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Fire Pump Theory

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Objectives

3-2.1, 6-2.1

Produce effective hand or master streams, given the

sources specified in the following list, so that the

pump is safely engages, all pressure control andvehicle safety devices are set, the rated flow of the

nozzles is achieved, and maintained, and the

apparatus is continuously for potential problems.

Internal Tank Pressurized source

Static source

Transfer from internal tank to external source

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Positive Displacement Pumps

Hydraulic Law: When pressure is applied toa confined liquid, the same pressure is equally

transmitted within a liquid in all directions

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2 Basic Types

Pistons & Rotary

Pistons

Pistons moves back & forth in cylinder

Rotary- 2 types

Rotary gear

Rotary vane

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CentrifugalPumps

Depends on velocity of water

produced by centrifugal force to

provide necessary pump

discharge pressure

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Principle of Operation &

Construction

Disk tends to throw water

Velocity is created is converted into more pressure

Volume is dependent

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Terms to be familiar with

Impeller-

transmit energy

to pressure

Volute- water

passes and

pressure is

increased

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3 Factors That Influence

Pressure

Amount of Water

Speed the impeller is turning

Pressure the water enters

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Single-Stage Centrifugal

Pump

Constructed of one impeller

T St C t if l Fi

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Two-Stage Centrifugal Fire

Pumps

Two Impellers

within a single

housing Allow delivery in

Volume(parallel)

or Pressure (series)

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Pump Wear Rings & Packing

Higher rpm, the more wear

Indication of wear:

Increased rpm to pump capacityTo restore capacity:

Replace wear rings

Replace hub of impeller

When discharges are shutoff, heat builds

Always circulate water

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Pump Mounting and Drive

Arrangements

Cost, appearance, spacerequirements, and ease of

maintenance are considerations

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Auxiliary Engine-Driven Pumps

Independent engine fire pumps

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Power Take-Off Drive

Mostly used on wildland, and mobile watersupply apparatus.

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Front-Mounted Pumps

More susceptible to freezing

temperaturesVulnerable to collisions

Pump control are in front of the

vehicle

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Midship Transfer Drive

Located in the drive line between

the transmission & rear axle

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Rear Mount PumpsMore weight distribution

Gives more compartment spaceDriver is exposed to oncoming traffic

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Pump Piping and Valves

Corrosion resistant, and made of cast

iron, brass, stainless steel, or galvanized

steel

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Intake Piping

Tank Water

Most fires can be extinguished

500 gpm or less should flow 250 gpm Greater than 500 gpm, flow at least 500 gpm

External Water

Primary piping is large diameter Round near the intake

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Discharge Piping

750 gpm or greater should be equipped

with at least 2 2 discharges

Smaller outlets used for preconnects

Tank fill lines should be provided

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Valves

Should permit flow with minimumfriction loss

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Automatic Pressure Control

Devices

NFPA requires devices to operate within 3-10seconds with no more than 30 psi rise

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Relief Valves

Discharge relief valves

Spring controlled pilot valves

Alternative relief valves

Intake relief valves

Factory supplied

Add-on device

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Pressure Governor

Regulates by mechanical or electronic means

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Priming Methods and Devices

Success depends on ability to create a lowerpressure

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Positive Displacement Pumps

High rpm required

1,000-1,200 rpm

Most require oil

Seals gaps

Preserve and prevent corrosion

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Exhaust Primers

Uses venturi principle

Requires maintenance due tocarbon deposits

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Vacuum Primers

Simplest type

Line connected from intake manifold to

intake of fire pump

2 dangerous conditions

Explosives gases

Water drawn into manifold

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Pump Panel

Instrumentation

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Master Intake and Discharge

Gauges

Master Intake Gauge

Measures positive & negative

Calibrated 0-600 psi positive, 0-30 inches

negative

Provides information of water available &

vacuumMaster Pump Discharge Gauge

Registers pressure leaving the pump

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Tachometer

Records engine speed in revolutions perminute

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Pump Engine Coolant

Temperature Indicator

Reflects temperature of engine coolant

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Pump Engine Oil Pressure

Indicator

Shows adequacy oil pressure

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Voltmeter

Indicates condition of battery and alternatoroutput by measuring voltage.

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Pump Pressure Indicators(Discharge Gauges)

Connected to individual discharges

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Pumping Engine Throttle

Used to increase or decrease engine speedduring pumping operations

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Primer Control

Controls priming device for drafting

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Water Tank Level Indicator

Indicate the amount of water level in tank

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Auxiliary Cooling Devices

2 types of auxiliary coolers:

Marine

Immersion