5/28/2018 Final Presentation Algae (1) (1)
1/19
ALGAE AS A BIOFUEL
Jeffrey Brennan & Peter George
5/28/2018 Final Presentation Algae (1) (1)
2/19
WHAT IS ALGAE
Algal Biofuel is an alterative to fossil fuels
Diesel produced from algae meets a 50% GHG reduction
Oils are extracted and converted to fuel via transesterification
Fresh water, Salt water, contaminated water
Grow in wide rage of temperatures
2010 U.S Department of Energy invested $24 million Requires 15,000 square miles, 1/7 the area of corn
Renewable Fuel Standards require 36 billion gallons of Biofuel pro2022, 15 billion in non-advanced feed stocks
Green Crude
(Ghasem, 2012)
5/28/2018 Final Presentation Algae (1) (1)
3/19
TECHNO
Photobioreactors
Open and Closed hybrid systems
5/28/2018 Final Presentation Algae (1) (1)
4/19
PHOTOBIOREA
5/28/2018 Final Presentation Algae (1) (1)
5/19
PHOTOBIOREA
Microalgae Biorefinery
Cultivates cyanobacterium with liquid and gas waste from oil refine
Biotransforms CO2
Main products are lipids, biofuel, and volatile organic compounds (
Jacob-Lopez & Teixiera, 2013
5/28/2018 Final Presentation Algae (1) (1)
6/19
PHOTOBIOREA
Carbon Transformation
max CO2 elimination
capacity is 22.9 mg/L min
Every unit of CO2 eliminated produces
.75 units of O2
5% of CO2 converted turns into biomass
92% of CO2 converted turns into VOCs
5/28/2018 Final Presentation Algae (1) (1)
7/19
PHOTOBIOREA
Properties Microalgae Palma Soybeana Rapeseeda ASTM 6751 EN 14EC (%) 99.7 4.91 97.7 96.9 99.5 Min 96.5CN 51.3 3.38 61 49 55 Min 47 Min 51IV (gI2/100 g) 79.9 3.78 57 128 109 Max 120DU (%) 65.3 4.57 64.2 143.8 121.9 CFPP (C) 24.9 0.87 10 5 10
Assessment of the biofuel
Quality is determined by ester content cetane number,
iodine value degree of instauration cold filter plugging point
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212982013000218http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212982013000218http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212982013000218http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212982013000218http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212982013000218http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S22129820130002185/28/2018 Final Presentation Algae (1) (1)
8/19
PHOTOBIOREA
Pros
Reduce CO2
Produce O2
Renewable Energy Source
VOCs can be sold for commercialpurposes
Does not take up agricultural landlike other biofuels
Improves the sustainability of oilprocesses
Cons
High cost of oil feed stock
VOCs can be a health riscontained properly
5/28/2018 Final Presentation Algae (1) (1)
9/19
PBR SEN
-$10 -$5 $0 $5 $10
Water supply (undergound : utility purchase)
Inoculum system (not required : required)
CO2 cost basis ($0 : $36 : $70/ton)Flocculant required (15 : 40 : 80 mg/L)
Nutrient demand (source 1 : base : source 2)
Nutrient recycle (100% : base : 0%)
Operating factor (365 : 330 : 250 days/yr)
Tube cost basis (-50% : $1.05/ft : +50%)
Growth rate (2.5 : 1.25 : 0.63 kg/m3/day)
Lipid content (50 : 25 : 12.5%)
Change to TAG production cost ($/gal)
PBR Sensitivities
5/28/2018 Final Presentation Algae (1) (1)
10/19
OPEN P
Open Ponds
Oldest and simplest systems
Mass cultivate microalgae
Produce mostly obligate phototrophalgal species, and depend on light forgrowth
5/28/2018 Final Presentation Algae (1) (1)
11/19
OPEN P
Raceway design
Paddlewheels
Keep algae suspended
Circulates algae to the surface
Dispense nutrients in their wake
Shallow
In order to keep light penetration to amaximum (20 cm)
5/28/2018 Final Presentation Algae (1) (1)
12/19
OPEN
PROS
Simple design
Cost efficient
Waste to energy conversion
CONS
Less efficient thenphotobioreactors
Land use cost
Water availability
Dependent on climacconditions
5/28/2018 Final Presentation Algae (1) (1)
13/19
SENSITIVITY: P
-$6 -$4 -$2 $0 $2 $4 $6
Evaporation rate (0.15 : 0.3 : 0.6 cm/day)
Water recycle (100% : 95% : 80%)
CO2 delivery (pure CO2 : flue gas)
CO2 cost basis ($0 : $36 : $70/ton)
Flocculant required (15 : 40 : 80 mg/L)Nutrient demand (source 1 : base : source 2)
Inoculum system (not required : required)
Water supply (undergound : utility purchase)
Nutrient recycle (100% : base : 0%)
Operating factor (365 : 330 : 250 days/yr)
Growth rate (50 : 25 : 12.5 g/m2/day)
Lipid content (50 : 25 : 12.5%)
Change to TAG production cost ($/gal)
Open Pond Sensitivities
More bang for the bu
targeting lipids vs grow(Realistically, cannot mboth simultaneously)
[1] Benemann, J. et al., Systems and Economic Analysis of Microalgae Ponds for Conversion of CO2to Biomass.Final Report to the Department of Energ y, Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center (1996) DOE/PC/93204-T5
[2] Hassannia, Jeff. Algae Biofuels Economic Viability: A Project-Based Perspective. Article posted online:
http://www.biofuelreview.com/content/view/1897/1
http://www.biofuelreview.com/content/view/1897/1http://www.biofuelreview.com/content/view/1897/15/28/2018 Final Presentation Algae (1) (1)
14/19
COST AN
http://www renewableenergyworld com/rea/news/arti
5/28/2018 Final Presentation Algae (1) (1)
15/19
ALGAE BIOFUEL SU
Hawaii BioenergyLihue, HI$5 million
Sapphire EnergySan Diego, Calif.$5 million
New Mexico State UniversityLas Cruces, NM$5 million
California Polytechnic State UniversityDelhi, Calif.$1.5 million
Streamline Feedstock Supply ChainColumbus, OH$6 million
http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/artimillion-in-algae-biofuels
5/28/2018 Final Presentation Algae (1) (1)
16/19
SPACE &
Soybean = 400 litres/hectare/year
Palm oil = 6,000 litres/hectare/year
Microalgae = 60,000 litres/hectare/year
Soybeans = 2.5 barrels/hectare/year
Palm oil = 36 barrels/hectare/year
Microalgae = 360 barrels/hectare/year
5/28/2018 Final Presentation Algae (1) (1)
17/19
WASTE WATER TREA
Sunrise Ridge Algae, Inc.
Wastewater Remediation is a problem
Current wastewater treatment relies on chemicals and high ener
Bioremediation uses microorganisms
Economical and environmentally sustainable treatment
15 kWh saved per gallon algae fuel produced
Toxins affect algae growth: Lead, cadmium, copper, mercury
Takes CO2 from anaerobic digester to bubble reactor
Reduced nitrate and CO2 levels
(Abdel-Raou & Al-Homaidan, 2012)
5/28/2018 Final Presentation Algae (1) (1)
18/19
OIL REFINERY TO BIORE
School of Chemical EngineeringCampinas, Brazil
Objective: Develop an biotransformation system of CO2 from oil using a bubble column photobioreactor
Carbon dioxide sequestration with microalgae
CO2 emissions and water can be fed directly to photobioreacto
Entire Process is a renewable cycle
Cuts CO2 emissions by 50 to 70 percent
10 billion T of CO2 = 5.5 billion T of algae biomass = 1.65 billion to
(Jacob-Lopez & Teixiera, 2013)
5/28/2018 Final Presentation Algae (1) (1)
19/19
SO
Abdel-Raoul, N., & Al-Homaidan, A. (2012). Microalgae and wastewater treatment. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 19(3), 257-275. Retrievhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319562X12000332
Demirbas, A. (2010). Use of algae as biofuel sources. Energy Conversion and Management,51(12), 27382749. Retrieved November 10, 2013,from http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.stockton.edu:2048/science/article/pii/S0196890410002207?np=y
Ghasem, Y., Rasoul Amini, S., Naseri, A., Montazeri- Najafabady, N., Mobasher, M., & Dabbagh, F. (2012). Microalgae Biofuel Potentials (Reviewand Microbiology,48(2), 126-144, 150-168. Retrieved November 9, 2013
Guan, Q., & Wei, C. (2013). Catalytic gasification of algae nannochloropsis sp. in sub/supercritical water.Prociedia Environmental Sciences, 18http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878029613002454
Jacob-Lopez, E., & Teixiera Franco, T. (2013). From oil refinery to microalgal biorefinery.Journal of CO2 Utilization,2, 1-7. Retrieved fromhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212982013000218
Kawachi, K., & Horioka, K. (2012). Business evaluation of a green microalgae botryococcus braunii oil production system. Prociedia EnvironmenRetrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187802961200521X
Najafi, G., Ghobadian, B., & Yusaf, T. (2011). Algae as a sustainable energy source for biofuel production in Iran: A Case Study. Renewable andReviews, 15(8), 38703876. Retrieved October 29, 2013, from http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.stockton.edu:2048/science/article/pii/S136
Pate, R., Klise, G., & Wu, B. (2011). Resource demand implications for US algae biofuels production scale-up.Applied Energy, 88(10), 3377-3388.2013, fromhttp://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.stockton.edu:2048/science/article/pii/S0306261911002455?np=y
Sasha, T., Harris, L., & Wi ley, P. (2013). Potential impact of biofouling on the photobioreactors of the offshore membrane enclosures for growing system. Bioresource Technology, 144, 420-428. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852413010547
Sawayama, S., Minowa, T., & Yokoyama, S. (1999). Possibility of renewable energy production and CO2 mitigation by thermochemical liquefacmicroalgae. Science Direct,17(1), 33-39. Retrieved November 9, 2013, from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0961953499000
Sharma, R., Banerjee, A., & Chisti, Y. (2002). Botryococcus braunii: A Renewable Source of Hydrocarbons and Other Chemicals. Critical Review245279. Retrieved November 2, 2013
http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.stockton.edu:2048/science/article/pii/S0196890410002207?np=yhttp://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.stockton.edu:2048/science/article/pii/S0196890410002207?np=yhttp://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.stockton.edu:2048/science/article/pii/S0196890410002207?np=yhttp://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.stockton.edu:2048/science/article/pii/S0196890410002207?np=yhttp://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.stockton.edu:2048/science/article/pii/S0196890410002207?np=yhttp://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.stockton.edu:2048/science/article/pii/S0196890410002207?np=yhttp://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.stockton.edu:2048/science/article/pii/S0196890410002207?np=yhttp://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.stockton.edu:2048/science/article/pii/S0196890410002207?np=yhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878029613002454http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878029613002454http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212982013000218http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212982013000218http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187802961200521Xhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187802961200521Xhttp://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.stockton.edu:2048/science/article/pii/S1364032111002450?np=yhttp://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.stockton.edu:2048/science/article/pii/S1364032111002450?np=yhttp://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.stockton.edu:2048/science/article/pii/S1364032111002450?np=yhttp://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.stockton.edu:2048/science/article/pii/S0306261911002455?np=yhttp://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.stockton.edu:2048/science/article/pii/S0306261911002455?np=yhttp://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.stockton.edu:2048/science/article/pii/S0306261911002455?np=yhttp://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.stockton.edu:2048/science/article/pii/S0306261911002455?np=yhttp://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.stockton.edu:2048/science/article/pii/S1364032111002450?np=yhttp://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.stockton.edu:2048/science/article/pii/S1364032111002450?np=yhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187802961200521Xhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187802961200521Xhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212982013000218http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878029613002454http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878029613002454http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.stockton.edu:2048/science/article/pii/S0196890410002207?np=y