Final Report of Lfe

7/28/2019 Final Report of Lfe

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Live-in-Field Experience (LFE) Report

Spring 2011

JELE PARA, KATIGRAM;

MANIKGONJ

PREPARED BY:

NAFIZ AL RAZI

ID: 0820046

DATE OF SUBMISSION: 31stMARCH, 2011


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LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

March 31, 2011

Professor Haroun Er RashidDirector

School of Environmental Science and Management

Independent University, Bangladesh (IUB)

Bashundhara - Baridhara, Dhaka.

Sub: Letter of Transmittal for the assigned LFE report, Spring 2011

Sir,

I, the undersigned, would like to submit herewith the Live-in-FieldExperience (LFE) Report, Spring 2011 for your perusal. This report has been

prepared upon completion of LFE study on JELE PARA, KATIGRAM in

MANIKGANJ district from January 4, 2011 to January 16, 2011.

By using the technique called PRA, questionnaire survey, observation, and

preparing case stories, I tried my best to learn about the demography,geography, social condition and change, economy and agriculture, the impact of

seasonality on various aspects of agriculture, health and environment, and the

market and HAT serving the needs of the village. The analysis of data gathered

from my field survey helped me in understanding the lives of the villagers.

I would be glad to clarify any matter whenever you require so.

Sincerely yours,

NAFIZ AL RAZI

ID: 0820046


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ACKNOLEDGEMENTS

I express my honest gratitude to my teachers, Mr. Saquib Shahriar, and Mrs.

Mahbuba Dewan for their restless guidance in the field. Our special thanks go to

our teachers, Professor Haroun Er Rashid and Mr. Munir Hossain for educating

us on various aspects of LFE.

I also want to give many thanks to PROSHIKA staffs. They are the most

hospitable people. My special thanks go to the researcher Mr. Idris for giving

me many valuable tips for collecting data during the field survey.

Without the constant help and guidance of my assigned LFE monitors, the study

would not have been this thorough. I am really grateful to them.

Lastly, my honest gratitude goes to the inhabitants of JELE PARA, for their

warm and hospitable attitude. Without their enthusiastic cooperation, it was not

possible to make the study successful.


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Table of Content

Topic Page Number

Letter of Transmittal 2

Acknowledgement 3

CH 1:Introduction

Purpose of LFE 7

Objectives of LFE 7

Limitations of LFE 8

CH 2: Methodologies

2.1 Qualitative survey though PRA 9

2.2 Quantitative Survey through Questionnaire 9

2.3 Flowchart of Methodology 10

2.4 Assigned Job 11

2.5 Aims and Objectives 12

CH 3: Village Resource Mapping and Transect

3.0 Introduction 13

3.1 Objectives 14

3.2 Selection of Village 15

3.3 Location of JELE PARA 15

3.4 Area and population 15

3.5 Cultivable Land 16

3.6 Ponds and Gardens 16

3.7 Rural Institution 16

3.8 Shops and Temple 16

3.9 Transect Map 17

3.10 Problems 17

3.11 Suggestions 18

3.12 Conclusion 18


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Topic Page Number

CH 4: Social Change Process

4.0 Introduction 194.1 Objective 19

4.2 Methodology 19

4.3 Social Change Process 20

4.4 Conclusion 21

CH 5: Income Assessments and Gender Division of Labor

5.0 Introduction 22

5.1 Objective 22

5.2 Limitations of the study 23

5.3 Overview of Income Contribution 24

5.4 Wealth Ranking 25

5.5 Major finding 25

5.6 Gender Division 26

5.7 Activities of Male 26

5.8 Activities of Female 26

5.9 Conclusion 26

CH 6: Micro Credits and Rural Production Cycle

6.0 Introduction 27

6.1 Objectives 27

6.2 Limitations 286.3 Micro Credit System 28

6.4 Rural Production Cycle 29

6.5 Rural Production 29

6.6 Major Findings 30

6.7 Conclusion 30


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Topic Page Number

CH 7: Health and Family Care

7.0 Introduction 31

7.1 Objective 31

7.2 Methodology 31

7.3 Limitations 32

7.4 Health Condition 32

7.5 Vaccination of Children 32

7.6 Common Diseases Suffered by Villagers 33

7.7 Health Care Facilities 33

7.8 Conclusion 34

CH 8: RURAL MARKET ANALYSIS

8.0 Introduction 35

8.1 Objectives 35

8.2 Limitations 35

8.3Construction of Rural markets: The Hut and the Bazaar 36

8.4 The study market: Katigram Bazaar-Hut 36

8.5 Distribution Channel 37

8.6 Value chain Analysis 38

8.7 Conclusion and Recommendations 39

Bibliography 40

CASE STORIES 41

42

CH 9: CONCLUSION 44


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Chapter 1: Introduction, Objectives and Limitations of LFE

1.0 Introduction:

This report is prepared for the course of Live-in-Field Experience (LFE). It is a pre-

requisite course, which has to be completed by every students of Independent

University, Bangladesh before graduation.

LFE (Live in field Experience) is the study about predominant culture and mode of

production in rural Bangladesh. It is also the study of villages as the country has more

than sixty eight thousand villages and majority of the population still lives in the

villages. The rest of the people of urban area depend on the villagers directly or

indirectly for various purposes. Development of our country is based on our ruralareas. Therefore it is very important to know what is going on in the village. Our

politics, society, economic condition, literacy rate and health condition depend on our

village. But most urban people have a perception that the village people are poor and

illiterate. As we are not concerned about our village and villagers, thats why even

after 40 years of our independence, Bangladesh is still an underdeveloped country.

So, it is our duty to know about them and their life style.

1.1 Purpose of LFE:

This report is prepared for the course of Live-in-Field Experience (LFE). It is a

pre-requisite course, which has to be completed by every students of Independent

University, Bangladesh before graduation. It is a course of 3 credits. Students have

to stay about 12 days at a selected place to conduct a survey and research.

1.2 Objectives of LFE:

The LFE 201 course has multi dimensional objectives, the basis of which is to

familiarize the city based students (the expected policy planners and implementers of

the near future), who are otherwise unexposed, with village life. In essentially a week,

we looked into a number of key areas including:

The structural construction of the village through maps, the household and itsi i h h i i


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The health, sanitation and environmental standings of the village, along withthe level of awareness the people possess regarding such issues.

The socio-economic conditions of the households, their incomes,expenditures, livelihood strategies, and adoption and understanding of micro

credit schemes along with their views on the subject of micro loans.

The social changes that the village has undergone since the emergence ofBangladesh, through its different regimes till date, both the positive and

negative impacts of these changes and how the members of the village society

has equated themselves with modernity and assimilated developments plans

and projects.

And finally, I delved into the functions of a generic rural market,understanding it constituents- the hut and the bazaar, the actors involved

therein and drawing parallels with some of the textbook marketing and

economic concepts that I know about.

1.3 Limitations of LFE:

This is common factor of a research work to face certain limitations. I also faced

many limitations while doing my survey as well as while analyzing data, plus while

preparing my report, because this technique of research methodology is a new

concept for me. However the limitations of this study are as follows

The first problem I have faced is the time limitation. I did not haveenough time to include a large number of the respondents, which I could

increase the accuracy and would help to sketch out the real picture

much more clearly. Only 12 days are not enough for the collection of raw

data in order to prepare a professional report. I still have many questions

lingering in my mind that I could not ask the villagers due to this constraint.

I had a little knowledge about this course. In addition, I did not havepreliminary experience about data collection.

Unwillingness of the villagers for cooperation is another limitation of this


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that, as I asked some very personal questions regarding their family and

society, there were some people who skipped answering those questions.

I did face some problems while doing the survey at JELE PARA.I was not experienced to approach to the villagers in an appropriate way.

However, after two days of work, I started to feel more comfortable and it

became easier gradually.

Finding the right person to ask questions was another obstacle. There aresome villagers who misguided us by giving wrong information. However my

best effort was there to crosscheck that information for making to increase

the accuracy of collected data.

Sometimes, respondents were found to be unwilling to answer some specificquestions, as they thought it might create some problem for them. The

answers they gave were very much unrealistic.

As I surveyed the respective village during the working hours of the day,most of the male were out of their houses. As a result the quantity of female

respondents is higher which may reflect in getting biased answers regarding

some questions.


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Chapter 2: Methodology

2.0 Methodology:

In the time of LFE (Live-in-Field Experience), I was asked to collect the

information of the villagers of my assigned village, JELE PARA as properly

as possible. For the purpose of getting a volume of correct information of the

villagers, I had to take the primary information from the villagers at first. Then,

again I had to verify this primary information from many other sources. I have

to use both qualitative and quantitative information in our report.

2.1 Qualitative survey though PRA:

Participatory or rural appraisal (PRA) is a way of enabling local people to analyze

their living conditions to share the outcomes and to plan their activities. It is way of

learning with and from communities in order to investigate, analyze and evaluate

constraints and opportunities for future development of the community. Thus PRA

field exercise is not only for collection of qualitative information and idea generation

but it is about analysis and learning by local people.

2.2 Quantitative Survey through Questionnaire:

Along with the PRA to crosscheck and pinpoint few terms and facts in numeric and

statistics from the questionnaire survey is done. The results are then calculated by

plotting them in tables and analyzed through pie charts and bar graphs. A lot of ratio

study is also used to interpret the findings. I was assigned with a set of questionnaire

with a sample size of 5. The respondents were selected using the following methods:

The study area: JELE PARA was selected by PROSHIKHA. Approximately 140 household heads were drawn from the village. The respondents: Residing in the particular household was interviewed. Sample size: was designed so as to consist 5 household heads.


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2.3 Flowchart of Methodology:

Data

Data Analysis and Processing

PRA

Qualitat iveQuantitative

Transect Walk Para Map Village Map Timeline Analysis Social Map Seasonal Calendar

Variables

Demographic Condition Social Condition Economic Condition Environmental Condition Health Condition

Questionnaire Survey

Statistical Tools for Data

Analysis

Participant observation,

Personal and GroupInterviews

Report


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2.4 Assigned Job:

I was assigned to my village to perform some selected jobs. In order to perform

the jobs, I had to follow PRA (Participatory Rural Appraisal) method. The assigned

jobs were:

Village Mapping Para Map Transact Mapping

Social Change Process

Health and Family Care Income Assessment and Gender Division of Labor Government and Non Government Activities Rural Production Cycle and Cash Flow Analysis Market Analysis

2.5 Aims and Objectives:This section will discuss about all the specific aspects of this study listing the aims

and objectives of LFE (Live-in-Field Experience) programme. The preset aims and

objectives of LFE are listed below

To make the students familiar with the socio-economic realities of rural life. To help the student learn how to perform social research.

To make the students familiar with the method of quantitative and qualitativedata collection.

To help the students learn how to build rapport with the unknown rural people. To learn about the roots of our original culture and modes of production. To determine the ways of reducing the existing gap between urban and rural

societies.

To familiarize urban students with rural communities as almost 80% of thetotal population of Bangladesh live in villages.


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STUDY AREA

JELE PARA, KATIGRAM;

ATIGRAM UNION;

MANIKGANJ


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Chapter 3: Village Resource Mapping and Transect3.0 Introduction:

This chapter of the report focuses on the following topics describing my study area, JELE

PARA

Village Mapping Para Mapping Transact Mapping

3.1 Objectives:

As I supposed to do a survey in a village, my first job was to know about the village

map. And as the people of Proshika and my faculty had divided my work into six

days, my first days job was to draw the village, para and transect map. In this part I

have described the physical locations of my target villages with other essential

information.

3.2 Selection of Village:

My surveyed village was Jele Para. The Proshika has selected it for me. My supervisors and

co-coordinators have also chosen this village as group wise. The size of the village is not too

big. It is about 1 square kilometer.


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Picture 3.1 Location of Manikganj

Chapter 3: Village Resource Mapping and Transect

3.3 Location of JELE PARA:

As I was given to study the village in LFE in cooperation with PROSHIKA, I in fact have

been assigned with the para called JELE PARA. The Para JELE PARA is under

Manikganj district. It is 2 km away from PROSHIKA.

3.4 Area and population:

The area of JELE PARA village is not too big. It is about 1 square kilometer. The total

population is almost 700 and among them 420 are voters. Most of them are Hindu. Number

of households at this village is around 140.

3.5 Cultivable Land:

JELE PARA is very small para where most of them are fisherman. There is no cultivable

land.

3.6 Ponds and Gardens:

There is only one pond but that is not fresh. There is a bamboo garden, a Mehagani tree

garden and some digs with bushes are available in JELE PARA.

3 7 R l I tit ti

Manik an


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In JELE PARA, most of the people are poor and there is no rural institution.

3.8 Shops and Temple:

There are two grocery shops, two goldsmith shops and a big temple place but nothing

there in it. They use it in occasions. Though almost everyone are Hindu, so there is no

mosque.

3.9 Transect Map:

Transect mapping provides a micro vision of the village which helps to get clear andspecific

ideas about the study area. While preparing the transect map, I did collect information about


Figure 3.2: Location of JELE PARA


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the land height, soil type, land usage, households, trees, crops, important place and problems

regarding each zone of the transect map.

3.9.1 Transect Mapping:

I started my transect walk beside a coconut tree and that took an end after walking

200 steps beside a bush. I walked from the south to the north direction and did

study the left-hand side of my walk. I did divide these 200 steps into 10 zones of

20 steps each. Figure 3.3 shows the transect map.

3.9.2 Land Height:

At most of the zones beside my transect walk, the land was about 4 to 5 ft higher

than the walking path and there were households at those high places. The

villagers said that they build their households on high lands because the lowlands

are flooded by the water from Dhaleswari in the rainy season.

3.9.3 Soil Type:

Everywhere beside our transect walk, the soil type was sandy loam which is very

fertile for different type of crops. The low lands in JELE PARA are silted due to


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the flood water during the rainy season, which offer fertile lands to the farmers

after the flood.

3.9.4 Households:All the households beside of my transect walk were built with bamboo, bamboo

made fences, straw and tin which reflects some ideas about the wealth ranking of

different classes of people in the village.

3.10 Problems:

Few places beside my transect walk were damp and emitting bad smell. There was a pond


shown in Figure 3.4 which is place for procreation of mosquitoes.

Figure 3.4: Pond with waste water

3.11 Suggestions:

Proper drainage system should be there. The road should be wide and clear. The more ponds should be dug. Environmental awareness program should be addressed


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3.12 Conclusion:

The people of my village may not be well off, but they were simple and honest. They had

been very co-operative and friendly towards us. They were very helpful when I asked any

question they try to answer correctly.

Chapter 4: Social Change Process

4.0 Introduction:

Social change is a process by which deviation take place in the structure and function of a

social system over a period of time. Social Change is a very long and continuous process that

cannot be stopped. The process of social change starts when an innovation spread in a

society. Social changes indicate changes in thinking, attitude, culture, and life style etc and

in other words, social developing is the feedback of social changes. However, evolution,

invention of new techniques, adaptation of new ideas is all example of social change. Due to

various reasons these changes take place such as natural disasters, population pressure,

unplanned and unsustainable developments by different organizations, migration, and

pressure on economy, food, land and many more. So I had to go the village JELE PARA.

4.1 Objective:

The motive of my work on social change processes are mentioned as follows:

To find out the socio-economic changes that occurred with the course of time. To find out what the factors behind the changes are and when and how these factors

changed the socio-economic condition and the living of the society.

To understand how one change in factor is linked with the other. What are the consequences of the changes and what are the perceptions of the

villagers towards such changes.


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Finally to get an overall idea on the chronological changes of my assigned para (JELEPARA) that gave an essence of human evolution at every step, thus trembling the

entire system of the society.

4.2 Methodology:

To acquire information on social change we used different tools such as questionnaire

surveys on specific topics, personal observation, focus group discussions and Participatory

Rural Appraisal (PRA) technique to gather information from rural people. I collected relevant

information on the social change process of the village located in the Manikganj district and

then organized my findings to represent them through a Map of Timeline

Analysis that was done with respect to the different ruling regimes. Thus it was

considered to be the primary ground of our topic analysis. Timeline Analysis is


used to represent any change with respect to time. For that reasons I talked to

different ages ranging (25 to 80) people. I talked with the most eldest person of the village to

know about the past history of the village and changes that took place over the period of time

as well as we talked to the younger people to know their perceptions on these changes.

4.3 Social Change Process:

In order to find out the social changes through time line analysis, I divided the whole time

frame into seven different regimes. The seven different regimes are:

1 Shekh Mujib Regime (1972-1975)

2 Ziaur Rahman Regime (1976-1979)

3 Ershad Regime (1981-1990)

4 Khaleda Zias First Regime (1991-1995)

5 Sheikh Hasinas Regime (1996-2001)

6 Khaleda Zias Second Regime (2001-2006) and

7 Caretaker Governments (2006-2008).

8 Sheikh Hasinas Regime (2009 to present)


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Hence we assembled information on different factors of the society which has influenced the

social change processes that would be discussed in the later section and the Social Map of the

changes that took place during the periods are shown below.



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Figure 4.1: Social Change Process in JELE PARA.

4.3.1 Before Liberation Period (1965-1971):

According to old villagers of this village, in this period there were farmers and fishermen.

They could do fishing as at that time the river, Dhaleswari was full of water and the water

level of this river was very high. So, the villagers could take it as an occupation. Their main

sources of Income were definitely farming and fishing. Without these, the villagers had other

sources for income also. For an example, they could sell the milk of Cows and can get money

from there. If they would have any financial problem, then they did it and tried to get rid of

that problem.


4.3.2 After Liberation Period:

I have found that in this time the water level of Dhaleswari River was decreasing day by day.

So, fishing was not possible in that river at that time. Besides, there was no pond in this

village. This is the reason for which they are now catching fish from other rivers and sell it.

There are a number of Positive changes after liberation with a number of negative changes.

They didnt have Education system before. But now, they can be educated if they want. Not

only that but also they get a number of facilities because of sending their children to schools.

They didnt have properVaccines and Medicines for diseases before liberation period. But

now because of different GOs and NGOs, they are getting Vaccines and Medicines properly.Before, they didnt have any good Communication system. But now they do have developed

Roads. Even two / three of the villagers do have Cell Phones. The number of Early Marriage

is decreasing day by day. Also the Age of Marriage is increasing with time because of the

villagers changed thoughts. Before, they didnt have Electricity. But now they do have

Electricity and also TV, VCRand so on for their entertainment. They didnt get the help of

GOs and NGOs before. But now they do get different facilities from GOs and as well as

NGOs. These are the positives changes after liberation. But all the changes are not so

positive. There are different negative changes also like the amount of Dowry is increasing


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5.3 Overview of Income Contribution:

Table 5.3.1 Peoples involvement in family income

Age groups Male Involvement in

family income

( Mainly)

Female Involvement in

family income (

Mainly)

0-10 1 No involvement 6 No involvement

11-15 2 Occasionally

involve

0 Occasionally

involve

16-24 3 Start in Helping

family income

0 Occasionally

involve

25-60 8 Income earning 0 House wife

occasionally help

in family income

Above 60 5 Not involve in

income

0 House wife and

no involvement in

income

total 19 6


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Chapter 5: Income Assessment and Gender Division of Labor

5.4 Wealth Ranking:

Upper class:

House Type: All the Roof & floor of house of Para are tin & mud. But changes are in wall. So wefound they live in concrete house.

Income: Yearly family income is about Tk 120000-300000; actually they are under upper income

class.

Loan: In the time of cultivate they take loan from different banks, but they do not take any

microcredit from NGO.

Domestic Animal: People of the higher income group have 6-8 cows, and about 20to 30 poultrybirds.

Luxury Products: People of this group have Motor cycle TV, VCD and 2 or 3 mobile phones astheir luxury goods.

Upper middle class:

House Type: All the Roof & floor of house of Para are tin & mud. But changes are in wall. And we

found they live in mud house.

Income: Annual income is between Tk 70000-120000.

Loan: They take loan for a better life and to expand their business. Loan is taken sometimes forcattle fattening also.

Domestic Animal: These people have 6-8 cows and poultry birds are 10-15 in numbers

Luxury Products: Middle income group people have mobile phones, TV, and VCD as their luxury

product.

Middle class:



Income: Income is between tk 48000-72250 per year.

Loan: They take loan for a better life and to cultivate their land. Some time they take loan to pay

dowry.


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Domestic Animal: These people have 2-3 cows, 2-3 goats, 5-10 poultry birds.

Luxury Products: Middle income group people have TV, VCD, & Mobile (ONE) as their luxuryproduct.

Lower middle class:



Income: These groups are able to earn in a year about TK. 36500-47500

Loan: they do not take loan, as they think they will not able to pay installment.

Domestic Animal: These people have 1-2cows.

Lower Income Group:


found they live in tin or sown (khorir) house.

Income: Annual incomes for these groups are about TK.1728-7200.

Loan: These groups of people do not get any loan from any NGOs.

Domestic Animal: These groups of people have a goat, and 4-5 poultry birds.

5.5 Major finding:

Most of the villagers live in same category house. People who need loan most, they are not getting loan. All of the household have their own domestic animals, to their nutritions. Most of the

families have TV.

Actually the size of house of lower class people is relatively very small.


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5.6 Gender Division:

Gender states the distinction between man and woman. By the gender rote we understand the

role they play separately or togetherin the different or same field. In my village JELE PARA

the people are very industrious. They do their own work even though some of them are very

hard. Men are doing the hard work most like working in their profession and women are mostly

doing the households work. In fact they have split their own work according their ability. Both

men and women are doing hard work all the daylong.

5.7 Activities of Male:

The Males of my village JELE PARA , their occupations is mainly fishing or fishing related

business activities.

5.8 Activities of Female:

The Women of my village JELE PARA wake up early in the morning. Then they sweep their

home yard and room as well. They prepare food for everyone and get their children ready for

school. They dont usually eat last nights left over rice. They are used of sewing dresses for the

children as well as for the elder during the gossiping time. Then again they cook dinner for

everyone.

5.9 Conclusion:

In my village JELE PARA, I had seen a great difference between male and Female. The

female of my village cant workoutside. But one significant thing I found in our village is, the

girls of our village got the opportunity of education. They at least can do their primary education.


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Chapter 6: Micro Credit and Rural Production Cycle

Figure 6.3: Loans collection

bound to return the credited money with high interest rate anyhow in the limited time. For this,

sometimes, they are to sell their own property. This is a big problem for the poor people.

6.4 Rural Production Cycle:

In JELE PARA, most of the people are fisherman or doing fishing related activities. There is noland for cultivation or no pond for firming fish. They go to catch fish into river or doing fish

related business as middleman.

6.4.1 Effect in the Social Condition:

Villagers also taking loan for their small business. So, that they cancontinue their farming with a small business. From these, they can earn

more money and can develop their financial condition. The villagers can take loan for housing and can make a more developed

house. In this way, the housing type of the village is changing.

The farmers are taking loan, investing it in cultivation and gaining moreprofit.


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Chapter 6: Micro Credit and Rural Production Cycle

6.5 Rural Production:

Fishing net making and selling in the marketFishing at the river.Fish selling.

6.6 Major Findings:

Middle class and poor people are getting loans from N.G.Os. They use that money to buy fishing

nets or in business. Sometimes they pay their loans or dowry from getting micro credit.

6.7 Conclusion:

To identify the social change process I tried our best to collect as many information as possible

through interviewing the Para people. They were very eager in responding and providing us with

valuable information and without their cooperation it would have not been possible within the

assigned period.


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Chapter 7: Health and Family Care

7.3 Limitations:

There were few limitations to the study. First of all the sample size was small. The result derived

from a sample sometimes does not represent the whole population. Sometimes the villagers were

not totally sure about the information they were disclosing to us. Moreover, women sometimes

had the tendency to forget about things of the past. For example: some women forgot about the

immunization record of their children. In some cases the villagers were not willing to divulge

information. Time is also a big constraint because I only had a few days to collect the

information and there was no ways of verification. Therefore, there are always drawbacks in the

study.

7.4 Health Condition:

According to the local people of my study area JELE PARA, the recent scenario of health and

sanitation has improved a lot than before. People are now much more cautious about their life.

The change took place because of the Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) and the

Government Organization (GO's) that are working in the village. Different attributes of Health

which indicate the total scenario of the village are:

Vaccination Health Care Facilities Sources of Water for Domestic Use Cooking Place Types of Fuel used for cooking Health Affects


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7.5 Vaccination of Children:

Figure 7.5: Vaccination Program

7.6 Common Diseases Suffered by Villagers:

The common diseases I have seen in JELE PARA arecold, fiver, pain on body.

7.7 Health Care Facilities:

There is a chamber for a doctor in Katigram Bazaar. So that, JELE PARAs people can go to him

for any health care.

7.7.1 Drinking:

The villagers are very health conscious about sources of water. The 100% of villagers

use tube well water for drinking and cooking purposes. And I have also found that they

dont drink water from Arsenic effective tube well. All of the House holders have tested

their tube well for Arsenic.

7.7.2 Cooking:At JELE PARA all the villagers use tube well water for cooking purpose.


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Figure 7.7.2: Tube-well

7.7.3 Cooking Place:

Cooking place is an important place in a house especially in village. Separate cooking

place indicate good effect on environment and health. Cooking place inside the living

room is very unsafe for health. Because the fume exerted by the burning of fuel affect the

breathing of any normal human being especially children.

Figure 7.7.3: Cooking Place

7.7.4 Sanitation:

The main contributors of serious diseases are unhygienic food and sanitation.

Therefore health condition of a family depends largely on the toilet facility. We found

three types of toilet facility in my JELE PARA; for example - Pit Latrine, Septic Tank


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and Ring Slab Latrine.

Figure 7.7.4: Pit Latrine

7.7.5 Waste Disposal:

In JELE PARA, the villagers do not have wastage, which cannot be easily disposable.

Figure 7.7.5: Waste Disposal

7.8 Conclusion:

I can conclude our discussion after analyzing the data of health and environment condition that

the villagers are not get proper health care facility. They have vaccine their children.


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Chapter 8: RURAL MARKET ANALYSIS

8.0 Introduction

Rural markets, or in simpler term village markets, are the points of contact for the farmers, where

they sell their produce at nominal value under crumbling pressures from various middle agents

with virtually no organized-uncorrupted government support.

8.1 Objectives:

Our main objectives in analyzing the rural market were to:

Develop some idea about the market structure Learn about the products and services provided therein Identify the marketing chain of products Understand the shortcomings and obstacles of the system

8.2 Limitations:

The main limitation on our investigation of the rural market was time. A single day and a single

visit remains insufficient to properly understand the invisible forces and behind the scenes

activities.

8.3 Construction of Rural markets: The Hut and the Bazaar

Generally hut and bazaar occur in the same area of a village. Huts are held on specific days

within an established village bazaar. An added number of temporary shops are set up during hut

days which last until the closing hour of the hut. More shops mean more suppliers and thus

prices for certainproducts like seasonal fruits, vegetables, farmers equipment, pottery etc. tend

to be lower on the hut days. There are certain characteristic differences between the hut and

bazaar, both in their construction and their workings. Some of the differences are listed in the

table below:


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Table 8.4: Differences between the Hut and Bazaar.

8.4 The study market: Katigram Bazaar-Hut

According to local reports the Katigram Bazaar-Hut is being held since the British period. It has

a central establishment covering around a 1000 sq. yards.

Hut Bazaar

Working hours 6 am to 10 am (preparation)

10 am to 7 pm (hut hours)

10 pm to 5 pm

Frequency Twice a week All week

Number of Shops Host of temporary shops on top of the

bazaar shops

More permanent and concrete shops

Type of shops Temporary Permanent

Products and services

available

Increased number of products and

services (due to more shops)

Fixed number of shops supplying similar

products and services around the week

Business type Mainly wholesale, with less retailing Mainly retailing

Buyers and sellers More buyers and sellers on hut days Usually a similar number of buyers and sellers

except for on hut days

Origin of buyers Along with the local buyers there are

buyers from far off places

Usually localized buyers

Origin of sellers Extra sellers bring in their products and

set up temporary shops

Fixed sellers in fixed shops

Middlemen More middlemen trying to buy off extra

supply

Less number of middle men than on hut day

Level of competition Higher as sellers try to sell as much as

possible during the day

Lower competition

Prices Lower due to increased supply Higher than Hut


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8.4.1 Communication and transportation facilities:

The central road leading into Katigram Bazaar-hut is paved but deteriorating. The paved

entrance is about 25 feet wide with 15 feet paved in the middle. Temporary shops set up on the

both sides of the entrance on Hut day. The paved central path goes up about 100 yards into the

market and branches out to the left and the right. The right turn leads to the fish market while the

left ultimately reaches an open field. On both sides of the paved road there are permanent shops

with concrete walls and tin roofs. During Hut day temporary shops are set up at every possible

empty space.

8.4.2 Pricing at Katigram Bazaar-Hut:

It is apparent that the agents in Katigram Bazaar Hut naturally understand the basic

functions of the market i.e. demand and supply. They use profit as a motive to price their

products. Farmers, who sell their products on a one to one basis during the Hut day, aim to cover

their costs while trying to make a net take-home profit of Tk. 200 to 500.

8.4.3 Products at Katigram Bazaar-Hut:

Products as well as services can be divided into two broad categories based on

their consumer groups and the purpose of their utilization. They are:

Consumer products - Fruits, Vegetables, Sunflower Oil, etc. Fake ProductsTALC, Paracitamol, Cevita-I, etc. Brand ProductsPepsodant Tooth Powder, Lux, etc. Specialty productsRuitan, Akij Biri, etc.


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PRODUCER

LOCAL WHOLESELLER

CITY WHOLESELLER

CITY RETAILER

CITY

CONSUMER

LOCAL RETAILER

LOCAL CONSUMER


Table 8.5.1: Katigram Hut- A practical scenario

8.5 Distribution Channel:

Chart 8.6: Distribution Channel

8.6 Value chain Analysis:

We identified and interviewed the departments (from farmers to retailers) in Katigram Bazaar-

Hut and established the value chain for potatoes. After covering their costs there is some addition

of price at each step which give a final addition of 25% price from the farmers to the end

consumers. This is presented in the figure below:

Retailers

Producers


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PRODUCER(FARMER)

Production cost of

30 decimal/ 1 Pakhi

Seeds500 takaPloughing1000 taka

Fertilizer2000 takaLabor cost2500 taka

Processing1000 takaTotal7000 taka

Selling Price15000

takaPer kg cost4.0 taka

BEPARI

Buy7.0 taka/kg

Sell7.5 taka/kg

Profit0.5 taka/kg

WHOLESELLER

(MANIKGANJ)

Buy7.5 taka/kg

Sell8.0 taka/kg

Profit0.5 taka/kg

WHOLESELLER

(KAWRAN

BAZAR)Buy8 taka/kg

Sell8.5 taka/kg

Profit0.5 taka/kg

RETAILERBuy8.5 taka/kg

Sell12 taka/kg

Profit3.5 taka/kg

NATIONAL

CONSUMERS

MKT PR12 taka/kg

LOCAL

RETAILER

Buy7.5 taka/kgSell9 taka/kg

Profit1.5 taka/

LOCAL

CONSUMER

Price at Local Market9 taka/kg

Chart 8.7: Value Chain of Potatoes

25% PRICE INCREASE

(FARMER to CONSUMER)From 30 Decibel of land about

65 MON Potato is roduced


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8.7 Conclusion and Recommendations:

My analysis of the rural market has helped us understand how the rural people fulfill their daily

and intermittent needs. II have also gained some understanding regarding their business mind set,

which is geared more towards covering necessities and guaranteeing survival, than making

profit. I observed how it differs from the urban markets in terms of size, agents, range and

quality of products and how similar it is to the urban bazaars in terms of hygienic (or rather

unhygienic) conditions, retailer authority etc.


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Bibliography

1. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (www.bbs.gov.bd)

2. Banglapedia (www.banglapedia.com)

3. CIA World Fact book (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook)

4. H.W. Berkowitz, R.A. Kerim, S.W Hartly, W. Rudelius 4th

edition.

5. McCarthy & Perreault, Basic Marketing, 11th

edition.

6. Philip Kotler & Gary Armstrong, Principles of Marketing, 11th

edition.

7. Ryan P. M. Allis, The History of the Market System, Zero to One Million,Mc Graw

Hill2003

8. Singh, Prakash, Virendra (e.d.) 1992. Country Perspectives in Class and Society, Pp-

8-12, 34-110


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each kg. of egg-plants between Tk.25 and Tk.30 depending on their size. He transports them to

Katigram hut by van, 50 or 60 at a time, and each trip costs him around TK. 10. This season he

was expecting a total harvest of up to 10000 egg-plants. He uses a hired tractor to till his land

which costs him around TK 3500. Apart from this, he summed up the entire cost (over the

season) of cultivating the fruit to be around Tk.4000. He purchases the required fertilizers,

pesticides and seeds (only the first time) from the NGO BRAC, through dealers. Nowadays he

stores his own seeds. He makes a profit ranging from Tk.200 to Tk300 each hut day.

At the end of my pleasant conversation, Md. Akob Ali gifted us a few of his egg-plants as a

token of good gesture.


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Case - 2

Name: Md. Romjan Ali

Age: 52 years

Occupation: Farmer

Address: Golora gram, Dhankora Union,

Saturia Thana. Manikganj

Interview location: Katigram Bazaar Hut

Md. Romjan Ali is visiting Katigram Bazaar Hut since he was a child. He would come here with

his dad who was a farmer on Hut days. He had inherited about one pakhi of cultivable land from

his father. After 20 years of hard work he had added another half pakhi to it. He now cultivates

corn and potatoes on his 1.5 pakhi land. He plants the crops together in Kartik month. Corn

ripens in Choitro (after 6 months), while potatoes can be reaped after 4 months in Magh. The

man advantage of planting two crops he says is lower production costs. Like Akob Ali, Romjan

Ali also collects his own seeds. He purchases fertilizers and pesticides from Katigram Bazaar

which costs him around TK 3200. He hires day laborers (kamlas) to help him throughout the

season and spend upto TK 3000 on them. He hires power tiller for ploughing his land at has to

spend around TK800 to plough his entire land.


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Md. Romjan Ali told us that the costs of properly cultivating corn and potatoes per season range

between TK 15000 to 16000 while he can expect to sell his produce for TK 25000 to TK 35000.

He further added that cultivating corn was very profitable as corn was always in heavy demand

as food in chicken farms and as corns has started replacing wheat in many uses like making

biscuits etc, where corn and wheat are mixed to reduce production costs.


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Chapter 9: CONCLUSION

9.0 CONCLUSION:

After reviewing the whole report now I understand the essence of our countryside. On one hand,

I have to know about rural norms, cultures, values, beliefs, attitudes and the activities of rural

people, not only by reading books, but through spending time with them together with participant

observation. On the other hand, living in the city we barely feel and understand the subtle facts

of village life. City dwellers like us have many misconceptions about the rural society. It is a

great experience to explore different aspects of rural society. The LFE program has been

structured in such a way that helped us understand the reality of rural existence from our visit to

the JELE PARA. After completing my visit to the there I collected all the possible information

through PRA and finally came to know about various features of the village i.e. geographical

location, social community and classes, culture and perceptions of the people and the trade and

business environment that they face. Rural Societies have gone through many changes over the

eras since the birth of Bangladesh more than three decades ago. Villagers are now conscious

about education, early marriage, family planning, tree plantation, sanitation, and hygiene and are

open to many technological, medical and communication upgrades that have appeared over the

years. Some Government Organizations along with some NGOs deserve a fair share of the

credit, as they have not only built the infrastructures but have also persuaded the people to followtheir programs.

From the chapters discussed above, it can be said that JELE PARA has developed significantly

with the flow of time. People have become more aware and pursue proper education for their

children. Women have got the more rights and are now inclined towards various activities from

which they were previously neglected and deprived and womens empowerment has increased

through various NGOs programs. Even so, there are still problems which have not been solved

till date but need to be given immediate attention. It must however be remembered that the

altogether outcome of our 11 days survey is probably not enough to clarify the complete scenario

of the village due to many limitations.

Finally, I would like to thank PROSHIKA and IUB for their support and help in my survey,

within a limited timeframe. It has given me a firsthand view of the realities of rural life in

Bangladesh.


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