By: Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley H.S. Chappaqua,

NY

Addendum: Thomas Ross

By: Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley H.S. Chappaqua,

NY

Addendum: Thomas Ross

PeriodizationPeriodizationPeriodizationPeriodization

Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000

High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250

Late Middle Ages: 1250 - 1500

Europe in the 6cEurope in the 6cEurope in the 6cEurope in the 6c

The Medieval Catholic ChurchThe Medieval Catholic ChurchThe Medieval Catholic ChurchThe Medieval Catholic Church

filled the power vacuum left from the collapse of the classical world.

monasticism:

St. Benedict – Benedictine Rule of poverty, chastity, and obedience.

provided schools for the children of the upper class.

inns, hospitals, refuge in times of war.

libraries & scriptoria to copy books and illuminate manuscripts.

monks missionaries to the barbarians. [St. Patrick, St. Boniface]

The Power of the Medieval The Power of the Medieval ChurchChurch

The Power of the Medieval The Power of the Medieval ChurchChurch

bishops and abbots played a large part in the feudal system.

the church controlled about 1/3 of the land in Western Europe.

tried to curb feudal warfare only 40 days a year for combat.

curb heresies crusades; Inquisition

tithe 1/10 tax on your assets given to the church.

Peter’s Pence 1 penny per person [paid by the peasants].

A Medieval Monk’s DayA Medieval Monk’s DayA Medieval Monk’s DayA Medieval Monk’s Day

A Medieval Monastery: The A Medieval Monastery: The ScriptoriumScriptorium

A Medieval Monastery: The A Medieval Monastery: The ScriptoriumScriptorium

Illuminated ManuscriptsIlluminated ManuscriptsIlluminated ManuscriptsIlluminated Manuscripts

Romanesque Architectural Romanesque Architectural StyleStyle

Romanesque Architectural Romanesque Architectural StyleStyle Rounded Arches.

Barrel vaults.

Thick walls.

Darker, simplistic interiors.

Small windows, usually at the top of the wall.

Charlemagne: 742 to 814Charlemagne: 742 to 814Charlemagne: 742 to 814Charlemagne: 742 to 814

Charlemagne’s EmpireCharlemagne’s EmpireCharlemagne’s EmpireCharlemagne’s Empire

Pope Crowned CharlemagnePope Crowned CharlemagneHoly Roman Emperor: Dec. Holy Roman Emperor: Dec.

25, 80025, 800

Pope Crowned CharlemagnePope Crowned CharlemagneHoly Roman Emperor: Dec. Holy Roman Emperor: Dec.

25, 80025, 800

The Carolingian RenaissanceThe Carolingian RenaissanceThe Carolingian RenaissanceThe Carolingian Renaissance

Carolingian MinisculeCarolingian MinisculeCarolingian MinisculeCarolingian Miniscule

Charlemagne’s Empire Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses:Collapses:

Treaty of Verdun, 843Treaty of Verdun, 843

Charlemagne’s Empire Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses:Collapses:

Treaty of Verdun, 843Treaty of Verdun, 843

FeudalismFeudalismFeudalismFeudalismA political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service.

Carcassonne: A Medieval Carcassonne: A Medieval CastleCastle

Carcassonne: A Medieval Carcassonne: A Medieval CastleCastle

Parts of a Medieval CastleParts of a Medieval CastleParts of a Medieval CastleParts of a Medieval Castle

The Road to KnighthoodThe Road to KnighthoodThe Road to KnighthoodThe Road to Knighthood

KNIGHT

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ChivalryChivalry:: A Code of Honor and A Code of Honor and BehaviorBehavior

ChivalryChivalry:: A Code of Honor and A Code of Honor and BehaviorBehavior

Medieval WomenMedieval Women

• Often depicted as Emotional, Often depicted as Emotional, physical moral inferiors to menphysical moral inferiors to men

• Actually had critical roles in trades Actually had critical roles in trades and farmand farm

• Could be apprentices (clothing), join Could be apprentices (clothing), join guilds and become Mastersguilds and become Masters

• Not political equalsNot political equals

• Can’t go to UniversitiesCan’t go to Universities

The Medieval ManorThe Medieval ManorThe Medieval ManorThe Medieval Manor

Life on the Medieval ManorLife on the Medieval ManorLife on the Medieval ManorLife on the Medieval Manor

SerfsSerfs at work at work

Growth of Royal PowerGrowth of Royal Power

• Invasions and chaos subsides in the 10Invasions and chaos subsides in the 10thth & 11 & 11thth CenturiesCenturies– 987 Hugh Capet is elected King of France987 Hugh Capet is elected King of France– King Alfred defeats the DanesKing Alfred defeats the Danes– Otto I in Germany defeats Hungarians and is crowned Otto I in Germany defeats Hungarians and is crowned

Holy Roman Emperor by the PopeHoly Roman Emperor by the Pope– Feudal Monarchies are transition from feudal rule Feudal Monarchies are transition from feudal rule

(decentralized) to centralized Nation States(decentralized) to centralized Nation States• Concept of universal church/empire gives way to nation stateConcept of universal church/empire gives way to nation state

The Rise of European Monarchy: The Rise of European Monarchy: FranceFrance

The Rise of European Monarchy: The Rise of European Monarchy: FranceFrance

FranceFrance

• Hugh Capet Elected 987 ADHugh Capet Elected 987 AD– Technically he is ruler, but in reality his powers are smallTechnically he is ruler, but in reality his powers are small– Controls only small area around ParisControls only small area around Paris– Founds Capetian DynastyFounds Capetian Dynasty

• Lucky: Always have male heirsLucky: Always have male heirs• Switch to primogeniture Switch to primogeniture • Allow sons to rule jointly with them so no elective Kingship = Allow sons to rule jointly with them so no elective Kingship =

smooth transitionssmooth transitions• Agricultural revolution hurts small landowners but strengthens Agricultural revolution hurts small landowners but strengthens

large property ownerslarge property owners• Exploit the rise of towns : supply king with militia, moneyExploit the rise of towns : supply king with militia, money• King is supreme judge (locals can appeal over Lord’s heads)King is supreme judge (locals can appeal over Lord’s heads)• Anointed by the church gives religious authority (later leads to Anointed by the church gives religious authority (later leads to

church/state conflict)church/state conflict)– Begins a long period of expansion through marriage, wills, settling Begins a long period of expansion through marriage, wills, settling

disputes among noblesdisputes among nobles

French ExpansionFrench Expansion

• French ExpansionFrench Expansion– Up to 1100 Capetians barely surviveUp to 1100 Capetians barely survive

• Paris Militia saves king several timesParis Militia saves king several times

– Louis VI 1108-37Louis VI 1108-37• Uses friends in Church and courts to Control Isle de FranceUses friends in Church and courts to Control Isle de France

– Calls nobles to court, the don’t show up, confiscates landsCalls nobles to court, the don’t show up, confiscates lands– Gets Bishops to excommunicate enemiesGets Bishops to excommunicate enemies– Constant raids, destroys nobles castlesConstant raids, destroys nobles castles

– Louis VII Marries Eleanor of Aquitaine controls 1/3 of Louis VII Marries Eleanor of Aquitaine controls 1/3 of FranceFrance

• Marriage annulled Marries Henry II of EnglandMarriage annulled Marries Henry II of England• Angevin Empire Created English control 1/3 of FranceAngevin Empire Created English control 1/3 of France• Leads French nobles to support King v. EnglishLeads French nobles to support King v. English

French ExpansionFrench Expansion

– Philip Augustus (13Philip Augustus (13thth Century) Century)• Unscrupulous diplomat, poor generalUnscrupulous diplomat, poor general• Fails v. Henry II and Richard IIFails v. Henry II and Richard II• When John inherits England he uses authority to order John to When John inherits England he uses authority to order John to

come to court and confiscates his lands when he refusescome to court and confiscates his lands when he refuses• Leads to war v. John, Flanders and GermanyLeads to war v. John, Flanders and Germany

– John moves slowly and his allies are crushedJohn moves slowly and his allies are crushed

• Unites a legitimate French State after the Battle of Bouvines in Unites a legitimate French State after the Battle of Bouvines in 1214 1214

– Triples the size of Kings lands Triples the size of Kings lands

• Defeats revolts and seizes northern FranceDefeats revolts and seizes northern France• Conquers NormansConquers Normans• Seizes Southern France to “combat” Albigensian HeresySeizes Southern France to “combat” Albigensian Heresy• Uses middle class officials rather than nobles as administratorsUses middle class officials rather than nobles as administrators• Descendents unite most of modern France by late 1300’sDescendents unite most of modern France by late 1300’s

French Expansion IIFrench Expansion II

• Louis IXLouis IX– Expands royal courts, bans baronial wars, and ends Expands royal courts, bans baronial wars, and ends

serfdom on royal landsserfdom on royal lands– Creates Parlement of Paris (like a Supreme Court, not a Creates Parlement of Paris (like a Supreme Court, not a

legislative body) and publishes lawslegislative body) and publishes laws– Each province has its own legal systemEach province has its own legal system

• Right of appeal to higher courts establishedRight of appeal to higher courts established

– Fairer tax system establishedFairer tax system established– Fair and efficient bureaucracy that actually worksFair and efficient bureaucracy that actually works

• King becomes the symbol of fairness and Justice in FranceKing becomes the symbol of fairness and Justice in France• France becomes a model for proper rule of a stateFrance becomes a model for proper rule of a state• St. LouisSt. Louis

Phillip the Fair (France)Phillip the Fair (France)

• Philip IVPhilip IV– Taxes clergyTaxes clergy– Attacks Pope Boniface VIIIAttacks Pope Boniface VIII

• Clericis Laicos;Clericis Laicos; Papal Bull: Can’t tax clergy Papal Bull: Can’t tax clergy• Unam Sanctum; Unam Sanctum; Papal authority is supreme, can remove KingsPapal authority is supreme, can remove Kings• Physically assaulted by Phillip’s troopsPhysically assaulted by Phillip’s troops• Shatters Papal power: low point of medieval churchShatters Papal power: low point of medieval church• Leads to Great Schism: Urban VI urges reform of clergyLeads to Great Schism: Urban VI urges reform of clergy• Cardinal Elects rival Pope, Two Popes then deposed by Council of Cardinal Elects rival Pope, Two Popes then deposed by Council of

Pisa and there are 3 Popes, All deposed and Martin V unifies PapacyPisa and there are 3 Popes, All deposed and Martin V unifies Papacy• Rise of CounciliarismRise of Counciliarism

– ““Babylonian Captivity (1309-1376)Babylonian Captivity (1309-1376)– Estates General emerges: Clergy, Nobles, Townsmen Estates General emerges: Clergy, Nobles, Townsmen

(One vote per social class)(One vote per social class)

Louis XI (France)Louis XI (France)

• English collapse in France after 100 Years WarEnglish collapse in France after 100 Years War• Defeats Duke of Burgundy (Charles the Bold)Defeats Duke of Burgundy (Charles the Bold)

– Charles had tried to create a central European Charles had tried to create a central European EmpireEmpire

• France now reunified but wars V. Italy and France now reunified but wars V. Italy and Austrian Habsburgs bankrupt and weaken the Austrian Habsburgs bankrupt and weaken the state during 1500’s state during 1500’s

The Rise of European Monarchy : The Rise of European Monarchy : EnglandEngland

The Rise of European Monarchy : The Rise of European Monarchy : EnglandEngland

Alfred’s EnglandAlfred’s England

• 7 Dukedoms made up of Counties, shires (each 7 Dukedoms made up of Counties, shires (each has a sheriff appointed by the King)has a sheriff appointed by the King)

• William of Normandy (Fr.) Conquers England in William of Normandy (Fr.) Conquers England in 10661066– Claims throne by blood relationship to previous King Claims throne by blood relationship to previous King

Edward the ConfessorEdward the Confessor– Battle of HastingsBattle of Hastings– Census of 1085 (Domesday Book)Census of 1085 (Domesday Book)– Creates powerful centralized monarchyCreates powerful centralized monarchy– Henry I : Exchequer, Common Law and Jury trials createdHenry I : Exchequer, Common Law and Jury trials created– Grandson Henry II inherits a network of Judges, tax Grandson Henry II inherits a network of Judges, tax

collectors and policemencollectors and policemen

William the Conqueror:William the Conqueror:Battle of Hastings, 1066Battle of Hastings, 1066

(Bayeaux Tapestry)(Bayeaux Tapestry)

William the Conqueror:William the Conqueror:Battle of Hastings, 1066Battle of Hastings, 1066

(Bayeaux Tapestry)(Bayeaux Tapestry)

Evolution of England’s Evolution of England’s Political SystemPolitical System

Evolution of England’s Evolution of England’s Political SystemPolitical System

Henry I:

William’s son.

set up a court system.

Exchequer dept. of royal finances.

Henry II:

established the principle of common law throughout the kingdom.

grand jury.

trial by jury.

Henry II (England)Henry II (England)

• Henry IIHenry II– Expands common law, circuit judges annually, 4Expands common law, circuit judges annually, 4 thth

Lateran Council ends trial by ordealLateran Council ends trial by ordeal– Jury of accusation, Jury of trialJury of accusation, Jury of trial– Dispute with Thomas a’ BecketDispute with Thomas a’ Becket– Controls many French Provinces and Marries Eleanor Controls many French Provinces and Marries Eleanor

of Aquitaineof Aquitaine– Largest fiefs in FranceLargest fiefs in France– Angevin Dynasty/EmpireAngevin Dynasty/Empire

Henry II’s SonsHenry II’s Sons

• Richard Lion HeartRichard Lion Heart– Great Warrior but bad King, debtsGreat Warrior but bad King, debts

• JohnJohn– Debts from father and RichardDebts from father and Richard– War with Philip Augustus lost (more debts)War with Philip Augustus lost (more debts)– Oppressive taxesOppressive taxes– Excommunicated by Innocent IIIExcommunicated by Innocent III– Magna Carta (Begins Limited Monarchy)Magna Carta (Begins Limited Monarchy)– Constitutional monarchy and limits Kings abuses (Parliament)Constitutional monarchy and limits Kings abuses (Parliament)

• Limited Gov’t, rule of law, balance of power, power of the purse, Limited Gov’t, rule of law, balance of power, power of the purse, private property, due process, judged by your peersprivate property, due process, judged by your peers

• Primarily benefits nobles/wealthy; only they vote for ParliamentPrimarily benefits nobles/wealthy; only they vote for Parliament– Common LawCommon Law

• Common v. Roman law, precedent v. absolutes, evolves v. static, Common v. Roman law, precedent v. absolutes, evolves v. static, Open v. closed courts, impartial v. active judges, open v. closed Open v. closed courts, impartial v. active judges, open v. closed evidence, right to remain silent (torture) Legal volumesevidence, right to remain silent (torture) Legal volumes

Magna Carta, 1215Magna Carta, 1215Magna Carta, 1215Magna Carta, 1215

King John IKing John I

Runnymeade

“Great Charter”

monarchs were not above the law.

kings had to consult a council of advisors.

kings could not tax arbitrarily.

The Beginnings of the British The Beginnings of the British ParliamentParliament

The Beginnings of the British The Beginnings of the British ParliamentParliament

Great Council:

middle class merchants, townspeople [burgesses in Eng., bourgeoisie in Fr., burghers in Ger.] were added at the end of the 13c.

eventually called Parliament.

by 1400, two chambers evolved:

o House of Lords nobles & clergy.

o House of Commons knights and burgesses.

England 15England 15thth Century Century

• 100 Years War 1347- 1453100 Years War 1347- 1453

• Wars of the Roses after 100 Years Wars of the Roses after 100 Years WarWar– Yorkists v. LancasterYorkists v. Lancaster– Henry VI of Lancaster deposed by Henry VI of Lancaster deposed by

Edward of York (Edward IV)Edward of York (Edward IV)

• Richard III (York) murders Edward’s Richard III (York) murders Edward’s two sons and seizes thronetwo sons and seizes throne

• Deposed by Henry Tudor (Henry VII)Deposed by Henry Tudor (Henry VII)

England 15England 15thth Century (Con’t) Century (Con’t)

• Henry Tudor of LancasterHenry Tudor of Lancaster– Marries Elizabeth of York and Ends Civil Marries Elizabeth of York and Ends Civil

WarWar– Confiscates noble property (uses Court Confiscates noble property (uses Court

of Star Chamber)of Star Chamber)– Able to rule without parliament on Able to rule without parliament on

wealth he confiscateswealth he confiscates– Henry VII, Elizabeth IHenry VII, Elizabeth I

Holy Roman Empire:Holy Roman Empire:GermanyGermany

• Otto I crowned H. R. E. in 962 ADOtto I crowned H. R. E. in 962 AD– Son of Henry I of SaxonySon of Henry I of Saxony

• 11stst non-Frankish non-Frankish

– Network of feudal vassals is never fully controlledNetwork of feudal vassals is never fully controlled– No strong royal DomainNo strong royal Domain– Puts relatives in charge of Bavaria, Swabia, Franconia, Puts relatives in charge of Bavaria, Swabia, Franconia,

invades Italy 951invades Italy 951– Absorbs Bishops into Feudal Government (no families so Absorbs Bishops into Feudal Government (no families so

likely to be loyal) Become feudal lordslikely to be loyal) Become feudal lords– System creates major conflict with the church over state System creates major conflict with the church over state

control of the clergycontrol of the clergy– Henry IV: Investiture CrisisHenry IV: Investiture Crisis– Frederick I; Wars on ItalyFrederick I; Wars on Italy– Frederick II: tied down in ItalyFrederick II: tied down in Italy– Germany never unifiedGermany never unified

Reform of the ChurchReform of the Church

• Increasing interdependence of Church and state = abusesIncreasing interdependence of Church and state = abuses• Church offices held in fief, Kings select Bishops, sale of Church offices held in fief, Kings select Bishops, sale of

offices (simony) offices (simony) – Clunaic reforms: Monastery at Cluny (909) founded by Clunaic reforms: Monastery at Cluny (909) founded by

William of Aquitane, lay people sponsor independent William of Aquitane, lay people sponsor independent MonksMonks

• Reject subservience to Royal societyReject subservience to Royal society• No concubinesNo concubines• Reforms spread through France and ItalyReforms spread through France and Italy

– Second wave Second wave • 1056 Emperor Henry III supports Pope Leo IX:1056 Emperor Henry III supports Pope Leo IX:• ban married priests, only clergy elects Bishops/Abbots, ban married priests, only clergy elects Bishops/Abbots, • 1059 Lateran Reform: Pope elected by Cathedral Priests plus all major churches in 1059 Lateran Reform: Pope elected by Cathedral Priests plus all major churches in

RomeRome

Reform of the ChurchReform of the Church

• Rise of nation state creates bitter Church/State conflictRise of nation state creates bitter Church/State conflict

– Investiture Crisis: Gregory VII claims authority under “two Investiture Crisis: Gregory VII claims authority under “two swords” theory (1073-1085)swords” theory (1073-1085)

• Dictatus PapaeDictatus Papae: Pope can depose Emperor and : Pope can depose Emperor and secular authority can’t appoint Bishopssecular authority can’t appoint Bishops

• Henry IV needs his bishops in order to rule his Henry IV needs his bishops in order to rule his kingdom, 1076 splits with Popekingdom, 1076 splits with Pope

• Bishops back King and nobles back PopeBishops back King and nobles back Pope

• Excommunicated but does penance and Henry Excommunicated but does penance and Henry eventually wins by outliving the Popeeventually wins by outliving the Pope

• Concordat of Worms 1122: Bishops appointed by the Concordat of Worms 1122: Bishops appointed by the Pope or Cathedral Chapter but King can veto (very Pope or Cathedral Chapter but King can veto (very important later on) EQUAL ROLLS = Compromise important later on) EQUAL ROLLS = Compromise

Reform of the PapacyReform of the Papacy

• Papal government reformed: College of Cardinals Papal government reformed: College of Cardinals act as advisors and Cathedral Chapter handles act as advisors and Cathedral Chapter handles administrationadministration– Codify all old decrees into Canon LawCodify all old decrees into Canon Law

• Legates = Traveling Judges, Councils for Major decisionsLegates = Traveling Judges, Councils for Major decisions• Deal with Church lands, Bishop ElectionsDeal with Church lands, Bishop Elections• Marriage becomes a sacrament under Religious controlMarriage becomes a sacrament under Religious control

– Innocent III most powerfulInnocent III most powerful• Papal courts get full Jurisdiction over all spiritual matters in 12Papal courts get full Jurisdiction over all spiritual matters in 12 thth & &

1313thth centuries centuries• Wants order, proper behavior of clergy, separate clergy from laityWants order, proper behavior of clergy, separate clergy from laity• Three issues: Moderates succession crisis of H.R.E. between Three issues: Moderates succession crisis of H.R.E. between

Philip of Swabia; Forces John to back down on selection of AB of Philip of Swabia; Forces John to back down on selection of AB of Canterbury; Forces Philip Augustus to accept marriage as a Canterbury; Forces Philip Augustus to accept marriage as a sacrament ( interdict, wars, central bureaucracy all help him)sacrament ( interdict, wars, central bureaucracy all help him)

Crisis of the Medieval PapacyCrisis of the Medieval Papacy

• Philip IVPhilip IV– Taxes clergyTaxes clergy– Attacks Pope Boniface VIIIAttacks Pope Boniface VIII

• Clericis Laicos;Clericis Laicos; Papal Bull: Can’t tax clergy Papal Bull: Can’t tax clergy• Unam Sanctum; Unam Sanctum; Papal authority is supreme, can remove KingsPapal authority is supreme, can remove Kings• Physically assaulted by Phillip’s troopsPhysically assaulted by Phillip’s troops• Shatters Papal power: low point of medieval churchShatters Papal power: low point of medieval church• Leads to Great Schism: Urban VI urges reform of clergyLeads to Great Schism: Urban VI urges reform of clergy• Cardinal Elects rival Pope, Two Popes then deposed by Council of Cardinal Elects rival Pope, Two Popes then deposed by Council of

Pisa and there are 3 Popes, All deposed and Martin V unifies PapacyPisa and there are 3 Popes, All deposed and Martin V unifies Papacy• Rise of CounciliarismRise of Counciliarism

– ““Babylonian Captivity (1309-1376)Babylonian Captivity (1309-1376)– Estates General emerges: Clergy, Nobles, Townsmen Estates General emerges: Clergy, Nobles, Townsmen

(One vote per social class)(One vote per social class)

Pope Urban II: Preaching a Pope Urban II: Preaching a CrusadeCrusade

Pope Urban II: Preaching a Pope Urban II: Preaching a CrusadeCrusade

Impact of the CrusadesImpact of the Crusades

– some cultural exchanges between some cultural exchanges between Christians and Muslims Christians and Muslims

– new economic growth of Italian port new economic growth of Italian port cities cities

– the growth in power of eastern crusader the growth in power of eastern crusader states declined from the First Crusade states declined from the First Crusade on on

– increasingly common and violent increasingly common and violent attacks on European Jews by attacks on European Jews by Christians Christians

Setting Out on CrusadeSetting Out on CrusadeSetting Out on CrusadeSetting Out on Crusade

Christian Crusades: East and Christian Crusades: East and WestWest

Christian Crusades: East and Christian Crusades: East and WestWest

Medieval UniversitiesMedieval UniversitiesMedieval UniversitiesMedieval Universities

Gothic Architectural StyleGothic Architectural StyleGothic Architectural StyleGothic Architectural Style

Pointed arches.

High, narrow vaults.

Thinner walls.

Flying buttresses.

Elaborate, ornate, airier interiors.

Stained-glass windows.

“Flying” Buttresses

Oxford UniversityOxford UniversityOxford UniversityOxford University

Late Medieval Town DwellingsLate Medieval Town DwellingsLate Medieval Town DwellingsLate Medieval Town Dwellings

Medieval TradeMedieval TradeMedieval TradeMedieval Trade

Medieval GuildsMedieval GuildsMedieval GuildsMedieval Guilds

Guild Guild HallHall

Guild Guild HallHall

Commercial Monopoly:

Controlled membership apprentice journeyman master craftsman

Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece].

Controlled prices

Medieval Guilds: A Medieval Guilds: A Goldsmith’s ShopGoldsmith’s ShopMedieval Guilds: A Medieval Guilds: A Goldsmith’s ShopGoldsmith’s Shop

Crest of a Cooper’s GuildCrest of a Cooper’s GuildCrest of a Cooper’s GuildCrest of a Cooper’s Guild