qms ;+u|x_s[ltsf/ M lbg] z u'Ktfk|sfzsM g] kfn ef] hk'/ L ;dfh, jL/ u+hd"NoM !)).–

Jo"6LÚ sf hdfgf cf uof g Û…ufu/ d] + ;fu/ Ú jfnL aft d'Qms ljwf

k/ ;6Ls a} 7tL x} . yf] 8Þ] d] + ax't s'5 sx b] gf O; ljwf sL vfl;ot dfgL hfPuL . gh/ k} gL xf] tf] cfk n3'tf d] + eL ;'Gb/ tf 9"+9 xL n] +u] .

k|: t't d'Qms ;+u|x sf] slj u'Ktf g] v'b xL g] kfnLo ef] hk'/ L ;flxTo sf kxnf–kxnf d'Qms ;+u|x xf] g] ] sf bfjf lsof x} . pgsf dfggf x} , ef] hk'/ L ;flxTo s] e08f/ d] + lhg df] ltof] + sL sdL x} , p;] xd k"/ L s/ g] sL sf] lzz s/ ] +u] . / rgfsf/ s] p;L hHa] sf] ;fsf/ ¿k k|bfg lsof x} , O; ef] hk'/ L d'Qms ;+u|x g] . n] vs dxf] bo O;s] lnP awfO{ s] kfq x} + .

k':ts ;dLIff


k|: t't d'Qms ;+u|x d] + af;7 -^@_ d'Qmsf] + -dgsf] +_ sL dfnf lk/ f] oL uO{ x} . O; dfnf sf x/ dgsf cfh s] cfbdL s] dg sf ;/ n efiff d] + lbUbz{g s/ fg] d] + ;kmn nutf x} . cfk ef] hk'/ L sf / ;f: jfbg s/ ;st] xf] + tf] h/ f O; d'Qms d] + 5'k] x'P Jo+Uo k/ uf} / s/ ] +–

nf] u hGd] nf d/ xL+ vflt/ hLjg d] + s'5 s/ xL+ vflt/ pm cfbdL gf x g] tf xh] lhPnf r/ xL+ vflt/ . P] ;] cg] s x[bo: kzL{ d'Qms O; ;+u|x

d] + ldn] +u] , lhGx] + k9Þg] k/ cfk s'5 ;f] rg] sf] h¿/ dha"/ xf] +u] . d;ng s'5 d'Qms k] z x} +–

sjgf] cfj] nf lhGbuL ag s] sjgf] + cfj] nf a+buL ags] eujfg agn t cf;fg afsf] O{ atfj] cfbdL ags] .tLg k+lQm s] O; d'Qms sf] b] v] +–sf] O{ kL s] cf / xn af sf] O{ lkof s]

cf / xn afk|s[lt s] O{ lje] bsf/ L, bdgsf/ L lgod

t b] vL+sf] O{ e"vn] af t sf] O{ lvof s] cf

/ xn af . O; d'Qms d] + slj cdL/ L–u/ LaL k/

gf/ fhuL s] ;fy ckgL / fo hflx/ s/ t] x} + . dx+ufO{ s] b+z sf] slj g] s} ;] ps] / f x} Og zAbf] + d] + h/ f cfk eL dh] n] +–

lhguL lhon d'xfn eOn af6] sf sxL+ sO;g xd/ xfn eOn af6] <saf] / x] d'uL{ bfn s] a/ fa/ ca d'uL{ ;] dx+uf bfn eOn af6] . Og bf] gf] + d'Qms d] + lhGbuL sf kmn;kmf

slj sL h'afgL ;'lgPM–s] x" sfx] s/ L xd/ f vflt/ <s] x" sfx] w/ L xd/ f vflt/ <ha nf] u vflt/ xd s'5 gf sOgLs] x" sfx] d/ L xd/ f vflt/ <

hO;] –hO;] pdL/ a9Þn hf / xn aflhguL ;] l/ Ztf 36n hf / xn afxd/ f s] nf] u saf] + sx] gfl: tsca lbg–/ ft / fd–/ fd / 6n hf / xn

af O; d'Qms ;+u|x d] + kf7s cg] s / ;f] +

sf cf: jfbg cf;fgL ;] s/ ;stf x} . hxfF ts sldof] + sL aft x} , d} + dfgtf x"F ls sf] O{ eL s[lt ;Dk"0f{ ¿k ;] q'l6xLg xf] xL

gxL+ ;stL . xfF slj ldq lg/ Gt/ ckgL / rgfwld{tf sf] sfod / v] + cf} / n] vgL sL wf/ sf] tLI0ftf k|bfg s/ ] + .

Ps 5f] 6L ;L aft sL cf] / sljhL sf ljgd|tfk"j{s Wofgsif{0f s/ fgf rfxtf x"F . cu/ ef] hk'/ L s] zAb ;xh xL pknAw xf] tf] pg sf xL k|of] u cf} / cR5f xf] tf h} ;] M

lkm/ eL cf] s/ sjgf] lsDdt gOv] -$* jfF d'Qms_

oxfF …lkm/ eLÚ sL hux d] + …tlxof] + 7] 7Ú ef] hk'/ L zAb / vt] tf] zfob a'/ f gxL+ xf] tf . l5ofln;j+] d'Qms sL clGtd bf] k+lQmof] + d] + kf7s efj s] e+j/ d] + e|ldt xf] ;stf x} . h} ;] M

eujfg ag] s] rfxt d] +b] jtf hNnfb ag uO{n af .clGtd k+lQm d] + …b] jtf, s] abn] …

cfbdLÚ zfob a] xt/ k|of] u xf] tf . v} / === 5f] l8ÞP Og 5f] 6L df] 6L aftf] + sf] . pDdLb s/ ] +, cfg] jfn] lbgf] + d] + u'Ktf hL cf} / Hofbf v'ns/ ;fdg] cfP+u] . cf} / ckgL 9] Þ/ ;f/ L / rgfcf] + ;] ef] hk'/ L ;flxTo cf} / kf7s sf] dfnfdfn s/ ] +u] .

k|: t'ltM d's'Gb cfrfo{

k':ts ;dLIff


g]kfnu+h l/kf]6{

@^ hgj/ L @)!$ cyf{t\ u0ftGq lbj; sf c;/ lbNnL sL t'ngf d] + g] kfn ef/ t ;Ldf k/ gh/

cfof . cd] l/ sL / fi6«klt a/ fs cf] afdf sf cfudg eL ;'/ Iff If] q d] + rf} s;L sf sf/ 0f agf n] lsg ef/ tLo ;+rf/ dfWod g] nuftf/ g] kfn d] + a9Þt] cft+sL c8\8f+] s] af/ ] d] + v'ns/ ;dfrf/ cf} / tYo ;fj{hlgs lsof, ;LdfjtL{ If] q s] nf] u hxfF ckgL b} lgsL ;+jf/ g] s] lnP szdsz sL lbgrof{ ;] u'h/ / x] y] jxL+, bf] x/ L ;'/ Iff gLlt g] @# hgj/ L ;] xL hLgf b'Zjf/ s/ lbof yf . xfnf+ls cfd nf] u ef/ t d] + ls;L r'gfj sf c+b] zf s/ / x] y] jxL+ vf; nf] uf] + sf Wofg af/ fs cf] afdf sL ofqf t} of/ L cf} / b] z e/ d] + a9ÞtL ;'/ Iff rf} s;L k/ yf .

u0ftGq lbj; k/ ef/ t d] + cft+sL xdnf xf] g] sf c+b] zf xf] gf cfd aft x} n] lsg j} ;L 36gf sf Knflg+u g] kfn d] + xf] , ox ckg] cfk d] + xL uDeL/ ljifo x} . ef/ tLo u'Ktr/ Ph] G;L l/ ;r{ P08 P6lds lj+u -/ f‘_ g] u0ftGq lbj; s] cj;/ k/ ef/ t s] d'Vo zx/ f] + d] + cft+sL xdn] sL cfz+sf s/ t] x'P k"/ ] b] z d] + ;'/ Iff ;ts{tf a9Þfg] sf ;/ sf/ sf] lgb] {zg lbof . g] kfn s] pQ/ k|b] z cf} / laxf/ / fHo sL ;Ldf k/ Ph] G;L g] ;'/ Iff s8ÞL s/ g] sf lgb] {z lbof cf} / ef/ t ;/ sf/ g] % r/ 0f d] + ;'/ Iff ;ts{tf a9ÞfO{ . P;P;aL ax/ fOr x] 8Sjf6/ g] dLl8of sf] hfgsf/ L b] t] x'P sxf ls g] kfn ;] cjf+l5t tTjf] + s] k|j] z xf] g] sL cfz+sf s] sf/ 0f ;LdfjtL{ If] qf] + d] + ;'/ Iff a9ÞfO{ uO{ x} . Ph] G;L g] ox eL v'nf;f lsof yf ls nDa] ;do ;]

cft+sjfbL g] kfn sL e"ld sf k|of] u s/ / x] x} + cf} / ef/ t lj?4 of] hgf tyf k|lzIf0f sf sfd g] kfn d] + xf] tf x} . OG6] nLh] G6\; Ao"/ f] g] eL cft+ssf/ L g] kfn s] / f: t] ef/ t d] + k|j] z s/ g] sL cfz+sf htfO{ cf} / ef/ t ;/ sf/ g] g] kfn ef/ t ;Ldf k/ bf] x/ L ;'/ Iff gLlt agft] x'P ef/ t sL cf] / ;] k'ln;, P;P;aL, aLP;Pkm, kLP;;L cf} / u'Ktr/ f] + sf] t} gft s/ ;'/ Iff ;ts{tf r': t sL .

g] kfn d] + afFs] , slknj: t', sf7df+8" cf} / / f} tx6 lhnf cft+sL l7sfgf] + s] lnP lrlGxt lsP uP . Og lhnf] + cf} / gfsf] + k/ k'ln; sL rf} s;L a9ÞL, ;'/ Iff clwsfl/ of] + g] g] kfn ef/ t ;Ldf cGtu{t afFs] lhnf s] ;'O{of, / f] ;gk'jf{, 3f] 8Þbf} l/ of, ss/ b/ L, / fdk'/ , ;Gtlnof, ho;k'/ , lx/ ldlgof, cf} / vh'/ f If] q s] ljleGg gfsf] + k/ hfFr sf/ jfxL sf] ;Vt agfO{ . cfjZos g ;dem] hfg] jfn] gfsf aGb s/ lbP uP .

v} / , cft+sL xdnf] + ;] h'8Þf Ps tYo ox eL x} ls Sof jfsO{ g] kfn cft+sL l7sfgf agtf hf / xf x} < Sof oxfF sL ;'/ Iff gLlt v/ L gxL+ x} < cf} / ls; b] z s] u'Ktr/ cf} / cft+ssfl/ of] + s] lgzfg] k/ g] kfn x} <

lxdflngL g] OGxL+ d] + s'5 vf; 36gfcf] + k/ k|sfz 8fng] sL sf] lzz sL cf} / jfsO{ rf} +sf b] g] jfn] tYo ;fdg] cfo] . ef/ tLo ;'/ Iff Ph] lG;of] + g] lk5n] lbgf] + g] kfn ;] bh{gf] + ck/ fwL lu/ km\tf/ s/ ox ;flat lsof x} ls, g] kfn pg ck/ flwof] + s] lnP l5kg] sf ;'/ lIft : yfg x} hf] ef/ t s] lj?4 sfd s/ gf rfxt] x+} , of ls;L ck/ fw d] + zfldn xf] g] s] sf/ 0f ef/ tLo If] q ;] km/ f/ x} + . lu/ km\tf/ s/ g] sf l;nl;nf a9Þtf uof cf} / ef/ tLo ;'/ Iff clwsfl/ of] + g] g] kfn ;] ofl;g e6sn, df] xDdb pd/ , ckmhn p: dfgL ;lxt bh{gf] + a8] Þ ck/ flwof] + sf] lx/ f;t d] + lnof, hf] ef/ tLo If] q d] + ad Anf: 6 h} ;] ;+uLg ck/ fw d] + ;+nUg y] . @)^% ;fn d] + x'cf g] kfnuGh lgjf;L gsnL gf] 6 ls+u dhLb dlgxf/ xTof dfdnf ceL ts u'lTyof] + d] + pnemf x'cf x} . jxL+ o'g'; c+;f/ L sf] g] kfn k'ln; g] #! lb;+a/ @))* d] + %) nfv s] ef/ tLo gsnL gf] 6 ;lxt sf7df+8" ;] kxnL af/ lu/ km\tf/ lsof yf . h] n s] afb o'g'; g] lkm/ ckgf sf/ f] af/ gsnL gf] 6 xL agfof, gsnL gf] 6 cf} / 8«U; d] + l;km{ gsnL gf] 6 sf/ f] af/ d] + cbfnt g] o'g'; sf] & ;fn sL ;hf ;'gfO{ . g] kfn d] + bfpb Oa|flxd sf ;a;] s/ LaL cf} / g] kfn d] + km} n] p;s] c/ af] + 8fn/ s] sf/ f] af/ sf ;+rfns o'g'; c+;f/ L xL yf . g] kfn ;/ sf/ O; sf/ 0f

ljgo bLlIft

cft+sjfb cf} / u'Ktr/ L s] demwf/ d] + g] kfn

cft+sL xdnf] + ;] h'8 Þf Ps tYo ox eL x} ls Sof jfsO{ g] kfn cft+sL l7sfgf agtf hf / xf x} < Sof oxfF sL ;'/ Iff gLlt v/ L gxL+ x} < cf} / ls; b] z s] u'Ktr/ cf} / cft+ssfl/ of] + s] lgzfg] k/ g] kfn x} <


eL cfjZos kxn gxL+ s/ tL ls P] ;] sf/ f] af/ d] + ;+nUg nf] uf] + sf ld;g l;km{ ef/ t lj/ f] wL xf] tf x} , hf] l;km{ g] kfn sL e"ld k|of] u s/ t] x} + . g] kfn d] + a} 7s/ ef/ t lj/ f] wL of] hgf agfP hft] x+} , cft+s cf} / ck/ fw d] + ;+nUg ck/ flwof+] s] l5kg] s] lnP oxfF cR5f dfgf hftf x} . lk5n] lbgf] +, ofl;g e6sn, 6'08f cf} / ckmhn p: dfgL h} ;] a8Þ] cft+sjfbL g] kfn ;] lu/ km\tf/ x'P cf} / ;jfn g] kfn ;/ sf/ k/ p7f ls ox cft+lsof] sf] z/ 0f b] g] sf b] z x} < ck/ flwof] + s] a9Þt] l;nl;n] g] u'Ktr/ Ph] lG;of] + sf] eL g] kfn d] + kgkg] sf df} sf lbof, ef/ t, rLg, kfls: tfg, a+Unf b] z cf} / cd] l/ sf sL u'Ktr/ Ph] G;L s] nf] u cnu–cnu p2] Zo s] ;fy g] kfn sf] ckgf sfo{If] q agft] cfP x} + .

k'ln; s] cg';f/ @)^^ ;fn kf} if !^ ut] ;'ax kfls: tfgL gful/ s Po/ nfOG; ;] # ;"6s] ; s] ;fy sf7df+8" l: yt lqe'jg ljdfg: yn k/ pt/ f, kfls: tfg s/ fFrL l: yt nfgL sfnf] gL lgjf;L df] xDdb Osafn o'g'; s] lnP gsnL gf] 6 n] s/ cfof yf . afb d] + k'ln; g] k"/ ] / } s] 6 ;lxt @% nfv $$ xhf/ % ;f} ef/ tLo gsnL gf] 6 a/ fdb lsof .

cflZjg ^ ut] lqe'jg ljdfg: yn k/ b";/ f sf/ f] af/ L 6] saxfb'/ sfsL{ ks8Þf uof . $) nfv gsnL ef/ tLo ?= k'ln; g] a/ fdb lsof . @)^^ d] + o'g'; sf kfls: tfgL gful/ s xfhL tnfb ;] ;Dks{ xf] g] sL k'li6 k'ln; g] sL yL . lhn] s] 8LP;kL ;'zLn l;+x / f7f} 8Þ g] kfls: tflgof] + sf] g] kfn d] + k|ltaGw g xf] g] s] sf/ 0f ck/ fw a9Þg] sL aft sxL, g] kfn d] + cfk/ flws ultljlw g s/ g] s] sf/ 0f eL P] ;] nf] u lu/ km\t d] + gxL+ cft] . pGxf] g] sxf– ls;L eL b] z sf ck/ fwL xdf/ ] b] z sf eL ck/ fwL xL x} . n] lsg oxfF ck/ fw ;fljt xf] g] jfn] ;a"t gxL+ ldn kft] .

O;L aLr ef/ tLo s] Gb|Lo cg';Gwfg Ao"/ f] g] xfn xL d] + Ps l/ kf] 6{ ;fj{hlgs s/ ef/ t s] / f: t] *) xhf/ g] kfnL o'jltof] + sf] b'aO{ kx'FrfP hfg] sf dfdnf v'nf;f lsof x} . g] kfn d] + a9ÞtL dfgj t: s/ L sf ox tfhf dfdnf gxL+ x} , O;;] kxn] eL ef/ t s] a8] Þ zx/ f] + d] + of} g wGwf d] + xhf/ f] + g] kfnL o'jltof] + s] ;dfj] z xf] g] sL l/ kf] 6{ afx/ cf r'sL x} .

lhn] d] + gsnL gf] 6 sf / } s] 6lhn] d] + kxnL af/ dhLb dgLxf/

xTofsf08 g] @)^% ;fn d] + gsnL gf] 6 s] wGw] sf v'nf;f lsof . ef/ tLo Jofkfl/ of+] s] ;fy gsnL gf] 6 sf/ f] af/ L s] ¿k d] + rlr{t dhLb sf xTofsf08 ca eL u'lTyof] + d] + xL x} .

n] lsg dhLb s] afb eL gsnL gf] 6 sf sf/ f] af/ / f] sg] d] + k|zf;lgs lgsfo c;kmn xL / xf . cfly{s jif{ @)^&, )^* d] + !, ^*, ^( d] + !, ^(,&) d] + $ dfdn] ef/ tLo gsnL gf] 6

t: s/ L s] ;fdg] cfP . lh;d] a8ÞL ;kmntf @)^( ;fn df3 dxLg] d] + k'ln; g] afFs] / em] gf lgjf;L odnfn 9sfn sf] *% xhf/ gsnL gf] 6 s] ;fy lu/ km\tf/ lsof .

9sfn g] ckg] aofg d] + k'ln; sf] atfof ls jx gsnL gf] 6 sf7df+8" l: yt o'g'; cG;f/ L ts kx'Frfg] hf / xf yf . p;g] v'b sf] a] s;"/ atft] x'P !) xhf/ ?kP s] lnP jx a} u sf7df+8" kx'Frfg] hf / xf yf . aofg d] + p;g] sxf yf ls ef/ t cfhdu9Þ lgjf;L p;L s] ;fyL tflx/ x;g g] , p;] a} u sf7df+8" kx'Frfg] s] lnP lbof yf .

tflx/ cf} / p;s] ;fy Ps cf} / cfbdL odnfn sf] a} u p;L s] 3/ d] + b] ] g] cfP y] cf} / ef8Þf : j¿k !) xhf/ g] kfnL ?kP eL lbP y] . k'ln; g] odnfn sf] s8Þ] cg';Gwfg s] afb sf/ fuf/ rnfg s/ lbof . odnfn s] aofg s] d'tflas k'ln; g] ckgL sf/ jfxL cfu] a9ÞfO{ n] lsg ck] Iffs[t ;kmntf gxL+ ldn ;sL .

d"lt{ t: s/ L, Sof x} dfdnf <lhn] d] + lk5n] $ jiff] {+ d] + d"lt{ rf] / L cf} /

t: s/ L s] a8Þ] dfdn] ;fdg] cfP x} + . lk5n] xKfm\t] g] kfn l: yt s] Gb|Lo cg';Gwfg Ao"/ f] cf} / ef/ tLo u'Ktr/ sL s8ÞL d] xgt / +u nfO{ . ef/ t pQ/ fv08 ;] rf] / L x'O{ d"lt{of] + sf] vf] hg] s] lnP !) nfv ?kP sf OgfdL rf] / afFs] lhnf sf] xnk'/ ;] lu/ km\tf/ lsof uof .

g] kfn x'Dnf lhnf lgjf;L wd{/ fh h} ;L cf} / g/ k|;fb h} ;L ef/ t pQ/ fv08 ;] ax'd"No d"lt{ rf] / L s/ km/ f/ x'P cf} / ef/ tLo

k'ln; g] OgsL tnfz z'? s/ bL, s/ La ^ dxLg] sL tnfz s] afb eL ha d"lt{ rf] / L ;+nUg lu/ km\t d] + gxL+ cfP tf] ef/ tLo k'ln; g] rf] / f] + k/ !) nfv ?kP sf Ogfd / vf .

lkm/ rf] / g] kfnL If] q d] + xf] g] sL va/ ldnt] xL ef/ tLo k'ln; g] g] kfnL cg';Gwfg Ao"/ f] ;] ;Dks{ lsof cf} / lk5n] xKfm\t] @ rf] / f] + sf] sf] xnk'/ ;] w/ baf] rf . aofg d] + bf] gf] + g] atfof ls rf] / L sL uO{ d"lt{ofF ef/ tLo If] q d] + xL l5kfO{ uO{ x} + . pgs] aofg s] cfwf/ k/ k'ln; g] tnfz sL cf} / bh{gf] + d"lt{of] + sf] 9F"9 lgsfnf .

lk5n] $ jiff] {+ d] + k'ln; s] tYofFs s] d'tflas ;a;] Hofbf a'4 sL d"lt{ rf] / L sf dfdnf ;fdg] cfof x} . k'ln; clwsfl/ of] + sf sxgf x} ls d"lt{ ;f] g] sL xf] g] sL cfz d] + t: s/ d"lt{ rf] / L s/ t] x} +} . xfn xL d] + @)&) sflt{s @& ut] !) s] hL jhg jfnL a'4 d"lt{ s] ;fy Ps JolSt lu/ km\tf/ x'cf . p;L s] afb g] kfnuGh ;] a'4 d"lt{ s] ;fy Ps dlxnf k'ln; lx/ f;t d] + kx'FrL, @)&) ;fn d] + xL lhn] s] sfnfkmfF6 uflj; ;] a'4 d"lt{ s] ;fy Ps rf] / lu/ km\tf/ x'cf .

a9ÞtL d"lt{ rf] / L sf] b] v k'ln; g] ;f] g] sL t: s/ L k/ eL ckgf lgzfgf tLvf lsof cf} / sf/ jfxL d] + P] ;] bh{gf] + nf] u cfP hf] ls;L zfbL ljjfx cf} / ljz] if pT;j dgfg] s] lnP ckg] JolStut uxg] n] s/ ef/ t hf / x] y] . k'ln; sf/ jfxL d] + j} ;L dlxnfPF Hofbf gh/ cfO{, lhgsf dfosf ef/ t d] + yf . J

a+Unfb] zL gful/ s sf] gful/ stfafFs] s6s'O{+of ufla; ;] * dxLg] kxn] Ps a+Unfb] zL gful/ s sf] g] kfnL gful/ stf

b] g] sf dfdnf ;fdg] cfof x} . s6s'O{+of ufla; ;lrj czf] s s'df/ >Ljf: tj cf} / Onfsf k|zf;g sfof{no g/ } gfk'/ sL ldnLeut d] + lbP uP g] kfnL gful/ stf sf v'nf;f ta x'cf, ha jx a+unfb] zL gful/ s g] kfnL kf;kf] 6{ s] hl/ P ;pbL c/ a hf / xf yf .

k'ln; g] p;] lqe'jg cGt/ f{i6«Lo xjfO{ c8\8] ;] lu/ km\tf/ lsof cf} / k"/ f dfdnf ;fdg] cfof . uflj; ;lrj czf] s s'df/ >Ljf: tj g] atfof ls s6s'O{+of lgjf;L c;u/ cnL sf k'q lbvfs/ p;g] ;eL sf] u'd/ fx s/ gful/ stf k|fKt lsof yf .

k'ln; g] p;;] ha gful/ stf cf} / kf;kf] 6{ n] g] sf / fh k"5f tf] dfdnf s'5 cf} / ;fdg] cfof . ;pbL c/ a ;] ef/ tLo d'b|f g] kfn d] + cf;fgL ;] ;KnfO{ s/ g] s] lnP p;g] gful/ stf cf} / kf;kf] 6{ lnof cf} / ld;g sf] k"/ f s/ g] s] lnP xL jx ;pbL c/ a hf / xf yf . p;] g] kfnL gful/ stf lbnfg] sL of] hgf a+Unfb] z d] + agL yL, p;g] atfof ls lk5n] sO{ jiff] +{+ ;] p;s] ;fyL O;L sf/ f] af/ d] + g] kfn d] + ;lqmo x} + cf} / gful/ stf tyf kf;kf] 6{ agfg] d] + pGxf] g] xL dbb sL yL .

xfnfFls k'ln; cg';Gwfg hf/ L xf] g] s] sf/ 0f k'ln; g] cleo'St sf gfd v'nf;f gxL+ lsof . gful/ stf agfg] s] lnP ujfxL d] + / x] cfwf bh{g nf] u sf/ jfxL s] 8Þ/ ;] km/ f/ atfP uP x} + .

sO{ ;jfn ca eL afFsL x+} , Sof yf a+Unfb] zL gful/ s sf c;nL / fh < sf} g x} hf] g] kfn d] + cft+sjfb s] lnP / sd nuf / xf x} < sf} g x} hf] kfls: tfgL v'lkmof Ph] G;L cfOP;cfO s] lnP sfd s/ tf x} cf} / g] kfn d] + / sd ls; ¿k d] + lgj] z xf] tf x} < Sof] + cd] l/ sf g] g] kfnL db/ ;f] + sf] cft+sjfb sf c8\8f atfof <

g]kfnu+h l/kf]6{


k|sfzk|;fb pkfWofo

kl/ e|d0f, n] vg tyf ;fdflhs, ;flxlTos Pj+ ;f+: s[lts ultljlwof] + d] + ;+nUgtf cf} / u[x sfo{ sL Jo: ttf

s] sf/ 0f d} + ckgL ;] jflgj[lQ s] lbgf] + sf] hLjg s] Ps dgf] x/ kIf s] ¿k d] + kftf x"F . Sof] +ls hxfF n] vg d'em] Ps cf] / ;[hgzLn sfo{ sL cf] / cu|;/ s/ tf x} , jxL+ sO{ af/ ko{6s s] ¿k d] + b] z–ljb] z sL ofqf d'em] Og sfof] {+ ;] cjsfz lbnft] x'P dgf] / +hg k|bfg s/ tL x} . seL Og bf] gf] + s] aLr d} + b] z s] Oltxf; cf} / ;flxTo s] cWoog d] + Jo: t xf] t] x'P ;do sf ;b'kof] u s/ g] a} 7 hftf x"F . kmn: j?k ;] jflgj[lQ s] sf/ 0f ;do sL clwstf xf] g] s] afjh"b d'em] sO{ af/ ;dofefj sf eL cg'ej xf] tf / xf cf} / O; k|sf/ sO{ af/ g rfxt] x'P eL sf] O{ g sf] O{ sfd 5"6 hfg] sf cfef; xf] tf x} .

k8Þf] ; s] ef/ tLo zx/ f] + sf e|d0f s/ g] s] cj;/ g] d'em] lszf] / fj: yf ;] xL ko{6g s] k|lt ?lr hufO{ . lbNnL d] + ;] jf/ t / xt] x'P cg] s af/ / ] n sL ofqf s] l;nl;n] d] + ef/ t s] ljleGg k|f+tf] cf} / pgs] gu/ f] + ;] xf] t] x'P u'h/ gf k8Þtf yf . aRrf] + sL udL{ sL 5'§L s] cj;/ k/ ;kl/ jf/ ef/ t s] bz{gLo ko{6g : ynf] + sL ofqf k/ lgsntf / xtf yf . n] lsg b] zbz{g cf} / ljb] z e|d0f sf e/ k"/ cfg+b tf] ] ;] jflgj[Q xf] g] s] afb xL ldnf .

lxd ;] 9s] kj{t cf} / x/ Le/ L kxfl8ÞofF d'em] ;b} j cfslif{t s/ t] . ctM : jb] z nf} 6g] k/ b] z s] P] ltxfl;s cf} / ko{6sLo dxTj s] Og bz{gLo : ynf] + sf] b] vg] sL OR5f hug] nutL cf} / lgsn k8Þtf seL bf] : tf] + s] ;fy tf] seL efO{of] + s] ;fy . O; qmd d] + Ps lbg efOof] + s] ;fy lgsn k8Þf uf] / vf lhn] sL ofqf k/ . uf] / vf ofqf d] + hfg] s] d'VotM bf] sf/ 0f y] . Ps tf] sf7df+8" ;] O;sL l;km{ !$)ls=dL=sL b"/ L cf} / b";/ f jxfF sf uf] / vf b/ af/ . / fi6«gfos k[YjL gf/ fo0f zfx sL / fhwfgL sf ox b/ af/ P] ;f : yn yf, hxfF ;] pGxf] +g] g] kfn s] PsLs/ 0f sf cleofg ;+rfng lsof yf . pgs] O; cleofg sL lg/ +t/ tf s] kmn: j¿k g] kfn sL ;Ldf sf+u8Þf ts hf kx'FrL . ox b";/ L aft x} ls pgs] b] xfj;fg s] afb g] kfn sf If] qkmn ef/ t sL tfTsfnLg la|l6z ;/ sf/ s] ;fy sL uO{ ;g\ !*!^sL ;'uf} nL ;+lw s] sf/ 0f l;d6s/ !,$&,!*!ju{ ls=dL= xf] uO{ .

Ps cf] / k[YjL gf/ fo0f zfx d] + pTkGg PsLs/ 0f sf h'g"g cf} / p;] sfo{¿k b] g] d] + ;+nUg jL/ uf] vf{ ;} lgsf] + s] zf} o{, d'emd] + ;b} j ox efjgf huftL / xL ls Oltxf; s] p; sfn v+8 d] + ha g tf] cfh h} ;L ;8Þs] + yL+ cf} / g xL+ cTofw'lgs : jrflnt xlyof/ , ls; k|sf/ pgs] ;} lgs pkmgtL glbof] + cf} / jLx8Þ h+unf] + sf] kf/ s/ t] v's/ L s] an ;] Ps s] afb b";/ ] / fHo k/ ljho ktfsf kmx/ ft] rn] uP . sLlt{k'/ sL ofqf s] bf} / fg Ps dlGb/ d] ] + pg lbgf] + sL n6stL tnjf/ sf] b] vs/ d} + x} / fg cf} / cr+let xL xf] tf / xf ls ls; k|sf/ 5f] 6] sb s] j] ;} lgs ptg] ef/ L xlyof/ f] + sf ;~rfng s/ kft] xf] +u] . ox ;f/ L aft] + d'em] O; k/ fqmdL / fhf sL / fhwfgL b] vg] sf] k|] l/ t s/ t] x'P vLr n] uO{ uf] / vf b/ af/ s] kl/ ;/ d] + .

kx'Frg] k/ b] vf 6Ln] k/ ag] uf] / vf b/ af/ d] + k|j] z s/ g] ;] k"j{ O{+6 cf} / kTy/ f] + ;] agL sO{ ;Ll9Þof] + k/ r9gf cfjZos xf] tf x} . pg lbgf] + sL kl/ l: yltof] + sf] Wofg d] + / vt] x'P d} + ox ;f] rg] nuf ls / fhf k[YjL gf/ fo0f zfx, pgs] ;nfxsf/ Pj+ l;kfx;fnf/ ju} / x sf] k|ltlbg pg ;Ll9Þof] + ;] u'h/ g] d] + lstgf si6 xf] tf xf] uf . Sof] +ls, ha d} + pg ;Ll9Þof] + sf] kf/ s/ tf x'cf b/ af/ s] k|f+u0f d] + kx'Frf tf] Ps cf] / d'em] ;f+; km"ng] sf tf] b";/ L cf] / k} / sL df+;k] lzof] + d] + hs8Þg xf] g] sf Px;f; xf] g] nuf .

uf] / vf b/ af/ 3"d s/ lgsng] k/ dg d] + sO{ ;f/ L aft] + cfg] nuL+ . sxg] s] lnP b/ af/ , n] lsg ;fbuL sf cg'kd ¿k . oyfy{tf ;] e/ L sO{ rLh] + . nfn ld6\6L ;] k'tfO sL uO{ / ;f] O{3/ d] kx'Frg] k/ ufO8 g] r"Nx] sL cf] / Ozf/ f s/ t] x'P atfof –…oxL+ r"Nx] s] aun d] + a} 7s/ / fhf ef] hg u|x0f s/ t] y] .Ú pgs] a} 7s sIf d] + g tf] sf] O{ ;f] kmf lbvfO{ k8Þf g s';L{ . zfob hdLg k/ xL ls;L cf;g k/ a} 7s/ jx ckg] ;nfxsf/ f] + ;] ;nfx dzlj/ f ldof s/ t] y] . O; k|sf/ sL ;fbuL tf] d'em] Olngfo / fHo sL / fhwfgL l: k|+ulkmN8 d+] cjl: yt cd] l/ sL / fi6«klt ca|fxd ln+sg s] cfjf; d] + eL b] vg] sf] gxL+ ldnL .

uf] / vf b/ af/ ;] afx/ lgsng] k/ afaf uf] / vgfy sf u''kmf d+lb/ lbvfO{ k8Þf . k[YjL gf/ fo0f zfx s] hLjg ;] ;+j4 cg] s ls+jbltofF eL ;'gg] sf] ldnL . u''kmf d+lb/ d] + afaf uf] / vgfy sf bz{g s/ lgsng] k/ bf] aft] + hfgg] sf] ldnL . d+lb/ s] pmk/ xL b/ af/ sL jx lv8ÞsL lbvfO{ uO{, hxfF ;] afns k[YjL gf/ fo0f zfx afaf uf] / vgfy ;] ldng] s] lnP s"b k8Þ] y] . b";/ L jx 36gf hf] afns k[YjL gf/ fo0f zfx cf} / afaf uf] / vgfy ;] ;+a+lwt x} . sxt] x} +, – ^ jifL{o afns k[YjL gf/ fo0f zfx Ps af/ v] nt] x'P ckg] bf] : tf] + ;] la5''''''''''''''''8Þ uP cf} / 3"dt] x'P kx'Fr uP afaf uf] / vgfy s] u''kmf d+lb/ s] kf; .

pGx] + cs] n] kfs/ afaf g] pGx] + ckgL dfF ;] bxL dfFus/ nfg] sf] sxf . afns k[YjL gf/ fo0f zfx eL afaf s] sx] cg';f/ dfF ;] bxL dFfus/ n] cfP cf} / afaf s] xfy k/ / v lbof . afaf g] bxL vfof cf} / afns k[YjL gf/ fo0f zfx s] xfy k/ pN6L s/ t] x'P p;] vfg] sf] sxf . n] lsg k[YjL gf/ fo0f g] vfg] s] abn] p;] lu/ f lbof . bxL pgs] k} / f] + k/ lu/ f . afaf uf] / vgfy g] O; k/ xF;t] x'P sxf –…olb t'dg] bxL vf lnof xf] tf tf] t'Dxf/ L x/ Ps aft] + k"/ L xf] tL . n] lsg t'dg] bxL gxL+ vfof lkm/ eL t'Dxf/ f k} / hxfF eL k8Þ] uf, jx e"ld t'Dxf/ L xf] uL .Ú Otgf sxt] cf} / afns k[YjL gf/ fo0f zfx sL kL7 ykykft] x'P afaf uf] / vgfy ckgL u'kmf s] c+b/ rn] uP .

u'kmf d+lb/ d] + afaf s] k|lt gtd: ts xf] t] x'P kxF'rf ;Fu|xfno sL cf] / , hxfF k|frLg cf} / jt{dfg Oltxf; ;] kl/ ro s/ ft] dfn;fdfg cf} / z: qf: q lbvfO{ k8Þ] .

k[YjL gf/ fo0f zfx g] / fhub\bL ;Fefng] s] afb / fHo lj: tf/ sL ckgL of] hgf sf] lh; k|sf/ sfo{¿k b] t] x'P ljleGg 5f] 6] –a8Þ] ;"af] + sf] ckg] lgo+q0f d] + lsof cf} / / fi6« s] PsLs/ 0f d] + ;kmntf kfO{ p;d] + pgsL z"/ jL/ tf, cbDo ;fx; cf} / ;+sNk sL emns tf] ldntL xL x} , afaf uf] / vgfy s] j/ bfg sf k|efj eL / xf xf] uf, sxf hfo tf] cTo'lSt gxL+ xf] uL .

k[YjL gf/ fo0f zfx s] hLjg ;] ;+alGwt b";/ L aft eL ;dfg ¿k ;] / f] rs x} . sxt] x} +– Ps af/ k[YjLgf/ fo0f zfx g] ckgL hGds'08nL s'5 Hof] ltlifof] + sf] lbvfO{ . s'08nL b] vs/ ;af] + g] pgsL cfo' %@ jif{ ;] clws gxL+ xf] g] sL aft atfO{ . O;;] j] lr+ltt xf] p7] . Sof] +ls pgsL / fHo lj: tf/ sL cf+sf+Iff k"/ L gxL x'O{ yL . ctM j] kx'Fr] g'jfsf] 6 s] ckg] b/ af/ s] kf; s] e} / jL s] d++lb/ d] + cf} / a} 7 uP b] jL e} / jL s] Wofg d] + . -sf7df+8" sf] ckgL / fhwfgL agfg] ;] k"j{ pGxf] +g] g'jfsf] 6 sf] / fHfwfgL agfof yf ._ d+lb/ d] + cs] n] Wofg d] + nLg k[YjL gf/ fo0f zfx sf] cfsfzjf0fL x'O{ . b] jL e} / jL g] sxf –…hf] kxn] efUo d] + lnvf hf r'sf x} p;] ld6fof gxL+ hf ;stf x} . xfF, t'd d] / L z/ 0f d] + k|f0f Tofu bf] , d} + t'Dx] + g] kfn sf ;'v ef] ug] sf cj;/ b""FuL .Ú sxt] x} +– %@ jif{ sL cfo' d] + xL k[YjL gf/ fo0f zfx sL d[To' x'O{ . O; k|sf/ sO{ ls+jb+ltofF cf} / nf] sf] lStofF pgs] hLjg ;] ;+j4 x} + . uf] / vf b/ af/ 3"ds/ nf} 6t] x'P d] / ] lbdfu d] + cfh s] ;+be{ d] + sO{ aft] + 3"dg] nuL . Ogd] k|d'v yf – k[YjL gf/ fo0f zfx lh; k|sf/ / fHo lj: tf/ sL of] hgf sf] ckg] hLjg sf nIo agfs/ p;s] cg';f/ sfo{ s/ t] / x] , p;L k|sf/ sfz xdf/ ] g] tfu0f sf k|fylds nIo eL b] z sf] lglZrt tflnsf s] cg';f/ ;+ljwfg b] g] sL ckgL jrgj4tf sf] sfo{¿k b] gf x'cf xf] tf . J

uf] / vf b/ af/ b] vg] k/ ko{6g


;dfrf/

@* hgj/ L sf7df+8" ;f] n6L xf] 6n s] d] 3 dNxf/ ;efuf/ d] + sO{ u0odfGo JolStof] + sL pkl: ylt d] + ef/ t s] ^^j] + u0ft+q lbj; s] cj;/ k/ Ps ;df/ f] x cfof] lht lsof uof . ef/ tLo / fhb"t dxfdlxd / 0fhLt / fo sL ul/ dfdoL pkl: ylt s] ;fy xL ;df/ f] x d] + g] skf Pdfn] s] emngfy vgfn, g] kfnL sfFu|] ; s] uf] kfndfg >] i7, ef/ t s] lnP g] kfn s] e"tk"j{ / fhb"t dfggLo nf] sdfg a/ fn, / fk|kf s] k|sfzrGb| nf] xgL cf} / kz'kltzdz] / ha/ f, k"j{ k|wfgd+qL ;"o{axfb"/ yfkf cflb sL pkl: ylt yL . sfo{qmd sL z'?cft bf] gf] + b] zf] + s] / fi6«uLt ;] x'O{ .

: jfut d+tJo d] + ;dfh s] cWoIf k|] d nZs/ L g] ef/ t sL hgtf sf] ^^j] + u0ft+q lbj; s] ;'cj;/ k/ ckgL z'esfdgf b] t] x'P ox ljZjf; lbnfof ls eljio d] + eL Og bf] gf] + b] zf] + s] l/ Zt] o"F xL dha"tL ;] cfu] a9Þ] +u] . : jfut d+tJo s] xL aLr pGxf] +g] ;dfh åf/ f hf] eL hg sNof0f s] sfo{ xf] t] cfP x} +, p;k/ eL k|sfz 8fnf . O;s] cltl/ Qm pGxf] +g] sxf ls lh; t/ x ef/ t s] k|wfgd+qL g] : jR5 ef/ t cf} / ;d[4 ef/ t

sf gf/ f lbof x} cf} / O; cf] / ckg] sbd a9ÞfP x} + p;L t/ x ;dfh åf/ f g] kfn d] + eL O; cleofg sL z'?cft sL uO{ x} .

k"j{ / fhb"t nf] s/ fh a/ fn g] ckgL z'esfdgf d+tJo sf] / vt] x'P sxf ls hNb xL g] kfn sf eL ;+ljwfg cfgf rflxP lsGt' ox hgtf s] cg'?k cf} / ;xdlt s] cfwf/ k/ xL xf] gf rflxP . / fk|kf s] kz'klt zdz] / ha/ f cf} / k|sfzrGb| nf] xgL g] eL ckg] d+tJo d] + oxL cfzf htfO{ ls g] kfn eL hNb ckgf u0ft+q lbj; dgfPuf cf} / ;fy xL g] kfn s] ul/ dfdo kxrfg hf] Psdfq lxGb' / fi6« ;] hfgf hftf x} p;sL ofb eL lbnfO{ . O;L qmd d] + Pdfn] s] emngfy vgfn g] eL ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f s] ;Gbe{ d] + kf6L{ sL cl8utf k/ Wofgfsif{0f s/ jfof cf} / sxf ls hgtf g] ax'dt lbof x} tf] jf] ;Ifd x} + ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f s] lnP lsGt' sf] lzz xf] / xL x} ls ;xdlt xf] k/ P] ;f gxL+ eL x'cf tf] eL ;+ljwfg cfPuf . ef/ tLo / fhb"t dxfdlxd / 0fhLt / fo g] ;eL sf]

wGojfb lbof . pGxf] +g] sxf ls ef/ t s] ^^j] + u0ft+q s] cj;/ k/ g] kfn d] + P] ;] ;df/ f] x sf cfof] hg atftf x} ls xdf/ ] ;DaGwf] + d] + lstgL k|uf9Þtf x} . pGxf] +g] cfzf htfO{ ls ox kxn] eL yf cf} / cfu] eL P] ;f xL / x] uf . pGxf] + g] kfn ef/ t d} qL ;dfh sf] awfO{ bL cf} / sxf ls h} ;] pGxf] +g] : jR5 ef/ t cf} / : j: y ef/ t sL xL t/ x : jR5 g] kfn cf} / : j: y g] kfn sL z'?cft sL x} p;L t/ x ceL ef/ tLo k|wfgd+qL g] Ps gO{ z'?cft sL x} a] 6L a9Þfcf] , a] 6L k9Þfcf] , O;] eL oxfF nfu" lsof hfo . pGxf] +g] sxf ls xd O; cleofg d] + eL cfks] ;fy xf] +u] cf} / k"/ L ;xfotf s/ ] +u] .

bLk tf] cfFwL d] + eL hnf s/ t] x} +, lstg] v'zg;La x} + jf] nf] u lhgs] ;Rr] ldq x'cf s/ t] x} +– O;L ljZjf; cf} / z'esfdgfcf] + s] ;fy sfo{qmd sL ;dflKt sL 3f] if0ff sL uO{ .

^^j] + u0ft+q lbj; s] cj;/ k/ sfo{qmd

@( hgj/ L sf7dfG8" d] + g] kfn ef/ t d} qL ;+3 åf/ f ef/ t s] ^^j] + u0ft+q lbj; s] z'ecj;/ k/ / Stbfg lzlj/ cf} / z'esfdgf sfo{qmd / f‘on a} +lSj6, tLgs'g] d] + cfof] lht lsof uof . g] kfn–ef/ t d} qL ;+3 s] cWoIf cf] dk|sfz ;/ fjuL sL cWoIftf cf} / ef/ tLo / fhb"t dxfdlxd / 0fhLt / fo s] k|d'v cfltYo d] + sfo{qmd ;DkGg x'cf . z'esfdgf cfbfg–k|bfg s] cltl/ St O; sfo{qmd sL ;a;] a8ÞL pknlAw ox yL ls ;+3 g] / Stbfg sL eL Joj: yf sL yL . hf] Ps ;/ fxgLo sfo{ yf . O;d] + / fhb"t dxf] bo g] eL lx: ;f lnof cf} / / Stbfg lsof, ;fy xL b"tfjf; ;] cfP cGo cltlyof] + g] eL / Stbfg lsof . sfo{qmd d] + ;xefluof] + d] + ;] nueu &% k|ltzt cltlyof] + g] / Stbfg lsof lhGx] + / fhb"t dxf] bo g] / Stbfg k|df0fkq k|bfg lsof cf} / sfo{qmd sL ;kmntf x] t' cfof] hs ju{ sL ;/ fxgf sL . g] kfn ef/ t d} qL cd/ cf} / c6n / x] ts/ Lag ;eL sL ;f] r oxL yL . eljio d] + ox l/ Ztf cf} / eL k|uf9Þ ag] cf} / ;eL b[li6sf] 0f ;] ;kmntf sL pmFrfOof] + sf] 5'P, ;ag] ox sfdgf JoSt sL . tTkZrft\ ;+3 s] cWoIf cf] dk|sfz ;/ fjuL åf/ f wGojfb 1fkg s] ;fy sfo{qmd sL ;dflKt x'O{ .

u0ftGq lbj; k/ / Stbfg


ef/ t s] ^^j] + u0ft+q s] z'ecj;/ k/ g] kfn ef/ t ldNnt sf} +l;n ;] G6/ åf/ f Pj/ ] : 6 xf] 6n d] + z'esfdgf cfbfg–k|bfg sfo{qmd cf} / / flq ef] h sf cfof] hg lsof uof . sf} +l;n s] cWoIf zdLd c+;f/ L sL cWoIftf d] + sfo{qmd sL z'?cft x'O{ . d'Vo cltly s] kb k/ ef/ tLo / fhb"t sL ul/ dfdoL pkl: ylt yL . ljlzi6 cltly s] kb k/ tdnf] kf s] x[bo] z lqkf7L, dlxnf cfof] u sL z] v rfFbtf/ f, dfgj cfof] u sL df] xgf c+;f/ L, Pdfn] ;r] ts clUg v/ ] n cf} / l/ hjfg c+;f/ L d+r k/ cf;Lg y] . : jfut d+tJo cf} / z'esfdgf b] t] x'P cWoIf zdLd c+;f/ L g] sxf ls g] kfn ef/ t sL ldqtf sfuhL gxL+ x} alNs lbn sL x} hf] seL eL 6"6 gxL+ ;stL . ox xd] zf agL / x] uL cf} / g] kfn ef/ t sf] ox osLg lbnftf x} ls g] kfn sL w/ tL seL eL ef/ t lj/ f] wL ultljlwof] + s] lnP pkof] u gxL+ xf] ;stf x} . O;L t/ x

qmda4 ¿k d] + ;eL g] z'esfdgfcf] + sf cfbfg k|bfg lsof . / fhb"t dxf] bo g] sxf ls xd] + v'zL xf] tL x} ha xd ckg] k8Þf] ;L b] z sf] ckgL v'lzof] + d] + zfldn xf] tf x'cf b] vt] x} + . ef/ t rfxtf x} ls oxfF eL hNb ;] hNb ;+ljwfg ag] cf} / ;eL sL ;xdlt ;] ag] . Ps cR5] sfo{qmd sL cfof] hgf s] lnP pGxf] +g] cfof] hs ju{ sf] wGojfb lbof . tTkZrft\ sfo{qmd ;dflKt sL 3f] if0ff sL uO{ .

g] kfn ef/ t ldNnt sf} +l;n ;] G6/ åf/ f z'esfdgf sfo{qmd

sf7df08" . ufFwL : d[lt k|lti7fg åf/ f dxfTdf ufFwL hL sL k"0o ltly k/ bf] –lbj;Lo sfo{qmd cfof] lht lsof uof . k|yd lbg sf cfof] hg n} grf} / d] + cf} / b";/ ] lbg sf cfof] hg w'Daf/ fxL ;dk{0f Ps] 8] dL d] + lsof uof . lh;d] + ef/ tLo / fhb"t dxfdlxd / 0fhLt / fo, lzIff d+qL lrqn] vf ofbj, ef/ t dWok|b] z ;] cfP 8f. ;'gLnd, 6«fG;k] / ] GzL OG6/ g] zgn g] kfn s] >L s[i0f k|;fb e08f/ L, k"j{ d+qL u0f] z ;fx, ;f] r g] kfn s] pQd lg/ f} nf, dhkmf] g] kfn s] >L / f;dxfo ofbj, jwf{ -ef/ t_ ;] cfP ljåfg >L ef/ t, lq=lj=lxGbL s] Gb|Lo ljefu sL ljefuLo k|d'v cf} / lxGbL klqsf lxdflngL sL ;+kfbs 8f= Zj] tf bLlKt, k"j{ Pd.kL sNof0fL zfx, dw] zL hgclwsf/ kmf] / d sL >L dlt ;Ldf l;+x, >L dlt lgd{nf, 6] nL sDo"lgs] zg n+bg s] t'n;L zfxL h} ;] sO{ hfg] dfg] u0fdfGo JolQmof] + sL pkl: ylt yL . sfo{qmd d] + e|i6frf/ cf} / gf/ L ;zlQms/ 0f k/ a[xt rrf{ x'O{ .

Gandhi Thought in good governance and anti corruption movement k/ ef/ t ;] cfo] cfGgf xhf/ ] s] ;xof] uL >L ;'lgnd g] d'Vo jQmf s] ?k d] lj: t[t ;] rrf{ sL . ufFwL hL sL cjwf/ 0ffcf] + s] kl/ k|] Io d] + O; rrf{ d] + hf] aft] + lgisif{ s] ¿k d] + ;fdg] cfO{+ p;s] cg';f/ e|i6frf/ pGd"ng s] lnP O;sL z'?cft : jo+ ;] s/ gL xf] uL . sf] O{ sfg"g ta ts sf/ u/ l;4 gxL+

xf] ;stf ha ts xd ckgL cfTdf sf] z'4 gxL+ s/ n] t] . z'4tf hf] xdf/ ] zAb cf} / xdf/ L cfTdf sf] k|efljt s/ tf x} . jxL xd] + ;xL / fx eL lbvf ;stf x} . cfh sf JolQm lbvfj] sL lh+buL hL / xf x} . hLjg sL ;fbuL ;dfKt xf] uO{ x} cf} / xd lh; pRr hLjg sL rfxt / vg] nu] x} +, jxL xd] + e|i6 eL agf / xf x} . O;lnP cu/ xdf/ f hLjg xdf/ L k"j{ ;+: s[lt sf] Wofg d] + / vs/ xf] tf] ;dfh d] + cf} / b] z d] + lglZrt tf} / k/ abnfj cfPuf cf} / oxL abnfj e|i6frf/ sf] eL lgo+lqt s/ ] uf . cfjZostf kf} jf{To sf] ckgfg] sL x} kfZrfTo sL gxL+ .

ufFwL cf} / gf/ L ;zlQms/ 0f (Gandhi and women empowerment) k/ lq.lj.lxGbL s] Gb|Lo ljefu sL ljefuLo k|d'v cf} / lxGbL klqsf lxdflngL sL ;+kfbs 8f. Zj] tf bLlKt g] ckgf sfo{kq k|: t't lsof . gf/ L ;zlQms/ 0f k/ eL ;eL jQmfcf] + sL ox dfGotf / xL ls gf/ L sf] plrt ;Ddfg cf} / hux b] s/ xL ;dfh tyf b] z sf ljsf; ;Dej x} . p;sL dxTjk"0f{ efuLbf/ L xL kl/ jf/ , ;dfh cf} / b] z sf] agftf x} . jx sf] O{ rLh gxL+ x} O; dfgl;stf sf] abng] sL cfjZostf x} . ufFwL hL sL eL oxL wf/ 0ff yL ls gf/ L ;an xf] Sof] +ls jxL dfgj lgdf{qL x} . sfo{qmd sf cfof] hg cToGt dxTjk"0f{ cf} / ;f+ble{s / xf .

uf+wL : d[lt ;+: yfg åf/ f uf+wL k'0o ltly k/ sfo{qmd sf cfof] hg

;dfrf/


gjLg s'df/ gjn

ef/ t s] / fi6«Lo kj{ s] cj;/ k/ ef/ tLo / fhb"t dxfdlxd / +hLt / ] åf/ f / fhwfgL sf7df+8" s] ;fy–;fy dw] z s] g] kfn ef/ t ;LdfIf] q dl6xfgL ts u0ftGq lbj; s] qmd d] + z'esfdgf cfbfg–k|bfg s] dfWod ;] s'5 pkxf/ b] s/ sO{ ljsf; s] sfo{ s/ g] sL k|ltj4tf JoQm sL uO{ . p; s] jfb n=r=d'=p=df=lj= hn] Zj/ d] + gj lgjf{lrt cWoIf ljgf] b d+8n Pj+ x] 8df: 6/ ;+hLj emf sL cu'jfO{ d+] ljBfno sL cj: yf sf cjnf] sg lsof uof . tTkZrft\ dl6xfgL kx'Frg] k/ nIdL gf/ fo0f d7 sf cjnf] sg s/ t] x'P dl6xfgL pRr df=lj=s] k|fË0f d] + g] kfn ef/ t dlxnf d} qL ;dfh åf/ f cfof] lht z'esfdgf cfbfg–k|bfg s/ g] kfn cf} / ef/ t s] !& ck+uf] + s] aLr lXjn r] o/ ljt/ 0f lsof uof . dlxnf ;dfh sL cWoIf k"j{ ;xfos dGqL rGbf rf} w/ L sL cWoIftf d] + k|d'v cltly dxfdlxd / +hLt / ] sf : jfut lsof uof . ;fy xL bf] gf] + b] zf] + s] / fi6«Lo ufg sL k|: t'lt sL uO{ . sfo{qmd sL ljlwjt\ z'?cft / fhb"t dxf] bo g] bLk k|Hjlnt s/ lsof . p;s] jfb rGbf rf} w/ L åf/ f cltly s] ¿k d] + g] kfn dlxnf cfof] u sL / fi6«Lo cWoIf z] v rfFb tf/ f, laxf/ a] gLk§L s] ljwfos zfnLu|fd ofbj, dl6xfgL s] dxGy huGgfy bf;, / fhb"tfjf; s] k|yd ;lrj uf] kfns[i0fg Pj+ dxf] Q/ L s] lhnf k|d'v bLks sfˆn] sf eL : jfut lsof uof . ;dfh sL cWoIf rGbf rf} w/ L åf/ f ckgL ;+: yf s] af/ ] d] ;+lIfKt kl/ ro b] t] x'P dfq bf] ;fn d] + lsP uP sfo{ sL k|: t'lt s] ;fy xL * dfr{ sf] xf] g] jfn]

låtLo jflif{s ;Dd] ng d] + !% aRrL sf] uf] b n] s/ ;Dk"0f{ lzIff–bLIff Pj+ zfbL ts sf vrf{ lgj{xg s/ g] sL 3f] if0ff sL . jStf s] ¿k d] + g] kfn dlxnf cfof] u sL / fi6«Lo cWoIf rfFb tf/ f g] dlxnf s] pmk/ xf] / xL lx+;f sf] / f] sg] s] pkfo k/ k|sfz 8fnf tf] a] gLk§L s] ljwfos zfnLu|fd åf/ f bf] gf] + b] z s] aLr d] + wfld{s b[li6sf] 0f ;] dl6xfgL hn] Zj/ hgsk'/ sL hh{/ ;8Þs sf] cljnDa agafg] sL dfFu / fhb"t ;] sL uO{ . sfo{qmd d] + dxf] Q/ L s] k|d'v lhnf clwsf/ L bLks sfˆn] g] sxf– bf] gf+] b] z sf ;DaGw ;lbof] + ;] x} cf} / ;bf / x] uf .

jxL+ dfGo dxGy huGgfy bf; åf/ f dl6xfgL sf ;DaGw wfld{s b[li6sf] 0f ;] sfkmL k'/ fgf Pjd\ ux/ f x} , P] ;f atfof uof . ox hux kxn] d[tvgL s] gfd ;] hfgL hftL yL . oxfF ;Ltf hL s] ljjfx d] + ld§L vf] b s/ d6sf] / x'cf yf, hf] cfh ts xf] tf cf / xf x} . cf} / ox hux d[tvgL -cke|+z_ ;] dl6xfgL xf] uof . ;fy xL dl6xfgL sf $)) jif{ k'/ fgf ;+: s[t ljBfno cfh eL Oltxf; s] ¿k d] + hfgf hftf x} . O;lnP dl6xfgL s] x/ If] q d+] ljsf; s] lnP / fhb"t ;] dfFu sL uO{ . sfo{qmd s] cGt d] + k|d'v cltly dxfdlxd / +hLt / ] åf/ f lbP uP ljrf/ s] qmd d] + g] kfn s] dl6xfgL Pjd\ ef/ t s] dwjfk'/ sf hf] ;DaGw x} , jxL g] kfn ef/ t sf ;DaGw x} hf] cfg] hfg] s] qmd d+] ktf gxL rntf x} ls g] kfn sxfF x} cf} / ef/ t sxfF x} < ckg] ljrf/ d] +

pGxf] g] a] 6L k9Þfcf] a] 6L a9Þfcf] k/ hf] / b] t] x'P dl6xfgL pRr dflj s] bf] 5fqf] + sf] !@ jL+ ts sL km'n k|mL ;Lk b] g] sL 3f] if0ff sL, ;fy xL ;Ldf If] q d+] ef/ t ;/ sf/ sL kxn k/ % gO{ / ] n ;] jf lbnfg] sL aft sxL . bf] gf] + b] z s] ;DaGw sf] k|uf9Þ agfg] s] lnP : k] zn l/ n] zgl;k kf] : 6 agafg] sL aft sxL . ljrf/ JoQm s/ g] s] afb dxfdlxd åf/ f ef/ t cf} / g] kfn s] : yfgLo ckflxhf] + sf] aLr !& XjLn r] o/ k|bfg lsof uof . dxfdlxd åf/ f af] 8{/ sf lg/ LIf0f eL lsof uof ;fy xL bf] gf+] b] zf] + s] ;'/ IffsdL{ ;] l: ylt sf hfohf eL lnof .

cGt d] + ;dfh sL cWoIf rGbf rf} w/ L åf/ f dxfdlxd sf] % lsnf] sL dfnf Pj+ ldlynf sL snf sL kxrfg ldlynf k] lG6Ë e] +6 sL uO{ . sfo{qmd d] + ;eL cltlyof] + sf] eL ldlynf k] lG6Ë e] +6 d+] lbof uof . sfo{qmd sf ;+rfng kqsf/ s+rgf emf g] lsof . sfo{qmd s] ;dfkg s] qmd d+] dxGy hu/ gfy bf; åf/ f bf] zfnf, u0f] z k|;fb ;fx åf/ f u'nb: tf, p=jf=;= dxf] Q/ L s] cWoIf df] xg u'Ktf Pj+ dl6xfgL s] ;lrj lht] Gb| rf} w/ L s] åf/ f eL km"n u'nb: tf e] +6 lsof uof . dl6xfgL d] + dxfdlxd s] : jfut ;lxt ;Dk"0f{ sfo{qmd sf Joj: yfkg kqsf/ dxf;+3 dxf] Q/ L s] k"j{ cWoIf xl/ k|;fb d+8n g] av"aL lgefof . sfo{qmd d] + dwjfk'/ kGrfot sL d'lvof c+h' b] jL Pjd\ k|d'v pboz+s/ k|;fb Pj+ hgsk'/ p=jf= ;+3 s] cWoIf xL/ f ;fx ;lxt sO{ u0odfGo nf] uf] + sL pkl: ylt yL .

u0ftGq lbj; s] cj;/ k/ ;Ldf If] q d] + sfo{qmd;dfrf/


skf]{/]6 hut

k|e' a} +s d+] czf] s z] / rg l;Ocf] k|e' a} +s s] k|d'v sfo{sf/ L

clws[t -l;Ocf] _ d+] czf] s z] / rg sf] lgo'Qm lsof uof x} . a} +s s] sfodd'sfod sfo{sf/ L k|d'v z] / rg sf] a} +s ;+rfns ;ldlt sL a} 7s ;] l;Ocf] d] + lgo'Qm lsof uof . z] / rg g] Pgl;l; a} +s, PgaL a} +s, k|e' kmfOgfG;, k|e' ljsf; a} +s cf} / k|e' a} +sf] + d+] !& jif{ sf a} +lsË cg'ej x} . k|e' a} +s u|f08 a} +s PlSjlh;g s/ g] s] Pslbg afb l;Ocf] sL lhDd] jf/ L z] / rg sf] bL uO{ x} . k|e' g] u|f08 a} +s s] ;fy PlSjlh;g sf ;Demf} tf

lsof yf . l;Ocf] z] / rg s] pmk/ u|f08 a} +s s] PlSjlh;g hNb ;] hNb pTsif{ d] + kx'Frfof hfo, v/ fa sh] { sf] sd s/ g] h} ;L r'gf} ltof+ x+} . O;L t/ x sd{rf/ Lof] + sf Joj: yfkg eL pgsL lhDd] bf/ L x} .

a} +s/ / jLgf sf] cGt/ f{i6«Lo cjf8{

a} +s/ / jLgf b] z/ fh >] i7 g] b";/ f cGt/ f{i6«Lo cjf8{ k|fKt lsof x} . d] uf a} +s g] kfn lnld6] 8 d] + gfoa dxfk|aGws tyf rLkm lahg] ; clkm;/ s] ?k d] + sfo{/ t >] i7 sf] l;+ufk'/ ;] k|bfg xf] g] jfnL …n] 8L ckm PlS;n] G; cjf8{Ú lbof uof x} . pQm cjf8{ ut hgj/ L % d] + l;+ufk'/ d] + cfof] lht Ps ljz] if sfo{qmd d] + k|bfg lsof uof . : d/ 0fLo x} – ox cjf8{ @& / fi6« s] ;kmn dlxnf, pBdL Pj+ Joj;foL sf] k|lt: kwf{ s] dfWod ;] lbof hftf x} .

OG8f] g] l;of s] / fhf s] k|d'v cfltYo d] + ;DkGg pQm sfo{qmd d] + / jLgf g] kfnL em08f ;lxt pkl: yt yL . cjf8{ s] lnP dgf] gog d] + bh{ Pl;of s] ^ ;f} !# dlxnfcf] + d] + ;] lk5nL af/ / jLgg pTs[i6 @) d] + cfO{ yL . cjf8{ kfg] s] afb pGxf] +g] sxf ls d} + cToGt pT;flxt x"F . / jLgf sf sxgf x} – g] kfn s] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs If] q d] + cf} / ;lqmo / xg] s] lnP cjf8{ g] d'em] k|f] T;flxt lsof x} .

…a} +lsª If] q s] ;fy–;fy b] z sf cfly{s ljsf;, dfgjLo tyf ;fdflhs sfo{ d] + ljz] if of] ubfg kx'rfg] s] sf/ 0f >] i7 sf] k'/ is[t lsof uof x} Ú P] ;f k'/ : sf/ k|bfg s/ g] jfnL ;+: yf P;O{Pl;of g] atfof x} . : d/ 0fLo x} , / jLgf sf] ut l;tDa/ ^ d] + eL dn] l;of ;] k|bfg xf] g] jfnL …@!jL+ ztfAbL uf] N8] g kmf] lgS; cjf8{Ú gfds cGt/ f{i6«Lo k'/ : sf/ ;] gjfhf uof yf .

PgcfO{ ;L Plzof a} +s sL ;qxjL+ jflif{s ;fwf/ 0f ;ef

Pg cfO{ ;L Plzof a} +s sL ;qxjL+ jflif{s ;fwf/ 0f ;ef la/ f6gu/ d] ;DkGg x'O{ . jflif{s ;ef g] a} +s s] cf=j= @)&)÷&! s] d'gfkmf ;] !%Ü gub nfef+z cf} / !%Ü af] g; z] o/ wf/ sf] + sf] b] g] sf lg0f{o lsof x} . pQm nfef+z sf ljt/ 0f @)&!÷)(÷@( ;] z'? lsof hfPuf . pQm cf=j= d] + a} +s sf lgIf] k ?= $$=(* ca{, shf{ k|If] k0f ?= #&=#! ca{ tyf v'b gfkmf ?= *#=!% s/ f] 8Þ yf . Pg cfO{ ;L Plzof a} +s lnld6] 8 sL ^^ zfvfP+ tyf ^! P6LPd g] 6js{ k"j{ d] rL ;] ;'b"/ klZrd dxfsfnL ts km} n] x'P x} + cf} / ox Ps cu|0fL a} +sf] + d] + ;] Ps x} .

cfd|kfnL s] dD;pTkfbg g] kfnL afhf/ f] + d] +

ef/ t s] Vofltk|fKt cfd|kfnL u|'k s] dD; sDkgL åf/ f pTkflbt ljleGg vfB ;fdu|L sf] g] kfn s] uf} td>L u|'k g] g] kfnL afhf/ f] + d] k|If] lkt lsof x} . dD; sDkgL s] k|d'v sfo{sf/ L lgb] {zs ;+hLj zdf{ cf} / uf} td>L u|'k s] cWoIf / fd axfb'/ uf} td g] ef/ t sL / fhwfgL l: yt cfd|kfnL u'|k s] sfof{no d] + Ps sfo{qmd s] aLr ;Demf} tfkq d+] x: tfIf/ s/ s] sf/ f] jf/ z'? lsof x} . dD; sDkgL ;'u/ k|mL sg{ˆn] S;, ;'u/ ;lxt s] sg{ˆn] S;, cf+d s] crf/ , ldS; crf/ , lgDa" s] crf/ , u|Lg lrNnL crf/ , 6df6f] ;; OToflb vfB ;fdu|L sf pTkfbg s/ / xf x} . O; sDkgL ;] pTkflbt pTs[i6 pTkfbg % s] hL, ! s] hL, %)) u|fd, @%) u|fd cf} / @)) u|fd s] k} s d+] sf7df8" s] ljleGg ;'k/ dfs] {6, u|f] ;/ L, df6{ tyf pkTosf s] afx/ eL ljqmL z'? xf] g] sL hfgsf/ L uf} td>L km'8 g] kfn k|fln s] k|aGw lgb] {zs / fd axfb'/ uf} td g] bL . ef/ t d] + k|l;4 dD; s] pTkfbg g] kfnL pkef] Qmf ;dIf nf] slk|o h¿/ xf] uf P] ;f uf} td sf bfaf x} . jflif{s s/ f] 8f] + sf sf/ f] jf/ jfnL ox sDkgL cfufdL jiff] { d] + cf} / a8L ;kmntf k|fKt s/ g] sf nIo / vtL x} P] ;f sG6«L d} g] h/ hgs cf] nL g] atfof .

b jN8{ lehg s] PS;Sn"l;e dlN6a|f08 zf] ?d

u'0f: t/ Lo tyf a|f08] 8 df] jfO{n s] k|l;4 ljqm] tf b jN8{ lehg k|fln g] l;l6eL df] jfO{n ;'Gwf/ f l: yt l;l6;L dn d+] PS;Sn'l;e dlN6a|f08 zf] ?d dfu{ !! ;] ;+rfng lsof x} . b jN8{ lehg k|fln s] cTofw'lgs df] jfO{n cfp6n] 6 sf cf} krfl/ s pb\3f6g s/ s] sf/ f] jf/ z'? lsof uof . dlN6a|f08 zf] ?d s] k|d'v cltly gfos / fh] z xdfn, k"j{ ld; g] kfn ;bLIff >] i7 cf} / uf} td>L u|'k s] cWoIf / fd axfb'/ uf} td g] ;+o'Qm ?k d] pb\3f6g lsof . zf] ?d ;] ljleGg sDkgL s] df] jfO{n ;] 6 ljz] if 5"6 d] + ljqmL s/ g] sL of] hgf sDkgL sL x} . g] kfn d] + pknAw @ bh{g ;] Hofbf df] jfOn sDkgL s] pTkfbg ljqmL tyf !^ sDkgL s] df] jfOn cnu cnu 6] an ;] ljqmL s/ g] sL Joj: yf ldnfO{ uO{ x} . ox dlN6a|f08 zf] ?d df] afO{n v'b|f afhf/ f] + d+] ;DejtM ;a ;] cTofw'lgs cf} / a8Þf xf] g] sf bfaf lsof uof x} . sDkgL s] cg';f/ u|fxsf] + sf] Hofbf ;] Hofbf ;'ljwf k|bfg s/ g] sf nIo x} . O; dlN6a|f08 zf] ?d d+] cfOkmf] g, ;fd;'ª, sfa{g, sn;{, kfgf;f] lgs, laSo", dfOqmf] DofS;, x'jfj] , lhof] gL, cNsf6] n, PnhL, hf] nf] , nfef, ;f] gL, dfOqmf] ;ˆ6, gf] lsof cflb bf] bh{g ;] Hofbf a|f08 s] df] jfOn tyf : df6{kmf] g pknAw xf] +u] .


;dfrf/

df] : 6 OG6] lnh] G6 j'dg– lk|o+sf

sf7dfG8" . dw] zL k'?if xf] of dlxnf, a; d+r ldngf rflxP . u/ d+r ldn hfP tf] jx ls;L eL k|lt: kwf{ d] + ls;L ;] kL5] gxL+ / x] +] u] . / fhwfgL sf7df+8" d] + hgj/ L !) tf/ Lv sf] ;DkGg ld;] h lxdflnog g] kfn– @)!% k|ltof] lutf d] + df] : 6 OG6] lnh] G6 j'dg sf Pjf8{ hLts/ lk|o+sf kf08] g] ;fljt s/ lbof ls dw] zL dlxnf ls;L eL dfog] d] + sd gxL+ .

hdn l: yt gfr 3/ s] ;ef xf‘n d] + ;} s8Þf] + bz{sf] + s] aLr ha hh g] k|Zg k"5f ls ld;] h lxdflnog g] kfn k|ltof] lutf cfks] lnP Sof dfog] / vtf x} < tf] a8ÞL lgeL{stf s] ;fy lk|o+sf g] sxf– k|To] s dlxnf d] + kof{Kt Ifdtf x} n] lsg pGx+] ckgL Ifdtf sf ktf gxL+ . O; t/ x sf cj;/ ckgL Ifdtf sf] kxrfgg] d] + ;xof] u kx'Frftf x} . : jo+ d'em] P] ;f nutf x} ls O; k|ltof] lutf d] + ;xefuL xf] s/ d'em] ckg] cfksf] kxrfgg] sf cj;/ ldnf x} . cf} / oxL x} dlxnf ;zlSts/ 0f cyf{t\ ckg] cfk sf] kxrfggf . cf} / lk|o+sf s] O; hafa s] ;fy xL k"/ f xf‘n tfnL ;] u"+h p7f .

bz{sf] + sf] nuf ls lk|o+sf sf oxL pQ/ p;] ld;] h lxdflnog @)!% sf tfh kxgf b] uf . n] lsg P] ;f x'cf gxL+ . p;] df] : 6 OG6] lnh] G6 j'dg sf Pjf8{ ldnf . Pd] hg åf/ f cfof] lht O; k|ltof] lutf d] + ld;] h lxdflnog @)!% sf lvtfa ldnf dlgnf b'nfn sf] cf} / km: 6 / g/ ck x'O{ / fd s'df/ L / fo . k|ltof] lutf sL ;] s] G8 / g/ ck sf Pjf8{ lhtg]

d] + ;kmn x'O{ lk|o+sf .jL/ u~h sL lk|o+sf xfn d] + sf7dfG8" sf] sfo{If] q agfs/ cfu]

a9Þ / xL x} + . ljleGg / ] l8of] cf} / 6] lnlehg ;] cfa4 lk|o+sf xfn dw] zL kqsf/ ;+3 s] sf] iffWoIf s] ¿k d] + sfo{/ t x} + . kof{Kt Ifdtf s] afah"b tL;/ f : yfg ldng] k/ eL lk|o+sf sf] sf] O{ dnfn gxL+ . jx sxtL x} +– k|lt: kwf{ d] + ;xefuL xf] gf xL d] / ] lnP ax't a8ÞL ;kmntf x} . J

nug] jfnf x} . / fpt cf} / u'Ktf g] hfltjfb sL / fhgLlt sf] ax't xb ts sd s/ lbof x} , vf; s/ s] dw] zL o'jf d] + O;sf c;/ ax't lbvfO{ b] / xf x} .

hog/ fo0f k6] n sf >4fGhln ;ef d] + ;xefuL xf] gf cf} / ;+a] bgf k|s6 s/ gf cR5L aft x} . n] lsg hogf/ fo0f k6] n sf] ckgL hfg Sof] + u+jfgf k8ÞL < Sof O; aft sf] xd g] ;+;b d] + p7fof x} < hgtf sf] ;d: of sf xn rflxP, g sL 3fj k] d/ xd . aft lk5n] h"g dxLg] sL x} , afg] Zj/ cNkmf xfp; d] + dfggLo / fh] Gb| dxtf] hL efj's xf] s/ af] n] y] – æ;do cfg] k/ xd ;bg 5f] 8Þ s/ ;8Þs k] pt/ ] +u] .Æ dw] z ca ts k|tLIff s/ / xf x} , sa cfPuf dxtf] hL sf jx ;do < ox l6Kk0fL ls;L AolSt ljz] if k/ gxL+ alNs b] z s] x/ ] s g] tfu0f s] lno] x} hf] ls– hgtf, hgtf cf} / l;km{ hgtf s] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt s/ jfg] s]

gfd k/ ckgf–ckgf eljio afn'jf6f/ , zLtn lgjf; cf} / l;+x b/ jf/ d] r+b ;fnf] + s] lno] dxkm"h s/ jfg] d+] nu] x} + . k9Þg] s] afb en] xL d] / ] O; n] v d] l;km{ gfsf/ fTdstf lbv] . k/ +t' cfd hgtf sf dfggf oxL x} .

cj: yf en] xL gfh's xf] . k|ultzLn zlQmof] + sf] Psh"6 xf] s/ n8Þg] sL cfaZostf x} . Oltxf; ujfx x} ls tfgfzfxL sL cfo' n+aL gxL+ xf] tL . xd cu/ g] kfn sf] xL b] v] +, / f0ff zf;g cf} / / fhtGq Og bf] gf] o'u sf cGt g] kfnL hgtf g] xL s/ lbvfof x} . xdf/ ] k8 Þf] ;L / fi6« >Ln+sf sf] xL n] +, hxfF dx] Gb| / fhfkfIf] åf/ f Ps nfv tldn lab«f] lxof] + sf] df/ s/ hj/ b: tL jxfF sL hgtf sf] zflGt sL cg'e"lt s/ jfO{ uO{ yL . sf] O{ eL AolSt ha ts rfx] ta ts >Ln+sf sf / fi6« k|d'v xf] ;stf x} , sfg"g d] + P] ;f ;+zf] wg s/ jfof yf . lsGt' bf]

af/ / fi6« k|d'v xf] r's] / fhkfIf] sf] O;af/ hgtf g] l;of;t ;] ax't b"/ km] +s lbof x} . xdf/ ] oxfF eL xfnft s'5 P] ;] xL ag / x] x} + . sf7df+8" s] æld8n Snf; Pln6Æ cf} / ;+3Lotf sf] ha/ b: tL : jLsf/ g] jfnL s'5 / fhgLlts kf6L{ofF ;+3Lotf zAb sf] cfg] jfn] ;+lawfg d] + : yfg b] g] ;] lxrs / x] x} + . ;+3Lotf g] kfn s] lno] pko'St gxL+ x} . b] z sf] ;+3Lotf d+] n] hfgf b] z sf] afF6gf x} , P] ;L dfgl;stf ;] n8Þgf x} ca gO{ zlQmof+] sf] . lh;s] lnP / fhgLlt sf cvf8Þf sf7df+8" sf] g dfg s/ ckg] ckg] lhnf tyf If] q sf] agfgf rflxo] . ;+3Lotf tyf ægof g] kfnÆ s] n8Þg] afn] zlStof+] s] lno] d'em] Ps z] / ofb cf / xf x} – lhGbuL sL c;nL p8 Þfg ceL af+sL x} , lhGbuL sL sO{ OlDtxfg ceL af+sL x} . ceL tf] gfkL x} d'7\7L e/ hdLg cfkg] , cfu] ceL ;f/ f cf;dfg afsL x} . J

x/ t/ km ====


d] ifM -r"= r] = rf] = nf= nL= n"= n] = nf] = c=_ – d] if / flzjfnf] + s] lnP ox dfx z'e x} , dfx s] k"jf{4 d] + wg k|flKt, Jofkf/ d] + nfe, 1fgj[l4, ;'v, sfo{l;l4 tyf rf} kfof nfe . k/ Gt' zq' ;] ;fjwfgL j/ tgL xf] uL tyf pQ/ fw{ dWod / x] uf . k/ ] zfgL tyf emGem6 xf] t] x'P eL wg k|flKt xf] uL .

a[ifM -O= p= P= cf] = af= lj= a'= j] = jf] =_ – j[if / flzjfnf] + s] lnP ox dfx dWod kmnbfos / x] uf, dfx s] k"jf{4 d] + / f] u, zf] s, : qLsi6, wd{xfgL tyflk lsl~rt\ wg k|flKt tyf pQ/ fw{ ;fdfGotM z'e x} . wg k|flKt, ;'v tyf sfo{l;l4 k/ Gt' s8f kl/ >d s] afb . t;y{ cfk ç gdM lzjfo sf hfk s/ ] + .

ldy'gM -s= ls= s'= 3= ª= 5= s] = sf] = x_ – ldy'g / flzjfnf] + s] lnP ox dfx ;fdfGotof z'e / x] uf, dfx s] k"jf{4 d] + nfe, ;'v, wg k|flKt k/ Gt' kL8f tyf zq'j[l4 xf] gL sL ;Defjgf . pQ/ fw{ d] + xflg, zf] s s] jfjh"b eL, ;Gtf] ifhgs . wgk|flKt, ;'v tyf ;kmntf ldn] uL, cfk s] lnP b'uf{ ;KtztL sf kf7 nfes/ xf] uf .

ss{M -lx= x'= x] = xf] = 8f= 8 ÞL= 8 Þ'= 8 Þ] = 8Þf] _ – ss{ / flzjfnf] + s] lnP ox dfx si6bfos xf] ;stf x} . dfx s] k"jf{4 d] + rf} kfof xflg, clws Joo, Joy{ e|d0f, ljklQ tyflk lsl~rt\ wg k|flKt tyf pQ/ fw{ d] + eL sf] O{ ljz] if nfe gxL+, tyflk k'?iffy{ s] an ;] ;Gtf] ifhgs ;kmntf . t;y{ cfk xg'dfg rfnL;f tyf b'uf{ ;KtztL sf kf7 s/ ] + .

l;+xM -df= ld= d'= d] = df] = 6f= l6= 6'= 6] _ – l;+x / flzjfnf] + s] lnP dfx dWod x} . dfx s] k"jf{4 d] + hxfF nfe, wg k|flKt tyf ljho x} jxL lrGtf, Joo tyf zq'j[l4 sL k|jn ;Defjgf sf] gsf/ f gxL+ hf ;stf . pQ/ fw{ d] + eL si6, ljklQ, Joy{

e|d0f tyflk wg k|flKt tyf cGttM ljho xf] uL . cfk s] lnP b'uf{ ;KtztL sf kf7 nfes/ xf] uf .

sGofM -6f] = k= kL= k"= if= 0f= 7= k] = kf] =_ – sGof / flzjfnf] + s] lnP ox dfx dWod kmnbfos / x] uf . dfx s] k"jf{4{ d] + zf/ Ll/ s si6, / f] u tyf zq'eo . tyflk ;'v, wg k|flKt tyf ljho k|flKt . pQ/ fw{ d] + ;'v, b|Jonfe, ceo tyflk clws Joo ;] ar] + . cfk s] lnP ;"o{ sL pkf;gf nfes/ .

t'nfM -/ f= l/ = ?= / ] = / f] = tf= tL= t'= t] =_ – t'nf / flzjfnf] + s] lnP ox dfx dWod z'ebfos / x] uf . dfx s] k"jf{4 d] + hxfF wg k|flKt, k'q k|flKt tyf pGglt xf] uL, jxL zf] s cf} / zlg sf] gsf/ f gxL+ hf ;stf . pQ/ fw{ d] + cfly{s t+uL tyf zq'eo tyf xflg xf] t] x'P eL cGttM ljho tyf pGglt xf] uL . cfk s] lnP xg'dfg rfln;f sf kf7 nfes/ xf] uf .

j[lZrsM -tf] gf= lg= g'= gf] = of= lo= o'_ – j[lZrs / flzjfnf] + s] lnP ox dfx dWod x} . dfx s] k"jf{4 d] + si6, eo, cfn: o tyflk wd{/ lt nfe tyf wg k|flKt xf] uL tyf pQ/ fw{ si6bfos tyf kL8Þfbfos xf] t] x'P eL k'q;'v xf] uf . cfk s] lnP lzj rfln;f kf7 nfes/ xf] uf .

wg'M -o= of] = ef= eL= e"= w= kmf= 9= e] =_ – wg' / flzjfnf] + s] lnP ox dfx ldl>t kmnbfos / x] uf . dfx s] k"jf{4 d] + tf] si6bfos xL sx] +, tyflk wgk|fKtL . pQ/ fw{ dWod / x] uf . eo, zq'j[l4, Sn] z . cfk s] lnP ;"o{ sL pkf;gf nfes/ xf] uL .

ds/ M -ef] = hf= hL= h'= h] = hf] = v= lv= v'= vf] = uf= uL_ – ds/ / flzjfnf] + s] lnP ox dfx ;fdfGo xL / x] uf . dfx s] k"jf{4 d] + : yfgxflg, zq'eo, kfk/ lt / xt] x'P eL lsl~rt\ wgk|flKt tyf dfgj[l4 xf] uL . tyf pQ/ fw{ d] + eo, zf] s, k/ ] zfgL

k/ Gt' wgk|flKt tyf cfo' j[l4 xf] uL . cfk lji0f';x: q gfd sf kf7 s/ ] + .

s'DeM -u'= u] = uf] = ;f= ;L= ;'= ;] = ;f] = b=_ – s'De / flzjfnf] + s] lnP ox dfx si6bfos xL sxf hf ;stf .

dfx s] k"jf{4 d] + / f] u, dgd'6fj, gfz, zf] s, tyflk cGttM ljgo tyf sfo{l;l4 xf] uL . j} ;] xL pQ/ fw{ d] + rf} kfof xflg tyf lsl~rt\ wgk|flKt xf] uL . cfk s] lnP b'uf{ ;KtztL sf kf7 nfes/ xf] uf .

dLgM -bL= b'= y= em= `= b] = bf] = bL= r= rL_ – dLg / flzjfnf] + s] lnP eL ox dfx dWod / x] uf, dfx s] k"jf{4

d] + / f] u, wgxflg, kfk/ lt tyflk k'q ;'v cf} / pQ/ fw{ d] + si6, aGwg, zf/ Ll/ s / f] u tyflk lsl~rt\ pGglt tyf ljho xf] uL . cfk s] lnP ç j[+= j[x: kto] gdMÚ sf hfk nfe s/ xf] uf .

-ox / flzkmn ! dfr{ ;] n] s/ #! dfr{ ts nfu" xf] uf_/ flzkmn k|: t't / flzkmn ! km/j/L ;]

#) km/j/L ts nfu" xf] uf

n] vsM k+=Hof] = x/ ] s[i0f emf -Hof] ltiffrfo{_df] = g= (*$$)&@!(^, sf7df+8Þ"


dgf]/~hg

e§ s} +k sL …vfdf] lzof+Ú gP lgb{] zs s/ 0f bf/ f g] lgb{] lzt sL x} . pGx] + bf] gP snfsf/ u'/ dLt rf} w/ L cf} / ;kgf kAaL lbP uP x} + . pgs] ;fy cnL kmhn x} + . sxfgL ljqmd e§ g] lnvL x} cf} / Ps ls/ bf/ d] + j] : jo+ eL df} h"b x} + . P] ;f nutf x} ls ceL ts e§ s} +k ckgL lkmNdf] + d] + lhg d;fnf] + sf O: t] dfn s/ tf / xf x} , pgsL arL–v'rL cf} / ld: s dfqf s/ 0f sf] b] bL uO{ x} . k|: t'lt cf} / : jefj d] + e§ s} +k sL ox lkmNd pgsL lk5nL lkmNdf] + ;] sdhf] / x} . O; af/ e§ s} +k ckgL PS;k] l/ d] +6 b] g] d] + r"s uof x} .

;: k] +;, d8{/ , xf‘/ / , e"t–k|] t, ;] S;, / f] df+; cf} / k|] d h} ;] ;eL tTjf] + s] xf] g] s] afjh"b ox lkmNd

k|efljt gxL+ s/ tL . sf/ 0f : ki6 x} ls n] vs–lgb{] zs sL ljwf cf} / k|: t'lt s] k|lt : ki6 gxL+ x} . syf a9g] s] ;fy l56stL / xtL x} cf} / cflv/ sf/ lav/ hftL x} . ls/ bf/ f] + d] + s] jn saL/ –cnL kmhn_ k/ d] xgt sL uO{ . dL/ f–;kgf kAaL_ cf} / hob] j -u'/ dLt rf} w/ L_ cfw] –cw"/ ] / r] uP x} + .

…vfdf] lzof+Ú sf nf] s] zg ;'+b/ x} . blIf0f ck|mLsf d] + sZdL/ / r lbof uof x} . lkmNd d] + uLtf] + s] lkmNdf+sg k/ k"/ f Wofg lbof uof x} . uLt–;+uLt s] r'gfj d] + e§ a+w' xd] zf ;kmn / xt] x} + . pgsL lkmNdf] + s] uLt nf] slk|o xf] t] x} + . …vfdf] lzof+Ú d] + eL oxL aft x'O{ x} . lkmNd b] vt] x'P nutf x} ls ufgf] + s] Do"lhs jLl8of] ;] Ps nr/ syf sf] hf] 8Þf uof x} . e"t, cfTdf, k|] d cf] / cfsif{0f sL …vfdf] lzof+Ú d] + ts{ vfdf] z xL / xt] x} + . ox lkmNd k|] d cf} / ljZjf; ;] clws c+wljZjf; k/ l6sL x'O{ x} . P] ;L lkmNdf] + d] + d+q, hfk cf} / pkrf/ sf dgu9Þ+t pkof] u lsof hftf x} . n] vs–lgb{] zs tYof] + cf} / ;fIof] + k/ uf} / gxL+ s/ t] . …vfdf] lzof+Ú d] + P] ;L nfk/ jflxof] + sL clt xf] uO{ x} .

snfsf/ f] + d] + cnL kmhn ckgL ;Ldfcf] + d] + saL/ sf] lgeft] x} + . pGx] + ckg] clego d] + k|jfx k/ Wofg b] gf rflxP . O; lkmNd s] k|rf/ d] + u'/ dLt rf} w/ L s] gfd sf zf] / drfof uof, n] lsg lkmNd d] + pGx] + ax't sd : k] ; cf} / km'6] h ldnf x} . Ogd] + ;] eL cfw] b[Zof] + d] + j] cr] t n] 6] / xt] x} + . ;kgf kAaL ckg] ls/ bf/ dL/ f sL h¿/ tf] + sf] k"/ f gxL+ s/ kftL+ . …vfdf] lzof+Ú sf uLt–;+uLt kf‘k'n/ ?lr sf x} . of] + lkmNd sL syf ;] p;sf clws tfnd] n gxL+ x} .

k|] d cf} / ljZjf; ;] clws c+wljZjf;


Why Vwash plus ?Good personal hygiene is the first step to

good health. While it is an important part of one's daily life, personal hygiene isn't just about having bouncy hair, clear skin and shiny, white teeth. For women, it's also about taking care of the hygiene of their most inti-mate area - the vagina. Ironically, this is the one area that's often neglected the most.

Everyone feels they are doing just fine when it comes to intimate hygiene. It's this sense of misplaced confidence that makes them think that all the talk about intimate hygiene is not for them. Not only do they believe they are safe from irritation, itching, pain, odour, white discharge and infection, they also take a lot of myths about vaginal hygiene for facts. But this ignorance can lead to a lot of health problems.

Most women believe that using soap or only water during bathing is sufficient for their daily intimate hygiene. However, these are not the only cleansing agents.

Showering daily helps to get rid of dead skin cells, sweat, and dirt produced through-out the day. However, some body parts, like the vagina, are very delicate. These sensi-tive parts require special care and attention. While bathing daily keeps you fresh, it is simply not adequate to maintain your inti-mate hygiene. Right knowledge about the products and its usage helps to follow the right routine.

Most soaps are alkaline in nature which have a pH value of 8 to 10. With daily use, this will upset the ideal pH balance of the vagina. Even water has a pH value of 7;

which is far from the ideal vaginal pH bal-ance. This is why using soap or only water for cleansing the vagina may not be ideal for intimate hygiene. You should use prod-ucts with lactic acid formulation and which helps to balance the delicate pH balance of Vagina.

In terms of pH balance, the intimate area is an acidic part of human body, with a pH value ranging from 3.5 to 4.5. Hence, it makes it important to use a special product like VWash Plus to maintain this ideal pH balance.

When to use ?Hygiene is a daily routine; so is your In-

timate hygiene routine with VWash Plus. It should be used daily during bathing, every time after urination and every time after sexual intercourse.

VWash Plus leaves you feeling comfort-able & fresh all day long. It is safer to be used during menstruation & even during pregnancy.

How to use ?VWash Plus can be applied during any

time of the day. Quick & easy to use, VWash can be applied by pouring a few drops onto your palm & gently massaging the external area of your vagina. Rinse thoroughly with water after application.

It can be used even during your periods & leaves no side effects.



Date post:	08-Apr-2016
Category:	Documents
Upload:	anand-vijay
View:	235 times
Download:	11 times

Febuary 2015 hindi magazine nepal

Documents