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ALGAE AS A BIOFUEL

Jeffrey Brennan & Peter George

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WHAT IS ALGAE

Algal Biofuel is an alterative to fossil fuels

Diesel produced from algae meets a 50% GHG reduction

Oils are extracted and converted to fuel via transesterification

Fresh water, Salt water, contaminated water

Grow in wide rage of temperatures

2010 U.S Department of Energy invested $24 million Requires 15,000 square miles, 1/7 the area of corn

Renewable Fuel Standards require 36 billion gallons of Biofuel pro2022, 15 billion in non-advanced feed stocks

Green Crude

(Ghasem, 2012)

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TECHNO

Photobioreactors

Open and Closed hybrid systems

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PHOTOBIOREA

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PHOTOBIOREA

Microalgae Biorefinery

Cultivates cyanobacterium with liquid and gas waste from oil refine

Biotransforms CO2

Main products are lipids, biofuel, and volatile organic compounds (

Jacob-Lopez & Teixiera, 2013

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PHOTOBIOREA

Carbon Transformation

max CO2 elimination

capacity is 22.9 mg/L min

Every unit of CO2 eliminated produces

.75 units of O2

5% of CO2 converted turns into biomass

92% of CO2 converted turns into VOCs

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PHOTOBIOREA

Properties Microalgae Palma Soybeana Rapeseeda ASTM 6751 EN 14EC (%) 99.7 4.91 97.7 96.9 99.5 Min 96.5CN 51.3 3.38 61 49 55 Min 47 Min 51IV (gI2/100 g) 79.9 3.78 57 128 109 Max 120DU (%) 65.3 4.57 64.2 143.8 121.9 CFPP (C) 24.9 0.87 10 5 10

Assessment of the biofuel

Quality is determined by ester content cetane number,

iodine value degree of instauration cold filter plugging point

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212982013000218http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212982013000218http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212982013000218http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212982013000218http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212982013000218http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212982013000218

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PHOTOBIOREA

Pros

Reduce CO2

Produce O2

Renewable Energy Source

VOCs can be sold for commercialpurposes

Does not take up agricultural landlike other biofuels

Improves the sustainability of oilprocesses

Cons

High cost of oil feed stock

VOCs can be a health riscontained properly

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PBR SEN

-$10 -$5 $0 $5 $10

Water supply (undergound : utility purchase)

Inoculum system (not required : required)

CO2 cost basis ($0 : $36 : $70/ton)Flocculant required (15 : 40 : 80 mg/L)

Nutrient demand (source 1 : base : source 2)

Nutrient recycle (100% : base : 0%)

Operating factor (365 : 330 : 250 days/yr)

Tube cost basis (-50% : $1.05/ft : +50%)

Growth rate (2.5 : 1.25 : 0.63 kg/m3/day)

Lipid content (50 : 25 : 12.5%)

Change to TAG production cost ($/gal)

PBR Sensitivities

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OPEN P

Open Ponds

Oldest and simplest systems

Mass cultivate microalgae

Produce mostly obligate phototrophalgal species, and depend on light forgrowth

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OPEN P

Raceway design

Paddlewheels

Keep algae suspended

Circulates algae to the surface

Dispense nutrients in their wake

Shallow

In order to keep light penetration to amaximum (20 cm)

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OPEN

PROS

Simple design

Cost efficient

Waste to energy conversion

CONS

Less efficient thenphotobioreactors

Land use cost

Water availability

Dependent on climacconditions

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SENSITIVITY: P

-$6 -$4 -$2 $0 $2 $4 $6

Evaporation rate (0.15 : 0.3 : 0.6 cm/day)

Water recycle (100% : 95% : 80%)

CO2 delivery (pure CO2 : flue gas)

CO2 cost basis ($0 : $36 : $70/ton)

Flocculant required (15 : 40 : 80 mg/L)Nutrient demand (source 1 : base : source 2)

Inoculum system (not required : required)

Water supply (undergound : utility purchase)

Nutrient recycle (100% : base : 0%)

Operating factor (365 : 330 : 250 days/yr)

Growth rate (50 : 25 : 12.5 g/m2/day)

Lipid content (50 : 25 : 12.5%)

Change to TAG production cost ($/gal)

Open Pond Sensitivities

More bang for the bu

targeting lipids vs grow(Realistically, cannot mboth simultaneously)

[1] Benemann, J. et al., Systems and Economic Analysis of Microalgae Ponds for Conversion of CO2to Biomass.Final Report to the Department of Energ y, Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center (1996) DOE/PC/93204-T5

[2] Hassannia, Jeff. Algae Biofuels Economic Viability: A Project-Based Perspective. Article posted online:

http://www.biofuelreview.com/content/view/1897/1

http://www.biofuelreview.com/content/view/1897/1http://www.biofuelreview.com/content/view/1897/1

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COST AN

http://www renewableenergyworld com/rea/news/arti

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ALGAE BIOFUEL SU

Hawaii BioenergyLihue, HI$5 million

Sapphire EnergySan Diego, Calif.$5 million

New Mexico State UniversityLas Cruces, NM$5 million

California Polytechnic State UniversityDelhi, Calif.$1.5 million

Streamline Feedstock Supply ChainColumbus, OH$6 million

http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/artimillion-in-algae-biofuels

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SPACE &

Soybean = 400 litres/hectare/year

Palm oil = 6,000 litres/hectare/year

Microalgae = 60,000 litres/hectare/year

Soybeans = 2.5 barrels/hectare/year

Palm oil = 36 barrels/hectare/year

Microalgae = 360 barrels/hectare/year

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WASTE WATER TREA

Sunrise Ridge Algae, Inc.

Wastewater Remediation is a problem

Current wastewater treatment relies on chemicals and high ener

Bioremediation uses microorganisms

Economical and environmentally sustainable treatment

15 kWh saved per gallon algae fuel produced

Toxins affect algae growth: Lead, cadmium, copper, mercury

Takes CO2 from anaerobic digester to bubble reactor

Reduced nitrate and CO2 levels

(Abdel-Raou & Al-Homaidan, 2012)

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OIL REFINERY TO BIORE

School of Chemical EngineeringCampinas, Brazil

Objective: Develop an biotransformation system of CO2 from oil using a bubble column photobioreactor

Carbon dioxide sequestration with microalgae

CO2 emissions and water can be fed directly to photobioreacto

Entire Process is a renewable cycle

Cuts CO2 emissions by 50 to 70 percent

10 billion T of CO2 = 5.5 billion T of algae biomass = 1.65 billion to

(Jacob-Lopez & Teixiera, 2013)

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SO

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Demirbas, A. (2010). Use of algae as biofuel sources. Energy Conversion and Management,51(12), 27382749. Retrieved November 10, 2013,from http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.stockton.edu:2048/science/article/pii/S0196890410002207?np=y

Ghasem, Y., Rasoul Amini, S., Naseri, A., Montazeri- Najafabady, N., Mobasher, M., & Dabbagh, F. (2012). Microalgae Biofuel Potentials (Reviewand Microbiology,48(2), 126-144, 150-168. Retrieved November 9, 2013

Guan, Q., & Wei, C. (2013). Catalytic gasification of algae nannochloropsis sp. in sub/supercritical water.Prociedia Environmental Sciences, 18http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878029613002454

Jacob-Lopez, E., & Teixiera Franco, T. (2013). From oil refinery to microalgal biorefinery.Journal of CO2 Utilization,2, 1-7. Retrieved fromhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212982013000218

Kawachi, K., & Horioka, K. (2012). Business evaluation of a green microalgae botryococcus braunii oil production system. Prociedia EnvironmenRetrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187802961200521X

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