Female Reproductive System

1

Female Female Reproductive SystemReproductive System

2

IINTRODUCTIONNTRODUCTION

Sexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction Union of the nuclei of ovum Union of the nuclei of ovum

and sperm celland sperm cell

Ovum and Sperm cells are Ovum and Sperm cells are called gamete(s)called gamete(s)

Each Gamete contains half Each Gamete contains half the number of chromosomes the number of chromosomes of a normal body cell.of a normal body cell.

3

4


Gametes Gametes

(ovum and sperm cell)(ovum and sperm cell)

Gametes are produced in Gametes are produced in the gonads.the gonads.

Female gonads are the Female gonads are the ovaries; male gonads are ovaries; male gonads are the testes.the testes.

5

FertilizationFertilization An ovum leaves the ovaries and travels An ovum leaves the ovaries and travels

through the fallopian tube.through the fallopian tube.

Fertilization takes place if sperm cells Fertilization takes place if sperm cells are present and unite with the ovum. are present and unite with the ovum.

Fertilized egg implants then divides to Fertilized egg implants then divides to form a ball of cells, called a zygote form a ball of cells, called a zygote (and later an embryo and then a fetus).(and later an embryo and then a fetus).


6

FertilizationFertilization

7

ORGANS OF THE ORGANS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMSYSTEM

Page 259Page 259

8

QUICK QUIZQUICK QUIZ::

1.1. Fertilized egg implants Fertilized egg implants then divides to form a then divides to form a ball of cells, called a….ball of cells, called a….

A.A. EmbryoEmbryoB.B. FetusFetusC.C. FollicleFollicleD.D. ZygoteZygote

9

))

Organs of the female reproductive system anterior view (Page 260

10

The The BreastBreast

sagittal sagittal view view (page (page 261)261)

11

MENSTRUAL CYCLE – page 262

Day 1-5Day 1-5 Blood cells, endometrial cells, Blood cells, endometrial cells, and glandular secretions and glandular secretions

discharge from discharge from the body the body

Day 6-12Day 6-12 Estrogen aids repair of endometrium. Estrogen aids repair of endometrium.

The ovum grows in the follicle.The ovum grows in the follicle.

Day 13-14Day 13-14 Egg leaves the ovary and passes Egg leaves the ovary and passes through the fallopian tubethrough the fallopian tube

Day 15-28Day 15-28 Corpus luteum secretes Corpus luteum secretes progesterone; progesterone; uterus lining builds up.uterus lining builds up.

12

MENSTRUATION AND MENSTRUATION AND PREGNANCYPREGNANCY

MENSTRUAL CYCLE

13

PREGNANCYPREGNANCY

If fertilization occurs, the egg implants in the If fertilization occurs, the egg implants in the uterine endometrium.uterine endometrium.

Placenta forms within the uterine wallPlacenta forms within the uterine wall

Amnion holds the fetus in an amniotic cavityAmnion holds the fetus in an amniotic cavity

Nutrients, oxygen and wastes exchange Nutrients, oxygen and wastes exchange between fetus and motherbetween fetus and mother

Placenta produces human chorionic Placenta produces human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)gonadotropin (hCG)

14


A, Implantation in the uterus. B, Embryo’s relationship to the placenta

15


2.2. Corpus luteum secretes Corpus luteum secretes this monthly to build up this monthly to build up the lining of the the lining of the uterus…..uterus…..

A.A. adreniline adrenilineB.B. estrogen estrogenC.C. Progesterone ProgesteroneD.D. hCG hCG

16


3.3. During Pregnancy what During Pregnancy what does the placenta does the placenta secrete?secrete?

A.A. adrenilineadrenilineB.B. hCGhCGC.C. progesteronprogesteronD.D. estrogenestrogen

17


PREGNANCYPREGNANCYProgesterone maintains placenta maintains placenta

developmentdevelopment

Uterus expands as fetus growsUterus expands as fetus grows

Normal delivery fetal position in Normal delivery fetal position in cephalic presentation (head first) (head first)

18


PREGNANCYPREGNANCY

THREE PHASES of LaborTHREE PHASES of Labor Dilation of the cervixDilation of the cervix

Birth of the infantBirth of the infant

Delivery of the placentaDelivery of the placenta

19


A, Cephalic presentation. B, Delivery of the placenta.

20

HORMONAL HORMONAL INTERACTIONSINTERACTIONS

Pituitary secretes: Pituitary secretes: Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH)Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Pituitary stops producing FSH and LHPituitary stops producing FSH and LH During pregnancyDuring pregnancy With oral contraceptivesWith oral contraceptives

21

Hormonal Interactions Hormonal Interactions (cont’d.)(cont’d.)

MenopauseMenopause Gradual ending of the menstrual cycle Gradual ending of the menstrual cycle

Normally begins between 45 and 55Normally begins between 45 and 55

Estrogen levels fall Estrogen levels fall

Option for Estrogen replacement therapy Option for Estrogen replacement therapy (careful consideration of risks required)(careful consideration of risks required)

22

VOCABULARY – page VOCABULARY – page 262262

adnexa uteri – fallopian tubes, ovaires

and supporting ligaments

Amnion – inner most sac around fetus

Cervix – Lower, necklike portion of uterus

23

VOCABULARY page 262VOCABULARY page 262

Chorion – outermost layer of two

membranes surrounding embryo

corpus luteum – empty ovarian

follicle that secretes progesterone

after release of the egg

24

VOCABULARY- page VOCABULARY- page 266266

Embryo – stage in prenatal development

from 2 to 6 wks

Endometrium – inner membrane lining

the uterus

Estrogen – hormone produced by ovaires

25

Vocabulary – page 262Vocabulary – page 262

fallopian tubefallopian tube – duct where ovum – duct where ovum

travels to uterustravels to uterus

FertilizationFertilization – union of sperm and – union of sperm and

ovumovum

Fetus Fetus – stage in prenatal – stage in prenatal

development from 6 to 39 or 49 wksdevelopment from 6 to 39 or 49 wks

26

VOCABULARY – VOCABULARY – page 267page 267

follicle-stimulating hormone follicle-stimulating hormone

(FSH) –(FSH) – secreted by pituitary gland to secreted by pituitary gland to

stimulate maturation of the egg cellstimulate maturation of the egg cell

GameteGamete – sperm cell or ovum – sperm cell or ovum

(reproductive cell)(reproductive cell)

Gestation – period of fertilization Gestation – period of fertilization

of the ovum to birthof the ovum to birth

27


Gynecology Gynecology – study of female – study of female

reproductive organs.reproductive organs.

human chorionic gonadotropin human chorionic gonadotropin

(HCG(HCG)) – hormone produced by – hormone produced by

placenta to sustain pregnancy by placenta to sustain pregnancy by

stimulating the mother’s ovaries to stimulating the mother’s ovaries to

produce estrogen and progesteroneproduce estrogen and progesterone..

28


luteinizing hormone (LH)luteinizing hormone (LH) – hormone produced – hormone produced

by pituitary gland the promotes ovulationby pituitary gland the promotes ovulation

Menopause Menopause – gradual ending of menstration– gradual ending of menstration

Menstruation – Menstruation – monthly shedding of the monthly shedding of the

uterine lining.uterine lining.

29


NeonatologyNeonatology – study of the newborn, neonate – study of the newborn, neonate

ObstetricsObstetrics – branch of medicine concerned – branch of medicine concerned

with pregnancy and childbirthwith pregnancy and childbirth

Orifice Orifice – an opening– an opening

ovarian follicleovarian follicle – Sac enclosing each ovum – Sac enclosing each ovum

within the ovarywithin the ovary

Ovary/OvariesOvary/Ovaries– organ(s) that produce egg cells – organ(s) that produce egg cells

and hormonesand hormones

30


Ovulation Ovulation – Release of ovum from – Release of ovum from

ovaryovary

Ovum Ovum – egg cell, female gamete– egg cell, female gamete

Parturition Parturition – act of giving birth– act of giving birth

pituitary glandpituitary gland – endocrine gland at – endocrine gland at

base of brain. It produces hormones base of brain. It produces hormones

that stimulate the ovariesthat stimulate the ovaries

31


PlacentaPlacenta – vascular organ that develops – vascular organ that develops

in the uterine wall during pregnancy. It in the uterine wall during pregnancy. It

serves as a communication between serves as a communication between

maternal and fetal bloodstreamsmaternal and fetal bloodstreams

32

PlacentaPlacenta

33

VOCABULARY – page 268VOCABULARY – page 268

Pregnancy-Pregnancy- condition of a female condition of a female

having a developing embryo and having a developing embryo and

fetus in her uterus for 38 – 40 weeksfetus in her uterus for 38 – 40 weeks

Progesterone Progesterone – hormone produced – hormone produced

by the corpus luteum in the ovary by the corpus luteum in the ovary

and placenta of pregnant womenand placenta of pregnant women

34


Uterus Uterus – female organ in which – female organ in which

the embryo and fetus develop and the embryo and fetus develop and

from which menstruation occurs.from which menstruation occurs.

ZygoteZygote- prenatal stage of - prenatal stage of

development from fertilizaton and development from fertilizaton and

implantation to 2 weeks.implantation to 2 weeks.

35


4.4. Which term refers to Which term refers to the inner, mucous the inner, mucous membrane lining of the membrane lining of the uterus?uterus?

A.A. Endometrium EndometriumB.B. Fallopian tube Fallopian tubeC.C. Chorion ChorionD.D. Amnion Amnion

36

COMBINING FORMS – page 268COMBINING FORMS – page 268

amni/oamni/o amnionamnion

cervic/ocervic/o cervix, neckcervix, neck

chori/ochori/o chorionchorion

chorion/ochorion/o chorionchorion

Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning

TERMINOLOGY: COMBINING TERMINOLOGY: COMBINING FORMS, SUFFIXES, AND FORMS, SUFFIXES, AND PREFIXESPREFIXES

37

COMBINING FORMSCOMBINING FORMS

culd/oculd/o cul-de-saccul-de-sac episi/oepisi/o vulvavulva galact/ogalact/o milkmilk gynec/ogynec/o woman, femalewoman, female hyster/ohyster/o uterus, wombuterus, womb



38


lact/olact/o milkmilk mamm/omamm/obreastbreast mast/omast/o breastbreast men/omen/o menses, menses,

menstruationmenstruation metr/ometr/o uterusuterus



39


my/omy/o musclemuscle myom/omyom/o muscle tumormuscle tumor nat/inat/i birthbirth obstetr/oobstetr/o midwifemidwife o/o o/o eggegg



40


oophor/ooophor/oovaryovary ov/oov/o eggegg ovari/oovari/o ovaryovary ovul/oovul/o eggegg perine/operine/o perineumperineum



41


phor/ophor/o to bearto bear

salping/osalping/o fallopian tubesfallopian tubes

uter/outer/o uterusuterus



42

SUFFIXES – page 272SUFFIXES – page 272

-cyesis-cyesis pregnancypregnancy PseudcyesisPseudcyesis

-gravida-gravida pregnancypregnancy PrimigravidaPrimigravida

-parous-parous to bear, bring forthto bear, bring forth primiparousprimiparous

SuffixSuffix MeaningMeaning


43

SUFFIXESSUFFIXES

-rrhea-rrhea dischargedischarge -salpinx-salpinx uterine tubeuterine tube -tocia-tocia labor, birthlabor, birth

dystociadystocia -version-version act of turningact of turning

Cephalic versionCephalic version presentationpresentation



44

PREFIXES – page 266PREFIXES – page 266

dys-dys- painfulpainful endo-endo- withinwithin in-in- inin intra-intra- within within

(intrauterine)(intrauterine) multi-multi- many (multipara)many (multipara)



45

PREFIXES – page 267PREFIXES – page 267

pre-pre- before (prenatal)before (prenatal)

primi-primi- first (primipara)first (primipara)



46

47


5.5. Which term means Which term means removal of the breast?removal of the breast?

A.A. hysterectomy hysterectomyB.B. mastectomy mastectomyC.C. mastitis mastitisD.D. Mammoplasty Mammoplasty

What do the other terms mean?What do the other terms mean?

48

PATHOLOGY: UterusPATHOLOGY: Uterus

Carcinoma of the cervixCarcinoma of the cervix Malignant cells within the cervixMalignant cells within the cervix

CervicitisCervicitis Inflammation of the cervixInflammation of the cervix

Carcinoma of the endometriumCarcinoma of the endometrium Malignant tumor of the uterusMalignant tumor of the uterus

EndometriosisEndometriosis Endometrial tissue located outside the Endometrial tissue located outside the

uterusuterus

49

PATHOLOGY: UterusPATHOLOGY: Uterus

FibroidsFibroids Benign tumors of Benign tumors of

the uterusthe uterus

Figure shows Figure shows location of location of uterine fibroids.uterine fibroids.

50

Pathology: Gynecological Pathology: Gynecological and Breastand Breast

BreastBreast Carcinoma of the breastCarcinoma of the breast Fibrocystic diseaseFibrocystic disease

51

PATHOLOGY: PATHOLOGY: OvariesOvaries

Ovarian carcinomaOvarian carcinoma Malignant tumor of the ovaryMalignant tumor of the ovary

Ovarian cystsOvarian cysts Collections of fluid within a sac in the Collections of fluid within a sac in the

ovaryovary

Fallopian TubesFallopian Tubes Pelvic inflammatory diseasePelvic inflammatory disease

52

Pathology: Breast Pathology: Breast

Carcinoma of the Carcinoma of the breastbreast

Image A Image A shows shows (arrows) (arrows)

mammogram of mammogram of invasive carcinoma invasive carcinoma

of the breast. of the breast.

Image B Image B is a cut is a cut section of invasive section of invasive

ductal cardinoma of ductal cardinoma of the breast.the breast.

53

PathologyPathology

Ectopic pregnancyEctopic pregnancy Misplaced implantation of eggMisplaced implantation of egg

54

PATHOLOGY: PregnancyPATHOLOGY: Pregnancy

Placenta abruptioPlacenta abruptio

Placenta previa Placenta previa placental implantation over the placental implantation over the

cervical openingcervical opening

55

56

PathologyPathology

Preeclampsia Preeclampsia abnormal condition associated with abnormal condition associated with

pregnancy marked by high blood pregnancy marked by high blood pressure, proteinuria, and edema.pressure, proteinuria, and edema.

57

PATHOLOGY: Neonatal – PATHOLOGY: Neonatal – page 281page 281

Down syndromeDown syndrome Erythroblastosis fetalisErythroblastosis fetalis – hemolytic – hemolytic

diseasedisease Hyaline membrane disease/RDSHyaline membrane disease/RDS HydrocephalusHydrocephalus – accumulation of fluid – accumulation of fluid

in spaces of the brain.in spaces of the brain. Meconium aspiration syndromeMeconium aspiration syndrome Pyloric stenosisPyloric stenosis – narrowing of the – narrowing of the

opening of the stomach and duodenumopening of the stomach and duodenum

58

59

60

61

PATHOLOGY: NeonatalPATHOLOGY: Neonatal

APGAR SCORING CHARTAPGAR SCORING CHART Assessment of newbornAssessment of newborn Scoring 1 to 5 mins after birthScoring 1 to 5 mins after birth

62

Clinical Tests and Clinical Tests and ProceduresProcedures

Clinical testsClinical tests Pap smearPap smear Pregnancy testPregnancy test

ProceduresProcedures X-raysX-rays UltrasoundUltrasound Gynecological proceduresGynecological procedures Procedures during pregnancyProcedures during pregnancy

63

Clinical Procedures Clinical Procedures

Gynecological Gynecological proceduresprocedures

LaparoscopicLaparoscopic

oophorectomyoophorectomy A, Ovary placed A, Ovary placed

in plastic bag.in plastic bag. B, Extracted B, Extracted

through the through the laparoscopelaparoscope

64

Clinical Tests and Clinical Tests and ProceduresProcedures

ProceduresProceduresProcedures during pregnancyProcedures during pregnancy

AmniocentesisAmniocentesis Needle placement guided by ultrasound images.Needle placement guided by ultrasound images.

65

PREFIXESPREFIXES

bi- bi- _________ _________

dys-dys- _________ _________ endo-endo- _________ _________ in-in- _________ _________ intra-intra- _________ _________ multi-multi- _________ _________

SuffixSuffix Meaning Meaning

REVIEW SHEETREVIEW SHEET

66

PREFIXESPREFIXES

nulli-nulli- _________ _________ oxy-oxy- _________ _________ peri-peri- _________ _________ pre-pre- _________ _________



67

PREFIXESPREFIXES

primi-primi- _________ _________

pseudo-pseudo- _________ _________

retro-retro- _________ _________

uni-uni- _________ _________

SuffixSuffix Meaning Meaning


Date post:	14-Jan-2016
Category:	Documents
Upload:	vonda
View:	47 times
Download:	0 times

Female Reproductive System

Documents