Final Paper - INTS perspectives

RUNNING HEADER: Campus Carry Final Paper 1

Final Paper

Brittney Johnson

INTS 3300

Dr. Gail Bentley

Texas Tech University

Brittney Johnson

Campus Carry Final Paper 2

Abstract

Utilizing theories and data collected through scholarly sources, as an outline for

understanding why a person makes violent actions and the reasoning’s behind that decision can

affect a university and community, as a whole. A common fear among citizens, in a college

community that allows students and faculty to carry their firearms on campus, is that there could

potentially be an increase in mass shootings and suicides among them. Through the research of

sources, statistics, and facts, it can be assumed that there can be something to help prevent

violence with firearms on a university campus. Organizational leadership shows that leaders

within the university and community can propose a strategic plan of safety and awareness

regarding firearms in a general aspect. A health professions discipline shows that people in the

mental health industry can preform regular mental evaluations when a person is striving towards

their Concealed Handgun License (CHL). Also, health professionals can justify the overall

confusion of the stereotypes among people suffering from mental illness and whether or not they

are associated with violence on campus. Together, these two disciplines will come together and

create a common ground to benefit and support the university and community, in a college city,

to build and construct an organization to help educate the citizens on firearm safety.

Furthermore, if there were appropriate training, regular mental evaluations among those who are

receiving CHLs, and an understanding on how to properly treat violence as a disease, would

people continue to feel unsafe with other students and faculty carrying their firearms on campus?

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The research topic that has been given, this semester, pertains to “Campus Carry.”

With disciplines in organizational leadership and health professions, there are multitudes of ways

this complex research topic can be addressed. To help shape the public’s view of violence, how

can health professionals view violence, specified towards firearms, as a disease and begin to treat

it as one? This is a very important question that not only students, but also faculty and everyone

else involved with a university that allows campus carry, should ask. Overall, the main focus

question of this research study should emphasis on if there is appropriate training, regular mental

evaluations of those searching to receive a CHL, and an understanding on how to properly treat

violence as a disease, would people continue to feel unsafe with other students and faculty

carrying their firearms on campus? To be able to justify this focus question, using Allen Repko’s

(2012) ten-step process can be beneficial to this research.

STEP 1: State the Focus of Your Paper

The topic of “Campus Carry” has grown into a large controversial debate involving

faculty, students, and the general community. The new law is regulated by the Senate Bill 11 and

will take place on the Texas Tech University on August 1, 2016. Senate Bill 11 is “Relating to

the carrying of handguns on the campuses of and certain other locations associated with

institutions of higher education; providing a criminal penalty” (Texas Legislature Online, 2015).

The bill doesn’t include open carry or hunting rifles, and is irrelevant for private or junior

colleges. The rumored fear is that there will be an escalation of violent crimes and suicides. Also,

it has been assumed that several college faculty members believe that the idea of a person in the

same room, who is carrying a gun, can be very distracting. Even though this controversial topic

is up for debate, there is a history of how the idea of “Campus Carry” came to be. Students for

Concealed Carry, is an organization that was created by an undergraduate student at The

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University of North Texas. He was motivated and inspired by the Virginia Tech shootings and

sought out a way to help prevent anything that involved firearm violence, on campuses, in the

future. From this idea of becoming a campus organization, forming a website, and then exploded

from there, students are finding ways of changing society as we see it. Bowman (2012) states,

“Today, SCC has over 36,000 members and over 350 established chapters on college campuses

and universities.” Clearly, this student organization is making a huge impact on university

campuses all over the nation. This helps to enlighten the idea that even more aspects and

characteristics amongst firearm safety and awareness can expand throughout the United States as

well; and additionally, preventing students, faculty, and citizens from being as fearful and

anxious about the topic of “Campus Carry.”

Community leaders, such as campus and public police, should put forth enough force to

keep campuses safe. This also goes for the proper training provided throughout the SCC

organizations, and other “Campus Carry” related-organizations at the university. Blumenfield

(2015) expresses in his article that the controversy, which applies to mental health professionals,

is when a person is admitted into a mental institution. In some states, it is acceptable to self-

admit yourself to a mental institution; and have the right to leave whenever you choose. This

sparks the question of how will psychological therapists come into play when determining if a

person has the mental capacity of obtaining a CHL; especially when their self-admittance was

unrelated to any thought of violence.

Costello (2015) mentions an infectious disease doctor, Gary Slutkin, who believes that

violence in general (and, more specifically, violence using firearms) is linked to a mental disease

and can even be treatable. As health professionals, it is known to focus on treating the actual

disease or symptoms more than focusing more on the root of what caused the disease in the first

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place. Costello’s (2015) article mentions that Dr. Slutkin presumes people who are

“interrupters,” can be antibiotics for other people who act in violence. An interrupter can help the

perpetrator to understand what he, or she, is about to commit and how it can affect, not only their

life, but also the one’s around them. Rappleye (2015) also mentions Slutkin his article. Another

article that justified Dr. Slutkin’s research was written by Gupta (2015). Both of these articles

state the same information as the Costello article. It is important to find multiple sources to help

validate and rationalize Slutkin’s idea of treating violence as a disease, since some critiques find

the inquiry absurd.

STEP 2: Justify Using an Interdisciplinary Approach

By using an interdisciplinary approach, finding a way to shed light on the focus question

of insecurity and misunderstanding of firearms throughout the common public is considered

applicable to justifying “Campus Carry” overall. Here is where community leaders and health

professionals would all come together to help solve the fear and uncertainty of “Campus Carry.”

First, to even be able to carry a gun on campus, you have to have a Concealed Handgun License.

Most people think that going through several obstacles, are necessary for receiving a CHL

because of the related risks that come along with the license. According to the Students For

Concealed Carry website (n.d.), these requirements include: meeting the age requirement, taking

an educational class, pass the written test, pass a shooting test, fingerprinting and background

checks, and not to mention paying a fee. Also, according to the Texas CHL website, you must be

a legal resident for at least six months, twenty-one years of age, can’t ever be convicted as a

felon, hold any Class A or B misdemeanors in the past five years, and not chemically dependent.

In order to be denied a CHL, or any other gun licensing, you must have never been admitted to a

mental institution or diagnosed with any addiction, or mental disorder. This is where health

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professionals would come into play. Secondly, it is important for the “Campus Carry” related

organizations on campus and the campus/public police to take their part in this controversial

debate, in regards to their university. This includes proper training for being prepared for

“Campus Carry” in all areas. The university could train staff and students on how to take control

of a violent situation. Campus police are the first responders to a violent situation on campus, it

is important to be strategic and efficient. The first question victims and first responders will ask

themselves are if the perpetrator is mentally stable and how do they go about handling the

situation as quick as possible. This would then roll into how the perpetrator is approached during

the violent state; as well as, in trial afterwards. This is where health professionals contribute their

part to the community and university. If Dr. Slutkin is correct, and violence committed with

firearms can be considered as a disease, then there should be different ways of treating a

situation due to violent circumstances. This could also help campus police when they take part in

their training, as to how to approach the problem when it occurs.

STEP 3: Identify Relevant Disciplines

Some relevant disciplines that could potentially instruct this research are Human

Development and Family Studies, Organizational Leadership, Health Professions, Psychology,

Social Work, Health Sciences, Biomedical, Civil Rights and Constitutional Law. Tayler’s (2012)

article states about seven potentially relevant disciplines and only uses about three essential

disciplines within her research. Although it would be greatly beneficial to use a vast

interdisciplinary approach, it is only necessary to use a couple of the disciplines for this research

study. It is still possible to conduct research through an interdisciplinary approach with just a few

disciplines and area of study. The chosen disciplines being used for this research study are

Health Professions and Organizational Leadership. With these areas of study in mind, a

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researcher could ask what is the role of community leaders to ensure the needs and safety of all

citizens, from various cultural experiences and opportunities are met? To help shape the public’s

view of gun violence, how can health professionals view this violence as a disease and begin to

treat it as one? As important as these questions are, regarding the essential disciplines being used

for this research, they will be integrated into one focus question. This creates an interdisciplinary

approach to integrate both of the disciplines being used. Appropriate sources and disciplinary

theories will be used to help justify the research behind the disciplinary questions; which should

be valid and proving.

STEP 4: Conduct a Literature Search

Swanson, McGinty, Fazel, and Mays (2015) conducted research to see if epidemiology

can help lawmakers create restrictions on firearms that can prevent the violence based around

guns, while protecting the civil rights of citizens in the community. Overall, the article is trying

to link and connect mental disorders to violence and attempting to find a solution to the issues

based around this notorious topic. Throughout the author’s studies, the researchers found that the

media portrays most of the violence based around firearms to be accounted for by mentally ill

perpetrators, ultimately creating stereotypes among society. This shows that health professionals

can join together with leaders in the community and organize a strategic plan to ensure in the

safety and understanding of firearms among the citizens in their towns or cities.

Butkus, Doherty, and Daniel (2014) wrote an article about the organization of The

American College of Physicians (ACP) and their plans to expand their overall knowledge about

what their member’s attitudes and thoughts towards firearms consisted of. By conducting a

survey, the ACP was able to conclude that physicians should care more about injury from a gun,

and wound prevention; as well as increasing their counseling efforts towards their patients who

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suffer from mental illness. The article shows that counseling efforts have a positive effect on the

safety habits of their mentally ill clients, furthermore decreasing the likelihood of an injury

caused by a firearm. Again, this shows that both disciplines of Organizational Leadership and

Health Professions can come together and create a total awareness of safety among their peers

and find ways to help prevent the accidents and injuries that are centered around firearms.

STEP 5: Develop Adequacy in Each Relevant Discipline

Repko (2012) states that, to be able to develop adequacy, you must “comprehend enough

of each relevant discipline to decide which of its defining elements bears on the problem most

directly, identify and understand relevant theories, identify and critique disciplinary methods,

and provide in-text evidence of adequacy.” To be able to tie this into health professions and

organizational leadership, it is important to be aware of the theories and research methods

needed for obtaining adequate information about a specific topic.

Theories that are pertaining to the Health Professions discipline can range immensely.

These would include: Psychosexual, Cognitive Developmental, Social Learning Theory, and

Systems Theory. Also, there are non-experimental and experimental designs that can be used to

research a complex topic, such as “Campus Carry.” Non-experimental designs consist of survey,

naturalistic observation, systematic observation, case studies and archival research. There are

also experimental and quasi-experimental research designs that have been conducted. The theory

chosen that is most essential for this research study regarding health is the Social Learning

Theory by Albert Bandura. This theory combines both the cognitive learning theory, which finds

that learning is influenced by psychological factors, and the behavioral learning theory, which

finds that learning is based on environmental stimuli. The Social Learning Theory is known to be

an integrative approach to learning; which is beneficial when using an integrated and

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interdisciplinary approach in this research study. Albert Bandura led an experiment known as the

BoBo Doll Experiment. A child is shown either a violent adult, or a nonviolent adult, in a

situation with a bobo doll. Later, the child is placed in the room with the bobo doll alone and is

observed on their behavior towards the doll. The conclusions demonstrated that a child that

watched the violent adult was more likely to be violent towards the doll, while the child who

watched the nonviolent adult had a more nonviolent behavior towards the doll. It becomes clear

that many different psychological and environmental factors can impact a person’s way of

thinking and their behavior. A person’s past can become their future, as they make decisions

quickly.

Whether quantitative or qualitative research is done, is based on the researcher

themselves and what they are planning to research. Quantitative is measurable and can tell how

much of something there is. For example, quantitative research could be collecting data on a

research question and doing a statistical analysis of that data. Research could also consist of a

researcher observing a child, in their natural environment, and documenting how many times

they complete a certain action, then comparing those results to other participants in the study. All

of the research that was found for this study was quantitative and based off of surveys and

statistical data. Theories are important within the discipline of Health Professions and

Organizational Leadership, because they show us that there is a commonality behind the

reasoning of a person making planned and specific decisions. Every theory has different studies

completed and different conclusions; but in the end, it proves that people are the way they are

because of certain aspects including: their environment, social economic status, mental

capabilities, prenatal development, family history, and many other factors.

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Throughout organizational leadership, there can also be a wide variety of theories used; it

just depends on the approach and perspective that is chosen for that research. For this research

study, the Planned Behavior theory is considered valuable. Although this theory can be

considered for organizational leadership, it can also tie into health professions. Jimmieson,

Peach, and White (2008) state “Utilizing the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) as a framework

for understanding employee intentions to support organizational change, this study examined the

extent to which attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control (PBC), as well as the

interactive effect of group norm and in group identification, predicted intentions to carry out

change-supportive activities. It also was hypothesized that communication and participation

would increase intentions, with these relationships mediated by the TPB variables.” TPB, Theory

of Planned Behavior, was proposed to understand a human beings reasoned action, including

their behavior control. In contrast, the theory helps researchers to apprehend why a person makes

the choices that they do based off of their behavior patterns. The Theory of Planned Behavior

can be utilized throughout leaders in the community by evaluating the peers around the town or

city.

STEP 6: Analyze the Problem and Evaluate Each Insight or Theory

With disciplines in Organizational Leadership and Health Professions, there are

multitudes of ways this research topic can be addressed. There has been some discussion

between health professionals on if a person that commits a violent act with a firearm can be

considered mentally ill because of that specific action; ultimately, justifying a disease that

concerns these issues. To help shape the public’s view of violence, how can health professionals

view violence with a firearm as a disease and begin to treat it as one? Again, this is a very

important question that not only students, but also faculty, and everyone else involved with a

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university that allows campus carry, should ask. So how do we go about justifying the research

needed to make permissible and reasonable conclusions? According to Repko (2012), to be able

to justify the research question, it is important to be able to focus on the problem by comparing

related disciplines and finding the strengths and weaknesses of each one. This is referred to as

analyzing the problem. To be able to evaluate the information given, different perspectives must

be present. The problem will then be comparable to the different perspectives from each

discipline.

It is evident that the discipline of health professions can provide adequate information to

this complex focus question of research. Professionals in the health industry may look at the fact

that perpetrators who do commit a violent crime through firearms can be suffering from a

possible “violence disease,” or any other mental disorder, according to Dr. Gary Slutkin. This

would require further research on the disease itself and if a violence disease (specifically

referring to firearm violence) is considered a disorder/disease at all. Referring back, Costello’s

(2015) article, she introduces Dr. Slutkin to the public and helps to explain his reasoning’s

behind believing why and how we can treat violence as a disease in perpetrators; this is also

evident in both of Gupta’s (2015) and Rappleye’s (2015) articles. Also, health professionals can

look into researching the effects of conducting a mental evaluation when becoming a licensed

handgun owner, has on the rates of violence committed with a gun in a particular, or broad,

location.

The purpose of Swanson et. al. (2015), research is to figure out if any type of gun usage

when committing a violent act is linked to psychological disorders. Through their studies, the

researchers found that the media portrays most mass shootings and gun violent acts to be

accounted for by mentally ill perpetrators. This helps to create stereotypes within today’s

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societies, about people suffering from mental disorders. A survey concluded that almost half of

Americans believed that a person with a serious illness is more dangerous than the healthy

population. This creates labels among people whom are suffering from serious illnesses that may

not be violent at all.

The insights of this article contribute to a better understanding of the fear and uncertainty

pertaining to the “Campus Carry” topic. This research does set up a more comprehensive way to

address the focus question. With Swanson et.al. (2015), referencing Link’s theory, it shows that

there is a connection between mental disorders and violence. Link’s Theory is used for

explanations of violence within a person who suffers from a mental incapability. However, this

article also raises some concerns with how much the media portrays violence committed by a

person with a mental disorder versus a healthy person committing a violent crime. It shows that

mental evaluations can be extremely helpful when a person is receiving a CHL. This article,

conducted by Swanson et. al. (2015), has been extremely helpful when gaining a broader

understanding of this study’s research question.

Hodges and Scalora (2015) wrote an article signifying mental disorders and violence with

firearms, as well. It has been assumed that people suffering from a mental disorder are connected

to violence and that firearms are easily accessible by these people. Laws are being mentioned

about restricting people who suffer from a mental disorder from one of their basic Constitutional

rights, the right to bear arms. The article declared ways of managing the threat of mentally ill

citizens killing other people, as well as the debate on whether people kill people or if guns kill

people. This article does help broaden the understanding of mental illness and gun control within

the campus carry study. It shows that the media can have a great influence on society’s views of

people with a mental incapability. However, there are some associations between mentally ill

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citizens and violence committed with a gun. This shows that health professionals can help their

communities by managing a way that society can feel more of a safety and comfortable

environment, without revoking others of their Constitutional rights.

Butkus, Doherty, and Daniel (2014) article about society’s attitudes of firearms and what the

injury prevention from firearms can conclude as. The ACP is raising concerns about the increase

of violence, throughout America, with guns. A question that physicians should ask themselves is

if they should care about any type of gun injury prevention. There are many aspects of help that a

physician can provide towards a firearm owner. It has been shown that counseling efforts

towards patients with mental illness have had a positive effect on the storage and safety habits of

their clients. Researchers have concluded that physicians can help and should care about the

community’s safety towards violent acts perpetrated with firearms.

Even though there is much more research needed, it can be concluded that professionals

in the health industry can benefit and provide a great deal of information and help towards the

complex concept of concealed handguns. It is important to remember that there are two sides to

every story, and the media doesn’t always tell the entire story. Even though the media does have

an impact on societies stereotypes of people suffering from mental illness, it is still important to

consider that there is a connection between mental disorders and gun violence. These articles

help this research study gain a clearer understanding of why students and faculty are unsure

about their peers participating in their university’s campus carry policies. There are many ways

to ensure the safety and protection of students and faculty, one including the idea of conducting

mental evaluations when licensing a person with a CHL.

STEP 7: Identify Conflict Between Insights and Their Sources

Repko (2012), states “Interdisciplinarians work with assumptions when they find that

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concepts are not the fundamental source of conflict between all of the relevant insights.” In

regards to researchers, some of the easiest assumptions are ontological, which is the reality of a

situation; epistemological, which is the knowledge of the reality taking place; and value-laden,

which are assumptions made concerning humanity, justice, and diversity. It is important to

identify conflicts between insights and their sources. Some of the conflicts that occur within the

literature being researched for this topic of “Campus Carry” include assumptions of the future

and different theories being stretched too far. Also, some of the sources that are being researched

present alternative and diverse views, while other sources are representing a more biased point of

view. Since the disciplines in this research topic, Organizational Leadership and Health

Professions, have the ability to intertwine it would be rare to have an issue of conflict between

them; however, it is possible. Organizational Leadership is based around leaders in the

community that have the ability to change the viewpoints of society concerning campus carry, as

well as being trained to properly handle a situation if firearm violence ever is brought about. The

Health Professions discipline is based around mental health and general health professionals

treating patients that commit a violent act with a gun, referring to the violence as a mental

disorder, and conducting mental evaluations before a person receives a Concealed Handgun

License. The sources used to conduct this research contained conflicts concerning the bias of

mentally ill patients and persons having a CHL and the steps that a community leader would take

to control the issues of violence, not only in the community, but also on campuses specifically.

The importance of these conflicts could have the ability to partake in a major impact on society’s

viewpoints on violence with a gun and people with mental illness; ultimately creating either a

sense of safety or fear amongst citizens.

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There weren’t any vocabulary issues that were pronounced enough to be noticed. The

disciplines in this research used the same and different words to describe different phenomena;

usually along the lines of “mentally ill people” and “gun violence.” Swanson et. al., (2015) stated

a phenomena regarding mentally ill people and violence, to be researched in their article. The

purpose of this research is to figure out if violence revolved around firearms is linked to

psychological disorders. Through their studies, the researchers found that the media portrays

most mass shootings and violent acts, with using guns, to be accounted for by mentally ill

perpetrators. A survey concluded that almost half of Americans believed that a person with a

serious illness were more dangerous than the healthy population. This creates stereotypes among

people who are suffering from serious illnesses that may not be violent at all. The article shows

that even though there are stereotypes among people suffering from mental illness, there is a

more likely chance of a healthy individual storing their firearm unsafely. The bias in this article

is the fact that mentally ill people should be treated equal/unequal, although there are other

statistics showing the connection between people who suffer from mental illnesses and violence.

Butkus, Doherty, and Daniel (2014) stated a phenomenon, regarding the safety of their fellow

citizens, to be further researched in their article as well. There are many aspects of help that a

health professionals can provide towards a firearm owner. It has been shown that therapeutic

efforts towards patients with mental illness have had a positive effect on the storage and safety

habits of their clients. Researchers came to believe that physicians can help and should care

about the community’s safety towards gun violence. In conclusion, this article is showing that

there are community leaders that are conducting safety groups and training the members on how

to handle a situation that is brought about by firearm violence. This article was harder to find a

bias, unlike the other article. Although this article is based around organizational leadership and

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the first article focuses on health professionals, they still use keywords that can connect the two

disciplines together.

STEP 8: Create Common Ground

Some of the techniques that Repko (2012) mentions are redefinition, which is what we

justify, or call, something; extension, which refers to broadening the subject that we are talking

about; transformation, which consists of defining and altering concepts and assumptions that

aren’t exactly different within a discipline; and organization, which helps support the common

ground. The technique that will be most beneficial when conducting this research would be

extension. With “Campus Carry” being the topic that is being researched, there is a very broad

spectrum of where the research will lead. Also, the disciplines of Organizational Leadership and

Health Professions are very broad subjects, as well. Newell (2007) states that extension

“involves addressing differences or oppositions in disciplinary concepts and/or assumptions by

extending their meaning beyond the domain of the discipline that originated them into the

domain of the other relevant discipline.” Organizational Leadership is based around leaders in

the community that can ultimately change the viewpoints and opinions of society concerning

campus carry, as well as being trained to properly handle a situation if firearm violence ever is

brought about. The Health Professions discipline is based around mental health and general

health professionals treating patients that commit gun violence, referring to the violence as a

mental disorder, and conducting mental evaluations before a person receives a Concealed

Handgun License. The difference between the two disciplines is the action they take to making

the community feeling either safer, or more fearful, towards the topic of “Campus Carry.” It

would be beneficial to research the surrounding area before proposing the idea of implementing

educational programs over safety awareness regarding firearms because of how sensitive and

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different each area would be towards the topic of “Campus Carry.”

STEP 9: Construct a More Comprehensive Understanding

Some of the insights used for this research project, through the eyes of health professionals

and the community/group leaders, has been greatly beneficial and showed a new profound

understanding of the topic “Campus Carry.” Looking at this topic from two different

perspectives has brought to the surface some very interesting issues in our society today. At the

same time, it is interesting to see how two different disciplines can come together to help solve a

complex issue. Health professions and organizational leadership work well together because a

leader in the community has the ability, and the influence over citizens, to create an organization

or group that is related to gun safety and awareness; while, health professionals ensure the safety

of the citizens by completing mental evaluations on people with firearms, as well as finding ways

to treat people who act in violence with firearms. To be able to find this common ground

between the two disciplines would help tremendously in promoting the awareness and a better

understanding of firearms being carried in certain areas of the campus community.

Two articles stands out completely, that can be beneficial for this research. Hodges and

Scalora (2015) wrote an article concerning mental disorders and gun violence, as well. It has

been assumed that people suffering from a mental disorder are associated with violence and that

firearms are easily accessible by these people. Laws have been declared about restricting people

who suffer from a mental disorder from one of their basic Constitutional rights, the right to bear

arms. The article mentioned ways of managing the threat of mentally ill citizens killing people,

not guns. This article does help broaden the understanding of mental illness and gun control

within the campus carry study. It shows that the media can have a great influence on society’s

views of people with a mental incapability. Although, there are some connections linked between

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mentally ill citizens and violence. This shows that health professionals can help society by

managing a way that society can feel more of a safety and comfortable environment, without

revoking others of their Constitutional rights. Again, the Butkus, Doherty, and Daniel (2014)

article about society’s attitudes of firearms and what the injury prevention from firearms can

conclude that health professionals can help to broaden the understanding of how important

firearm safety and awareness truly is. It is important for not only physicians, but also any type of

health professional to care about the community’s safety towards violent acts perpetrated with

firearms.

STEP 10: Communicating the Results

Viewing the topic of “Campus Carry” with an interdisciplinary and integrated approach,

allows society to look at the topic through a new perspective and viewpoint. Whether a citizen

believes that carrying a gun on campus should be allowed, or not, it is ultimately up to the

university rules and the individual who chooses to carry their firearm, while going to class. The

real issue is whether the college community, as a whole, feels comfortable and safe enough to be

able to cope with living in an area that allows campus carry. Health professionals and

organization leaders have the ability to ensure the safety and awareness of gun control in their

environment. The way that they go about promoting that safety and new understanding to the

citizens, will be part of creating common ground between the two disciplines. The research has

shown that a person who suffers from mental disorders is a lot safer with their own firearms,

rather than a person who is perfectly healthy. Despite the stereotypes of those people, doctors

and leaders in the community are getting together to find ways to help ensure the safety in their

specified population. Future research should be conducted to possibly create new rules for

campus carry within specific universities. This would involve a collection of all data throughout

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the nation. It would be advised to wait until the Senate Bill 11 spreads to more universities across

the United States and then conducting the nationwide survey between the universities and

college communities among those who allow and don’t allow campus carry. Although the

campus carry law is specific to the university, it still has the ability to impact the entire city or

town. This new future will impact several factors concerning the universities; including

enrollment in students and faculty decisions of working in that environment. Either way, it is

important to understand this topic better and have the community understand that there are

protocols set in place that help ensure in their safety.

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References

Blumenfield, M. (2015). How should treatment for mental illness prevent you from owning a gun? Retrieved from http://www.psychiatrytalk.com/2013/01/how-should-treatment-for-mental-illness-prevent-you-from-owning-a-gun/

Bowman, M. (2012, October 12). Debate over guns on campus heats up. Retrieved from http://blogs.lawyers.com/2012/10/debate-over-guns-on-campus-heats-up/

Butkus, R., Doherty, R., & Daniel, H. (2014). Reducing firearm-related injuries and deaths in the United States: executive summary of a policy position paper from the American College of Physicians. Annals Of Internal Medicine, 160(12), 858-860. doi:10.7326/M14-0216

Common Arguments Against Campus Carry. (2012). Retrieved from http://concealedcampus.org/common-arguments/

Costello, A. (2015, July 30). Can we decrease gun violence by treating it like an infectious disease? Signs point to yes. Retrieved from http://www.pri.org/stories/2015-07-30/can-we-decrease-gun-violence-treating-it-infectious-disease-signs-point-yes

FAQ – Students for concealed campus carry. (n.d). (2012). Retrieved from http://concealedcampus.org/faq/

Gupta, S. (2015, December 3). Gupta: Epidemic of gun violence is treatable - CNN.com. Retrieved from http://www.cnn.com/2015/10/05/health/gupta-stopping-violence/

Hodges, H. J., & Scalora, M. J. (2015). Challenging the political assumption that 'Guns don’t kill people, crazy people kill people!'. American Journal Of Orthopsychiatry, 85(3), 211-216. doi:10.1037/ort0000069

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Brittney Johnson

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Brittney Johnson

http://faculty.etsu.edu/leroyfra/MALSWriting/1a2writinginterdisciplinary.html

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