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Feikin pneumonia cdepp sept2012 3 0

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http://www.cddep.org/sites/default/files/feikin_pneumonia_cdepp_sept2012_3_0.pdf
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“New” Pneumonia?: 2012 and beyond Daniel Feikin, MD Interna?onal Vaccine Access Center Johns Hopkins School of Public Health
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Page 1: Feikin pneumonia cdepp sept2012 3 0

“New”  Pneumonia?:    2012  and  beyond  

Daniel  Feikin,  MD  Interna?onal  Vaccine  Access  Center  Johns  Hopkins  School  of  Public  Health  

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Outline  of  talk  

•  Pneumonia  burden  •  Pneumonia  diagnos?cs  •  Pneumonia  e?ology  •  Pneumonia  as  part  of  fever  algorithm  

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How  much  pneumonia  in  children?  

•  0.29  episodes  per  child  year  based  on  community-­‐based  studies  (Rudan,  Bull  WHO,  2004)  

•  151  million  episodes  per  year  •  About  a  quarter  of  these  are  severe  pneumonia  (Hair  N,  personal  communica?on)  

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Global  pneumonia  deaths  in  children    <  5  years  old  (WHO  CHERG)  

1.8  (21%)  

1.2  (14%)  1.1  (14%)  

?0.6  

0  

0.5  

1  

1.5  

2  

2.5  

1998   2000   2002   2004   2006   2008   2010   2012   2014   2016   2018  

Deaths  in  M

illions  

Year  

?  decrease  1.  Real  2.  Method  

Black,  R,    Lancet  1993;    Black  R,  Lancet  2010;  Liu  L,  Lancet  2012.    

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Hib  vaccine  use  –  August  2012  68  /  73    GAVI-­‐eligible    countries  

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Pneumococcal  conjugate  vaccine  use  –  August  2012   18  /  73    

GAVI-­‐eligible    countries  

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A  brief  history  of  pneumonia  diagnos?cs  

The  past  

The  present  

The  future  

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Pneumonia  diagnos?cs  –  the  past  

10-­‐15%  bacterial  pneumonia    is  bacteremic  

50%  get  diagnosis  with  lung  aspirate  

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Pneumonia  diagnos?cs  –  the  past  20%  due  to  Hib  30%  due  to  Pneumo  

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Scog  et  al.  J  Clin  Invest  2008;118:1291-­‐1300  

Causes  of  severe  pneumonia  HIV  nega?ve  children  in  developing  countries  

1995-­‐2005  

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Pneumonia  diagnos?cs  –  the  present  

Bacteria  

Viruses  

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The  Pneumonia  E4ology  Research  for  Child  Health  (PERCH)  Project  

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PERCH  Sites  

*  PERCH  coordina4ng  centre  

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PERCH  CASES:  inclusion  criteria  Target  =  ~4,000  cases  

•  Age  28  days  to  59  months  

•  Lives  in  defined  catchment  area  

•  Admiged  to  hospital  

•  Meets  WHO  criteria  for  severe  or  very  severe  pneumonia  

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PERCH  CONTROLS:  inclusion  criteria  Target  =  ~4,000  controls  

•  Age  28  days  to  59  months  •  Lives  in  same  catchment  area  as  PERCH  cases  

•  Recruited  from  home  •  No  evidence  of  pneumonia  

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PERCH  Specimen  Tes?ng  Body  Fluid   Laboratory  Analyses  Acute blood Blood culture; lytA pneumococcal PCR

Archived for serology and possible other testing Convalescent blood Archived for serological testing

NP  rayon  swab   Bacterial  culture  for  pneumococcus  (and  serotyping  if  applicable)

Throat  rayon  and  NP  flocked  swabs  

PCR  for  respiratory  pathogens Archived  for  future  tes?ng

Induced  Sputum Microscopy  and  bacterial  culture; Mycobacterial  microscopy,  culture PCR  for  respiratory  pathogens

Lung  Aspirate (at  select  sites)

Microscopy  and  bacterial  culture; M.tb  microscopy,  culture PCR  for  respiratory  pathogens

Pleural  Fluid   Microscopy  and  bacterial  culture; Protein  and  glucose  tes?ng M.tb  microscopy,  culture; PCR  for  respiratory  pathogens An?gen  detec?on  (pneumococcus)

Gastric  Aspirate   Mycobacterial  microscopy  and  culture

Urine  

Storage  for  future  tes?ng  (an?gens;  biomarkers)

Lung  Tissue  (from  post  mortem  needle  biopsy,  at  select  sites)

Histology  ; Gram  Stain  and  bacterial  /  mycobacterial  culture,   PCR  for  respiratory  pathogens

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WHO  clinical  guidelines  for  classifica?on  and  treatment  of  pneumonia  

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WHO  guidelines  for  pneumonia  

•  Developed  in  the  1970-­‐1980’s  •  Designed  for  first  point  of  contact  at  peripheral  health  facility  

•  Premised  on  high  sensi?vity,  specificity  less  important  

•  Early  referral  and  treatment  with  an?bio?cs  for  bacterial  pneumonia  

•  24%  reduc?on  in  mortality  from  pneumonia  case  management  (Sazawal,  Lancet  2003)  

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Fever  absent  IMCI  pneumonia  algorithm  Low  sensi?vity  

Shann  F,  Bull  WHO,  1984.    Technical  bases  WHO,  WHO/ARI/91.20.  

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Fever  absent  IMCI  pneumonia  algorithm  –  Low  PPV  

Low  sensi?vity  

Fever  =  Pneumonia  

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Fever  can  elevate  Respiratory  Rate  

•  Fever  can  lead  to  elevated  RR,  independent  of  ARI  

•  About  4  bpm  per  degree  cen?grade  of  fever  (O’Dempsey,  Arch  Dis  Child,  93)  

Campbell  H,  Arch  Dis  Child  1992  

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1259   936  

323  

0  

10  

20  

30  

40  

50  

60  

70  

80  

90  

100  

Overall   Severe   Very  Severe  

Percen

t  of  C

ases  with

 Fever  

Fever  (T  >38.0  °  C)  Upon  Admission  of  PERCH  cases  

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113  

206  

405  

62  

191  

282  

0  

10  

20  

30  

40  

50  

60  

70  

80  

90  

100  

Bangladesh   Mali   South  Africa   Thailand   The  Gambia   Zambia  

Percen

t  of  C

ases  with

 Fever  

Fever  (T  >38.0  °  C)  Upon  Admission  of  PERCH  cases  

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Role  of  pneumonia  in  fever  algorithm  

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Role  of  pneumonia  in  fever  algorithm  

15,661  sick  visits  Oct  05-­‐  Dec  09  

 Temp  >38.0  C  –  36%  

Any  pneumonia  –  35%  (13%  severe/very  

severe)  

No  fever  

Any  pneumonia  –  21%  (8%  severe/very  

severe)  

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Role  of  pneumonia  in  fever  algorithm  15,661  sick  visits  Oct  05-­‐  Dec  09  

 BS  posi?ve      53%  

Fever  –  54%  

Any  pneumonia  –  36%,  severe/

VS  11%  

BS  nega?ve      47%  

Fever  -­‐-­‐25%  

Any  pneumonia  –  39%,  severe/

VS  13%  

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Pneumonia  in  fever  algorithm  

•  Sensi?vity  of  fever  for  pneumonia  ~30%  •  Posi?ve  predic?ve  value  of  fever  for  pneumonia  ~35-­‐40%  

•  Pneumonia  is  not  a  febrile  illness  

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Ques?ons  to  consider  

•  Should  another  sign/symptom  be  added  to  fever  algorithm  for  pneumonia  treatment  – Chest  indrawing,  tachypnea  

•  Do  RDTs  change  the  role  of  pneumonia  in  a  fever  algorithm?  –  It’s  always  been  there.    %  with  pneumonia  increase  as  malaria  declines,  but  not  counts  

– Pneumonia  can  occur  in  RDT  posi?ve  or  nega?ve  kids  

 

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THANK  YOU  


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