Final Research Output

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RUBBER TIRE CHIPS AS ADDITIVES OF CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS

A Research

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in

Research 2: Research Methods for Engineers

Submitted by:

Opog, Roy Jhon A.

Ancheta, Ronald P.

Caballero, Bryan A.

Seranilla, Ofelia E.

ADVISER: Engr. Felrose P. Maravillas, MSCE

Submitted to:

DR. FRANCO C. FLORES

June ___, 2013



RUBBER TIRE CHIPS AS ADDITIVES OF CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS

Opog, Roy Jhon A.

Ancheta, Ronald P.

Caballero, Bryan A.

Seranilla, Ofelia E.

ADVISER: Engr. Felrose P. Maravillas, MSCE

ABSTRACT

This study was conducted to ascertain the possibility of using the rubber tire chips as

alternative construction material. Further, the study explored the compressive strength

of Concrete Hollow Block (CHB) with rubber tire chips and was compared to commercial

one. The experiment was conducted with the following cement to aggregates ratio

(cement: sand: rubber tire chips); set 1 (1:4:1), set 2 (1:3:2), and set 3 (1:2:3) and the

control CHB is having the cement to sand ratio of 1:5. Findings revealed the following

average compressive strength of the samples; set 1 prototypes has an average

compressive strength of 200.096 psi, set 2 samples 130.0618 psi, set 3 samples98.658 psi and for the control samples 202.872 psi. Results showed also that the

commercial CHB which are locally used by Capitol University building constructions has

an average compressive strength of 30.016 psi. This means that even the samples

which has the largest volume of rubber tire chips is 3 times stronger than the

commercial one. These findings entail a positive utilization of waste and hence,

lessened the worst problems in solid waste management and insurmountable quarrying

dilemma of most river banks.

Keywords: rubber tire chips, CHB, compressive strength



Introduction

CHB

CHB is also known as “Concrete Hollow Block”. It is the most widely used in masonrymaterial for all types of construction such as walls, partitions, dividers, fences etc. It is a

building module resembling large bricks that are molded from sand and cement. In other

words when reinforced with concrete columns and tie beams, is a very common building

material for the load bearing walls of building, this is what we called “concrete block

structure” (CBS) construction (Wikipedia).

Rubber Tire Chips

Used tires are a challenging problem, since tires have a virtually unlimited life span.

These waste tires are source of environmental concern in developed countries, where

landfilling is still a common waste disposal strategy. Tires decompose very slowly, at

taking over a century to disintegrate at ambient temperatures. They are also bulky and

when disposed, they trap air, which may make landfills unstable. Even worse, tires do

not stay buried, but float to the top of a landfill. Piled tires trap water, and thus can

become breeding grounds for mosquitoes and other water-incubating insects and

bacteria. (Ahmed, et.al, 1996).

This could be one of the major environmental challenges facing municipalities around

the world. To address this global problem, several studies have been conducted to

examine various applications of recycled tire rubber (fine crumb rubber and coarse tire

chips). Examples include the reused of ground tire rubber in a variety of rubber and

plastic products, thermal incineration of waste tires for the production of electricity or as

fuel for cement kilns, and use of recycled rubber chips in asphalt concrete.Unfortunately, generation of waste tires far exceeds these uses (Nehdi and Khan,

2001).

Other studies made an effort to reduce this compounding problem such as alternatives

in waste reduction, resource recovering, land filling, and recycling is currently being



reviewed to reduce the continued accumulation of scrap tires (Spagnoli et al., 2006).

Nevertheless, discarded tire or chipped tires are also used as concrete aggregate. For

the most usual method of recycling these waste tire chips, is used in asphalt mixture, as

additives in overlaying fatigued/ cracked pavements, and was used also as a durable

crack-resistant asphalt surface in new construction. (Bandini, 2011).Hence, this

research entails another technically attractive option of recycling waste materials.

However, this particular study innovates of recycling the waste rubber tire chips as

aggregate for Concrete Hollow Blocks. The proponents envisioned that this would lead

to another important contribution in the field of civil engineering and to our environment.

Statement of the Problem

This study explored the compressive strength of the CHB mixed with discarded rubber

tire chips. Specifically, this study attempted to answer the following questions:

1. What is the average compressive strength of concrete hollow blocks (CHB)

with tire chips in each set of samples?

2. What is the difference of the average compressive strength of concrete hollowblocks (CHB) with tire chips compared to concrete hollow blocks without tire

chips?

3. What is the difference of the average compressive strength of concrete hollow

blocks (CHB) with tire chips compared to commercial concrete hollow blocks?

Significance of the study

This could help our mother nature to minimize the rubber tire solid wastes and lessenedthe over quarrying problems of most river banks in the locality. These results are

significant also to the following:

The Building Designers:



This will help them to provide new information on how the concrete hollow (CHB) mix

with discarded rubber tire chips is useful in building constructions.

The Future Researchers:

It gives them additional information about the factors and effect of using concrete hollow

blocks (CHB) mix with discarded rubber tire chips. Also, for them to develop new ideas

on how other materials could be used by mixing with discarded rubber tire chips.

The Community:

This would not only augment the meager income of the least fortunate families of the

locality but also promote business to entrepreneurs who have capitals.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

The sizes of the moldings of blocks used are 5”x4”x16” with the nominal measurements

of 5 inches (12.7 cm) high by 4 inches (10.16 cm) deep by 16 inches (40.64 cm) wide.

And the measurements of cell blocks are 4”x2” inches with nominal measurements of 4

inches (10.16 cm) wide by 2 inches (5.08 cm) deep. There were 5 samples cast in each

set. The concrete mixture used in CHB casting of the control specimen is 1:5

(cement:sand). Other samples has the following ratio (cement:sand:rubber tire chips) for

set 1, set 2 and set 3 respectively; 1:4:1, 1:3:2 and 1:2:3. To attain the 31 MPa

compressive strength of the concrete mix, 0.45 water cement ratio was used. Due to

time constraint, the curing period was 16 days for all samples and the method used is

sprinkling. Discarded rubber tires were taken from the vulcanizing shops along Osme aṅ

Street, Cagayan de Oro City. For the commercial CHB, samples were taken from the

warehouse of Capitol University.

Conceptual Frame Work

The study focuses on the utilization of rubber tire wastes and lessened the quarrying

problem of our natural resources specifically sand and gravel deposits. Further, the

innovation of an alternative method in casting Concrete Hollow Blocks utilizing the

rubber tire wastes. Figure 1, shows the conceptual flow of the study.



Gathering of tires

Cutting of tires into chips

mixing of tire chips with aggregates & cement

Casting of concrete hollow block(CHB) samples

(CHB) mix with tire chips

Testing of samples

Figure1. Schematic Diagram of the Conceptual Frameworks

The Methods

The researchers gathered the waste rubber tires as shown in Figure 2 and cut into chips

until the specified size is attained. Through sieving, all the tire chips passing the no. 1/2”

sieves as shown in Figure 3 were utilized. The rest of the chips were cut until it passesthe identified sieve number.



Figure 2. Discarded Rubber Tires

Figure 3. Cutting and Sieving of Tire Chips

The following are the procedures in the preparation of samples;

1. All the materials such as cement, sand, water and sieved rubber tire chips were

weighed and measured according to its specified ratio in each set.

2. The aggregates such as sand and rubber tire chips were mixed as shown Figure

4. Followed by the cement, and the designed water cement ratio of 0.45.



Figure 4. Mixed Sand and Rubber Tire Chips

3. The mixed materials in Procedure 1 were cast in 5”x4”x16” concrete hollow block

mold by tamping until the concrete was evenly spread in the mold.

4. All samples were air-dried and taken from the mold and were placed in the curing

area as shown in Figure 5.

5. After curing for 16 days, the samples were tested using the UTM (universal

testing machine). A load is applied continuously until the sample breaks as

shown in Figures 6 and 7.

Figure 5. Samples in Curing Process



Figure 6. Testing of Sample

Figure 7. Testing of Sample at Failure

Research Locale

This study was conducted in Capitol University located at Corrales extension, Cagayande Oro City. The preparation of materials and testing was done in the Materials and

Testing Laboratory situated at the ground floor of Engineering Building.

The Results

The findings of the study addressed the problems cited.

Problem 1: To determine the average compressive strength of the Concrete Hollow

Blocks (CHB) with discarded tire chips in every set of the samples. Table1 depicts theaverage compressive strength of the samples.



Table 1. Average Compressive Strength of the Samples

Sample Dimension

Mixture Ratio

(cement:sand:rubbe

r tire chips)

Average

Compressive

StrengthLength

(in)

Width

(in)

Height

(in)psi

Set 1 16 4 8 1:4:1 200.096Set 2 16 4 8 1:3:2 130.0618Set 3 16 4 8 1:2:3 98.658

Control 16 4 8 1:5 202.872Commercial

CHB16 4 8 - 30.016

This shows that the more rubber tire chips, the lower strength it has. This is probably

due to the bonding property of the tire chips to adhere with other materials. Some of the

factors that affect the compressive strength of concrete mixed with rubber tire chips are

studied by Nehdi and Khan (2001). He also cited some studies like Khatib and Bayomy

(1999) found that the 28-day compressive strength of rubcrete mixtures was reduced by

about 93% when 100% of the coarse aggregate volume was replaced by rubber and by

90% when 100% of the fine aggregate volume was replaced by rubber. They

hypothesized that there are three major causes for this strength reduction. First,

because rubber is much softer than the surrounding cement paste, upon loading, cracks

are initiated quickly around the rubber particles due to this elastic mismatch, which

propagate to bring about failure of the rubber-cement matrix. Second, due to weak

bonding between the rubber particles and the cement paste, soft rubber particles may

be viewed as voids in the concrete mix. The assumed increase in the void content

would certainly cause a reduction in strength. The third possible reason for the

reduction in strength is that the strength of concrete depends greatly on the density,

size, and hardness of the coarse aggregate (Mehta and Monteiro 1993). Because

aggregates are partially replaced with relatively weaker rubber, a reduction in strength is

anticipated. It was also found (Khatib and Bayomy 1999) that the flexural strength of

rubcrete mixtures decreased with an increase in the rubber content in a fashion similar



to that observed for compressive strength, perhaps due to similar mechanisms. Hence,

their studies support the result of this study.

Problem 2: To determine the difference of their compressive strength of Concrete

Hollow Blocks (CHB) w/ tire chips to CHB w/out tire chips (Control sample).

Table 2. Difference of Average Compressive Strength from Control

Sample

Mixture Ratio

(cement:sand:rubbe

r tire chips)

Average

Compressive

Strength

Difference

from

Control

Percentage

Difference

from ControlPsi Psi %

Control 1:5 202.872 0 0Set 1 1:4:1 200.096 2.776 1.36Set 2 1:3:2 130.0618 72.8102 35.89Set 3 1:2:3 98.658 104.214 51.37

Table 2 shows that if 60 % of the sand is replaced by equivalent volume of rubber tire

chips, the resulting percentage difference of its compressive strength is about 51.37 %

from the CHB without rubber tire chips. According to Daxini, et.al, (2013), a review of

the literature revealed that several investigations into rubber concrete have been

previously performed. Fatuhi et al. mentioned in his report that the concrete made withlow grade rubber concrete had lower compressive strength compared with high grade

rubber concrete. These similar observations were also made by Topcu and this could

be caused by weak interfacial bonds between the cement paste and Tire rubber. Tarun

have reported that the compressive strength of rubberized concrete can be improved

when fine aggregate was fully replaced by fine crumb rubber. He also indicated that if

the rubber particles have rougher surface or given a pretreatment, the better and

improved bonding may develop with the surrounding matrix, and that may result in

higher compressive strength.

Problem 3: To determine the difference of average compressive strength of CHB w/

rubber tire chips to commercial CHB.

Table 3. Average Compressive Strength Difference from Commercial CHB



Sample

Mixture Ratio

(cement:sand:rubbe

r tire chips)

Average

Compressive

Strength

Difference

from

Commercial

CHB

Psi PsiCommercial

CHB30.016 0

Set 1 1:4:1 200.096 -170.08Set 2 1:3:2 130.0618 -100.045Set 3 1:2:3 98.658 -68.642

Table 3 indicates a negative value of the average compressive strength difference. This

means that the CHB with rubber tire chips is stronger than the local commercial CHB.Even if the volume of sand was replaced at about 60% of rubber tire chips, still exceeds

at about 3 times stronger than the commercial CHB. Per inspection of the proponents,

these CHB samples were used in many campus building constructions of Capitol

University. Hence, this study could be utilized for better or stronger Concrete Hollow

Blocks.

Conclusions and Recommendations

Below are the enumerated findings of the study;

1. The least average compressive strength of the samples is 98.658 psi. This set of

samples makes use of the greatest volume of rubber tire chips as replacement of

the sand aggregates.

2. The average compressive strength of the set 3 samples is 3 times stronger than

the local commercial CHB.

Further, for better exploration of this study here are some recommendations;

1. Casting of CHB with cement and rubber tire chips as the only aggregates.

2. Submerged curing method of samples.

3. Further research of related studies using the rubber tires.



4. We recommend also expanding this study about CHB mixed with rubber tires

when it is exposed to fire.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A. Books



Fajardo, Max B. Jr Simplified Construction Estimate. Second Edition, National

Book store. 2003

Fajardo, Max B. Jr Simplified Methods on Building constructionB. Journals

Kiran Sonti, Sanjaya Senadheera,P.W. Jayawickrama, Phillip T. Nash and Douglas D.Gransberg,EVALUATE THE USES FOR SCRAP TIRES IN TRANPORTATIONFACILITIES.

Glenn Engstrom and Rich Lamb,Using Shredded Waste Tires as a Lightweight FillMaterial for Road Subgrades.

Barbara Hartley Grimes, PhD NonPoint Source Program Coordinator for the OnSiteWastewater Section 2006 Onsite Conference,TIRE CHIP SUBSTITUTION FORROCK AGGREGATE in Onsite Septic System Nitrification Drainfields.

Tarun R. Naik and Rafat Siddique,PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE CONTAININGSCRAP TIRE RUBBER – AN OVERVIEW.

Nehdi, M. and Khan,Cementitious Composites Containing Recycled Tire Rubber: An Overview of Engineering Properties and Potential Applications, A Cement,Concrete, and Aggregates, CCAGDP, Vol. 23, No. 1, June 2001, pp.3–10.

Khatib Z.K. & Bayomy F.M., J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 11 (3): 206-213, Rubberized Portlandcement concrete, 1999.

Topçu, I.B. & Bilir, T. Materials and Design 30: 3056-3065, Experimental Investigationof Some Fresh and Hardened Properties of Rubberized Self-Compacting

Concrete, . 2009.

Topçu, İ.B. Cement and Concrete Research 34: 304-310, The Properties of Rubberized Concretes, 1995.



Mehta, P. K. and Monteiro, P. J. M., 2nd ed., Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.Concrete, Structure, Properties, and Materials, 1993.

Fatuhi, N. I. and Clark, N. A., Construction Building Materials, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 229–

236, Cement-Based Materials Containing Tire Rubber, 1996.

Rehan Ahmed,Arnold van de Klundert,Inge Lardinois. RUBBER WASTE, Options for Small-scale Resource Recovery Urban Solid Waste Series 3, March 1996.

Paola Bandini, Ph.D., P.E.Department of Civil Engineering New Mexico StateUniversity. Prepared for the New Mexico Environmental Department and theSouth Central Solid Waste Authority, June 2011.

C. Internet sites

http://www.concrete.net.au/publications/pdf/RecycledAggregates.pdf

http://ftp.dot.state.tx.us/pub/txdot-info/gsd/pdf/tirerpt.pdf

http://www.mde.state.md.us/programs/Land/RecyclingandOperationsprogram/ScrapTire

/Documents/www.mde.state.md.us/assets/document/Guidance_Manual_For_Scrap_Tir

es.pdf

http://www.rma.org/scrap_tires/scrap_tire_markets/civil_engineering.cfm

http://www.m-hikari.com/ces/ces2012/ces9-12-2012/yasinCES9-12-2012.pdf

http://www.m-hikari.com/ces/ces2012/ces9-12-2012/yasinCES9-12-2012.pdf .

http://www.nbmcw.com/articles/concrete/20090-sustainable-concrete-with-scrap-tyre-

aggregate.html



http://www.mde.state.md.us/programs/Land/RecyclingandOperationsprogram/ScrapTire/Documents/www.mde.state.md.us/assets/document/Guidance_Manual_For_Scrap_Tires.pdf






http://www.nbmcw.com/articles/concrete/20090-sustainable-concrete-with-scrap-tyre-aggregate.html














http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?paperID=25236

http://www.tdanys.buffalo.edu/UB/index.php?

option=com_easytablepro&view=easytablerecord&id=3%3Atda-research-

papers&rid=69&Itemid=85

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_proper_proportion_of_materials_used_and_mix

ture_to_make_concrete_hollow_blocks

http://www.academia.edu/839680/Use_of_Rubber_Particles_from_Recycled_Tires_as_

Concrete_Aggregate_for_Engineering_Applications

http://www.nmenv.state.nm.us/swb/documents/RubberizedAsphaltConcretePavementsI

nNM_Final.pdf

APPENDIX


http://www.tdanys.buffalo.edu/UB/index.php?option=com_easytablepro&view=easytablerecord&id=3%3Atda-research-papers&rid=69&Itemid=85



http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_proper_proportion_of_materials_used_and_mixture_to_make_concrete_hollow_blocks


http://www.academia.edu/839680/Use_of_Rubber_Particles_from_Recycled_Tires_as_Concrete_Aggregate_for_Engineering_Applications


http://www.nmenv.state.nm.us/swb/documents/RubberizedAsphaltConcretePavementsInNM_Final.pdf














CHB Molding:

Length = 16 inches

Width = 4 inches

Height = 8 inches

Required:

Find the compressive strength of CHB

Solution: Cross Sectional Area

Diameter of Hydraulic Piston = 3.31 inch

A = (π/4) d²

A = (π/4) (3.31)²

A = 8.605 in²

Compressive Force (lb) = (P.R) x (Area of piston H.J)

Compressive Strength of CHB (Psi) = C.F/contact Area of the specimen (in²)

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