Fig. 8.1Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

CNS

Spinal cord

Brain

Nerves toface

Ganglia

PNS

Nerves toupper limb

Nerves tolower limb

Fig. 8.34-2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Cerebrum

Pia mater

Subarachnoid space

Arachnoid mater

Subdural space

Dura mater

Skull

Dural venous sinus

(a)

(b)

Ventral root

Spinal nerve

Dorsal rootganglion

Pia mater

Subarachnoidspace

Dura mater

Subdural space

Arachnoid mater

Vessels insubarachnoid space

Fig. 8.34-1

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Cerebrum

Pia mater

Subarachnoid space

Arachnoid mater

Subdural space

Dura mater

Skull

Dural venous sinus

(a)

Vessels insubarachnoid space

Fig. 8.24 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Occipitallobe

Cerebellum

Lateral view(b)

Lateralfissure

Temporallobe

Parietallobe

Centralsulcus

Frontallobe

(a) Superior view

Lefthemisphere

Longitudinalfissure

Righthemisphere

Occipitallobe

Parietallobe

Frontallobe

Sulci

Gyri

Centralsulcus

a: © R. T. Hutchings; b: © McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./Rebecca Gray, photographer/Don Kincaid, dissections

Fig. 8.27

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Taste area(beneath surfacein insula)

Visualassociation area

Visual cortex

Sensory speech area(Wernicke area)

Somatic sensoryassociation area

Primary somaticsensory cortex

Central sulcus

Primary motorcortex

Premotorarea

Prefrontalarea

Motor speech area(Broca area)

Primaryauditory cortex

Auditoryassociation area

Lateral view

Lower limb

Trunk

Upperlimb

Head

Fig. 8.37 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Olfactory tract

Optic chiasm

Pituitary gland

Mammillary body

Pons

Medullaoblongata

Inferior view

Posterior

Accessory nerve (XI)

Hypoglossal nerve (XII)

Vagus nerve (X)

Glossopharyngealnerve (IX)

Vestibulocochlearnerve (VIII)

Facial nerve (VII)

Abducens nerve (VI)

Trigeminal nerve (V)

Trochlear nerve (IV)

Oculomotor nerve (III)

Optic nerve (II)

Olfactory bulb (olfactorynerve [I] enter bulb)

Anterior

Fig. 8.21

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Cerebellum

Posterior

Corpuscallosum

Cerebrum

Medial view

Medullaoblongata

Brainstem

Diencephalon

Pons

Midbrain

Anterior

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

© Courtesy of Branislav Vidic

Fig. 8.23

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Thalamus(b)(a)

Interthalamicadhesion

Thalamic nuclei

Cerebellum

Pineal gland

Epithalamus

Corpus callosumThalamus

Interthalamicadhesion

Hypothalamus

Mammillary body

Optic chiasm

Pituitary glandInfundibulum

Diencephalon

Pons

Fig. 8.35

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Lateral ventricle(posterior horn)

Cerebral aqueduct

Fourth ventricle

Central canalof spinal cord

Lateral view

Lateral ventricle(inferior horn)

Third ventricle

Lateral ventricle(anterior horn)

Fig. 8.36 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

1

1

2

5

3

4

1

2

3

4

5

Choroid plexus oflateral ventricle

Opening connectinglateral and thirdventricles

Choroid plexus ofthird ventricle

Cerebral aqueduct

Opening in wall offourth ventricle

Choroid plexus offourth ventricle

Opening in roof offourth ventricle

Dura mater

Central canal ofspinal cord

Subarachnoid space

Cerebrum

Pia mater

Subarachnoidspace

Arachnoid mater

Dura mater

Skull

Superiorsagittal sinus

Arachnoid granulation

Subarachnoid space

Ependymalcells

Connectivetissue

Capillarycontainingblood

CSF entersthe ventricle.

Sagittal section, medial view

Sectionof choroidplexus

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced by thechoroid plexuses of each of the four ventricles(inset, lower left ).

CSF from the lateral ventricles flows to the thirdventricle.

CSF flows from the third ventricle through thecerebral aqueduct to the fourth ventricle.

CSF exits the fourth ventricle through openings inthe wall of the fourth ventricle and enters thesubarachnoid space. Some CSF enters the centralcanal of the spinal cord.

CSF flows through the subarachnoid space to thearachnoid granulations in the superior sagittal sinus,where it enters the venous circulation (inset, upper right).

Superiorsagittal sinus(dural venoussinus)

Arachnoidgranulation

Subarachnoidspace

Fig. 8.15 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Cauda equina

Spinal cord

Spinal nerves

Level of foramen magnum

Rootlets ofspinal nerves

Level of thesecond lumbarvertebra

Coccygealnerve

C1

T1

L1

S1

Fig. 8.16 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Graymatter

Posterior horn

Anterior horn

Lateral horn

Dorsal root ganglion

Sensory neuron

Spinal nerve

Autonomic neuron

Somatic motor neuron

Ventral rootAnterior horn

Lateral horn

Posterior horn Dorsal root

Rootlets

Ventralroot

Spinalnerve

Dorsal rootganglion

Dorsal root

Whitematter

Dorsal (posterior) column

Ventral (anterior) column

Lateral column

Central canal

Interneuron

(b)

(a)

Fig. 8.37 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Olfactory tract

Optic chiasm

Pituitary gland

Mammillary body

Pons

Medullaoblongata

Inferior view

Posterior

Accessory nerve (XI)

Hypoglossal nerve (XII)

Vagus nerve (X)

Glossopharyngealnerve (IX)

Vestibulocochlearnerve (VIII)

Facial nerve (VII)

Abducens nerve (VI)

Trigeminal nerve (V)

Trochlear nerve (IV)

Oculomotor nerve (III)

Optic nerve (II)

Olfactory bulb (olfactorynerve [I] enter bulb)

Anterior