Date post: | 11-Jan-2016 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | lorraine-knight |
View: | 222 times |
Download: | 0 times |
4. 4. Protons and neutrons. Not based on electrons because the
mass of the electron is too small to count.
5. 5. Stable isotope – same number of
protons but different number of neutrons. Does not break down
Unstable isotope – radioactive isotope used for nuclear weapons, nuclear power plants, and biomedicine. Highly radioactive,Unpredictable in breaking down.
7. 7. Oxidation number – number of
electrons an atom can gain, lose, or share (based on group #)
O: 2-Ba: 2+Li: 1+N: 3-C: 4+
8. 8. They have 8 valence electrons and are
stable . They do not need to react with another group to become stable.
10 - 12. 10 - 12. • Metals – left of stair step line• Nonmetals – right of stair step line• Metalloids – on stair step line
Element Atomic Mass
Atomic #
# of protons
# of electrons
# of neutrons
H 1.01 1 1 1 0
He 4.00 2 2 2 2
C 12.01 6 6 6 6
Cl 35.45 17 17 17 19
O 16.00 8 8 8 8
20. 20. Group 1 has one valence electron and
has to give it away. Group 17 has 7 valence electrons and needs one more to be stable.
21. 21. Halogens - Group 17: 1-Alkali Metals - Group 1: 1+Alkaline earth – Group 2: 2+Nobel Gases – Group 18: 0
22. 22. Physical properties:
Color, shape, size, odor, melting Color, shape, size, odor, melting point, boiling point, state of point, boiling point, state of matter, viscosity, density, matter, viscosity, density, solubilitysolubility
Chemical properties:Flammability, sensitivity to light,
oxidation, tarnishing, corrosion of metals
23. 23. Physical change: Change in a Change in a
substance’s size, shape, or state substance’s size, shape, or state of matterof matter
Chemical changeChemical change: A change of one : A change of one substance into a substance into a differentdifferent substancesubstance
Do you still have the same Do you still have the same substance or is it a new substance or is it a new substance?substance?
24. 24. Iron Rusts: ChemicalIce Melting: PhysicalMilk Sours: ChemicalFood is digested: ChemicalEvaporation: PhysicalSugar dissolves in water: Physical
27. 27. Atom: smallest part of an element
that can be identified as that element.
Molecule: neutral particle that results from a covalent bond. Can also be polar or nonpolar.
28. 28. Element: Substance that cannot be chemically
broken down into a simpler substance.
Compound:Two or more elements chemically
combined.Differences: Element is by itself where
a compound is two or more elements.
29. 29. Compounds are chemically combined
while mixtures are physically combined.
1.Hetergeneous – unevenly mixed ex: suspension, salad, chocolate chip cookie, granite
2.Homogeneous – evenly mixedex: soda, vinegar, saltwater
30. 30. Ionic:Metal and nonmetalCovalent:2 or more nonmetalsDifference: Ionic – gain and loses electronsCovalent – share electrons
31. 31. H and O: H1+ O 2- H2O
Na and Cl: Na 1+ Cl 1- NaCl
Na and O: Na 1+ O2- Na2O
Be and O: Be 2+ O2- BeO
32. 32. • Boiling Point: Covalent - low
• Melting Point: Ionic - high (does not easily break down) Covalent – low (comes apart easily)
• Conductivity: Ionic – conducts electricity; covalent does not
34.
•Solids – tightly packed particles vibrating in place
•Liquids – particles are close, but can move around each other and are not in one place
•Gases – particles bounce off of each other and are as far apart as possible
35. 35. • S to L: particles start slipping and
sliding past each other. The bond holding the particles together is broken
• L to G: particles move fast throughout container and are colliding with one another
36.36.• A. Solid• B. Melting Pt• C. Liquid• D. Boiling Pt• E. Gas• F. Condensation Pt• G. Freezing Pt
38. 38. • Exothermic: heat released; reaction
becomes hotEx: burning sugar
• Endothermic: heat absorbed; reaction becomes coldEx: ice pack
4040• You have to have equal amounts of
each element on the reactant and product side of the equation
• This is why the equation must be BALANCED
Formulas Reactions with metals
pH
Acids All have H as first element in formula
Corrodes metals
0-7
Bases All have OH in end of formula
They can but generally do not react with metals
Above 7
43. 43. Ways to increase Ways to increase reaction ratereaction rate • Increase temp• Stir• Adding a catalysts• Increasing surface area (break
down particle size)• Increasing the concentration
28•Elements and compounds are both pure substances
•Elements are made of one type of atom
•Compounds are made of two or more types of atoms
Pg 90-93
•Ionic bond – metal + nonmetal and electrons are transferred
•Covalent bond – nonmetal + nonmetal and electrons are shared
Pg 90-93•Criss-Cross Method•H and O …H+1 O-2
• H2O•Remember – don’t write the charges, the 1’s, or if the numbers are the same -2 and +2
Pg 90-93•Covalent bonds are weak: 1. low melting point 2. low boiling point 3. will not conduct electricity
110-111.
•Temperature – faster if heated
•Surface area – faster if more surface area
•Stirring – faster if you stir it
Pg 111
•Polar – water is a polar substance, so if it will dissolve in water, it is polar…like vinegar
•Nonpolar – anything that will not dissolve in water is nonpolar…like oil
Pg 96-99
•Polymer is a long chain of something
•Protein – polymer of amino acids
•Starch – polymer of sugar•Example –•Train – polymer of cars
Pg 96-99
Polymers provide the nutrients we need for daily function…we take in nutrients and our body breaks them down and rearranges them into things we can use.
Pg 175.
•Exothermic – heat is given off – temperature goes up
•Endothermic – heat is taken in – temperature goes down
Pg 173
•Matter cannot be created nor destroyed
•The amount of mass you started with before the reaction is the same after the reaction.
•Ex: burning a log
Pg 173
An equation must be balanced to exhibit the above law – in an unbalanced equation, there would be mass being created or destroyed
Pg 190-193
•pH is very common in a grocery store…
•Lemons – pH 2•Drain cleaner – pH 14•Apple juice – pH 3•Soap – pH 10
Pg 169-171
You can speed up a reaction by raising the temperature, stirring it, adding catalysts or enzymes, increasing surface area, or increasing the concentration
Pg 168-169
•Change in color•Change in temperature•A precipitate forms (a solid glob forms at the bottom)
Acid rain is formed from the pollution and other gases emitted from the environment which is surrounded by dust and dirt in clouds….the dust and dirt fall as rain bringing with it the pollution which is usually acidic
Pg 428-431Static electricity is made when two things rub together…electrons jump from one object to another
Pg 462-465Pg 462-465
•Electricity can produce a magnetic field
•Magnets can make electricity flow faster
Pg 442-443Pg 442-443
•Voltage is how much electricity CAN flow
•Amperage (current) is how much actually DOES flow
Pg 296-305 Energy Pg 296-305 Energy
•Energy is the ability to do work
•Work is using energy to do a task
•Power is how fast you do work
•Efficiency is how well you used the energy to do the work