First Aid Training

1

First Aid Training

Course designation…

HLTFA301B Apply First AidFormally Senior First Aid

2

Welcome to your First Aid Course

Introductions Housekeeping

Course delivery Exam Practical Assessments Course Evaluation Questions Any specific topics you would like covered

3

Course Format

Conscious Casualty Unconscious Casualty CPR and defibrillator Bandages and slings Bites and Stings Diabetes Seizures/fitting Triage Record keeping Trauma

Drowning Choking Poisoning Drug overdose Burns and scalds Strokes Hyperventilation Hypothermia/Hyperthermia Safe manual handling

4

What is First Aid?

The initial care, given to a casualty, prior to the arrival of professional medical assistance.

What is your obligation to provide first aid?

5

PRINCIPLES OF FIRST AID

LOOK AFTER NUMBER ONE - YOU

• Consider the danger to you, others and the casualty.

• Wear protective equipment such as gloves, masks etc.

• Be careful not to get an injury helping, such as cuts and abrasions if accessing a damaged vehicle, a back injury whilst lifting or a needle stick.

• Promote a safe environment at an accident scene, at work and at home.

6

DangerResponseAirwayBreathingCompressionDefibrillation

Refer page 14 in your manual

7

First Aid Protocol

Assess the scene…

Assess the casualty…

Assess what to do next…

Triple A Protocol

8

IDENTIFY THE HAZARD

9

ASSESS THE SCENE

Protect yourself and others

Protect the casualty

Phone the Ambulance on 000 (112 Mobile phones)

10

DANGERS Traffic Unstable environment Fire or explosion Burns Chemical fumes Electrocution Needle stick injury Back injuries Equipment failure Biological Aggressive behaviour Body fluids especially blood Aggressive dog?

11

INFECTION CONTROL

In every first aid situation, you must assume that the injured casualty has a disease.

Before First Aid:• Wash your hands• Use Gloves• Use a Resuscitation Mask

During First Aid:• Ensure gloves are worn and not torn• Consider double gloving• If you come in contact with body fluids, wash

immediately and seek medical advice


12

Assess the Casualty- are they alive ?

Is the casualty responding ?

Is the casualty breathing normally ?

Is the casualty moving ?

Are there signs of life ?

If they respond, seek their permission to provide first aid.


13

Assess the Casualties

TRIAGE

What does it mean?

The efficient use of resources so the most good can be done for the most people.

This would mean a casualty that had suffered a cardiac arrest should only be given CPR if there are no other seriously injured casualties that would benefit from your life-saving treatment.

14

ASSESS WHAT TO DO NEXT

Commence treatment.

Don’t move the patient unless they’re in danger or you must move them to provide treatment.

Arrange transportation to hospital.

Provide confidence and reassurance.

Build teamwork and avoid panic.

Ensure you don’t injure yourself whilst providing assistance.

15

The Conscious and Unconscious Casualty

16

The Conscious Casualty

What does the term ‘conscious’ mean ?

Conscious means a person is in their normal state of mind.

Generally this is like you are now, able to communicate and aware of your surroundings.

In certain circumstances i.e. people with medical conditions and/or disabilities you may need to ask if there behavior is ‘normal’.

17

Consciousness

How do we determine the consciousness of a patient?

C – can you hear me?

O – open your eyes.

W – what’s your name?

S – squeeze my hand

18

The Unconscious casualty

Unconscious casualty means there is no response from the casualty to your communications with the casualty

There are many causes of unconsciousness,

19

Causes of Unconsciousness

Alcohol (intoxication) Epilepsy (fitting/convulsions) Insulin (Diabetes) Overdose/Under dose (illicit and prescription drugs) Uraemia (renal failure is difficult to diagnose) Trauma (Shock) Infection Psychiatric / Pretending Stroke (CVA Cerebrovascular Accident / TIA Transient Ischemic Attack )

20

Treating the Unconscious Casualty

Unless CPR is to be performed, all unconscious, breathing casualties must be placed in the lateral ‘recovery’ or ‘stable side’ position.

Preferably on their left side.

Let’s have a practice

21

Examining the conscious and unconscious casualty

Once the casualty has been placed on their side, we must treat any obvious life threatening injuries ie; any major haemorrhage.

As part of a secondary survey, all casualties require a head to toes examination.

When examining a conscious or an unconscious casualty, use different methods. (remember to gain permission from the conscious casualty and preserve the dignity of the unconscious casualty)

22


Once a head to toes examination has been completed, complete the secondary survey.

Look for symptoms such as cold clammy skin, skin colour, heart rate.

Look at the history of the situation…where the casualty is lying, ask witnesses what happened.

23


Does the casualty take any medication?

Does the casualty have any allergies?

When was there last meal?

24


It is important that throughout first aid treatment that the first aider monitors and records the casualties breathing, skin condition and level of consciousness.

This should be done every 3 to 5 minutes.

This information establishes a trend and could prove invaluable to ambulance and paramedic staff on their arrival.

25

Resuscitation

26

Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation

CPR is a technique involving rescue breathing and the compression of the heart (through external cardiac compression) ECC, therefore pumping oxygenated blood around the body.

CPR when performed correctly, can preserve brain functions until medical help arrives.

CPR is used on a patient who has suffered a cardiac arrest.

27

Causes of Cardiac Arrest

Heart condition

Near Drowning

Electrocution

Trauma

Blockage of coronary arteries

Drug overdose

28

Basic Life Support Chart

D Danger – Check for danger, risks or hazards. Always ensure the safety of yourself, any bystanders and the casualty

R Response – Check for a response. Is the casualty conscious / unconscious? Call 000 for the ambulance. From a Mobile:112

AAirway – Is the Airway open? Look for signs of life. No signs of life will mean the casualty is unconscious, unresponsive, not breathing normally, not moving.

B Breathing – Give 2 initial breaths, if not breathing normally.

C Compressions – Give 30 chest compressions (At a rate of almost 2 compressions per second) followed by 2 breaths

DDefibrillation – Cardiac Arrest Casualties need urgent defibrillation to increase their chance of survival. Continue doing CPR until qualified personnel arrive and take over care of the casualty or until signs of life return. Don’t delay getting help.

29

CPR TECHNIQUE

2 Breaths followed by 30 Compressions

When performing CPR on a child, use only the air in your mouth.

30

Breathing

Five ways to perform Rescue Breathing -

1. Mouth to mouth resuscitation

2. Mouth to nose resuscitation

3. Mouth to mouth and nose resuscitation

4. Mouth to stoma resuscitation

5. Mouth to mask resuscitation

31

Compressions

Find the compression point by placing your hands in the centre of the chest (lower half of the sternum)

In infants the 2 finger technique should be used for compressions

In children and adults the rescuer should use the heel of their hand while placing the other hand securely over the top of the first.

The compressions should equate to 1/3 of the chest depth.

The rate of compressions should be approximately 100 compressions per minute for all ages.

32

VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION (VF)

Sudden cardiac arrest can occur any time and without warning.

Though the average age of these victims is 65, some are in their 30’s or 40’s.

Most victims experience an abnormal heart rhythm called ventricular fibrillation (VF).

When the heart is in this state, it cannot beat in an organized fashion; the heart is unable to pump blood to the body.

Sudden cardiac death can occur in minutes unless you act quickly.

33

DEFIBRILLATION

34

AED

What is an AED?

• The automated external defibrillator (AED) is a computerized medical device.

• It will check a person’s heart rhythm.

• It will recognize a rhythm that requires a shock.

• And it will advise the rescuer when a shock is needed.

• The AED uses voice prompts, lights, and text messages to tell the rescuer the steps to take.


35

HOW DOES IT WORK

The AED can diagnose and restore a normal heart rhythm to victims of sudden cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation (VF).

In the unconscious victim, adhesive pads are placed on the chest by trained individuals to deliver an electrical shock.

This shock (or series of shocks) is called defibrillation, and it briefly stops all of the heart’s electrical activity so the heart can resume normal beating on its own.


36

DEFIBRILLATION

Remember…EVERY MINUTE COUNTS

If defibrillation occurs in the first one or two minutes, 90% of sudden cardiac arrest victims in VF survive.

If defibrillation is delayed for more than ten minutes, the survival rate drops to 5% for sudden cardiac arrest victims in VF.

37

Let’s practice CPR

Remember…2 breaths & 30 compressions

100 compressions per min

CPR TECHNIQUE

38

Debriefing

As soon as possible after an emergency situation, document what had taken place.

A diary note, write on the back of a time sheet if at work.

It doesn’t matter what you write on.

This will help you put the events into perspective and if asked, may help paramedics with the continued care of the casualty.

39

Head Injuries

Head injuries can range from a simple bleeding nose, or a tooth being knocked out to a heavy blow to the head as a result of a fall, car accident or a fight.

A head injury can constitute a severe medical emergency.

40

Head Injuries

Symptoms...

Bleeding from an open wound.

Deformity of the skull or face.

Become drowsy or vague.

Agitated or irritable.

Vomits or complains of nausea.

Bleeding or discharge from the ear

Changes in the size/shape of the pupils

Memory impairment

Lack of coordination

Headache or giddiness

Slurred speech

Possible seizures

Becomes unconscious

41

Head Injuries

Treatment…

Follow the Triple A Protocol and call an ambulance if required

If the casualty is conscious…

Complete a thorough assessment and ensure the cervical spine is not damaged.

Keep the casualty lying down and at rest.

Check carefully the neck, eyes and ears, and if bleeding or discharge is found, place the casualty on the injured side to aid the draining process.

Dress any wounds and monitor

42

Head Injuries

Treatment cont…

Unconscious casualty…

Follow the Triple A Protocol… DR ABCD

Manually support the head and neck and place the casualty on their side. (Be very careful when turning the casualty over as there could be damage to the cervical spine.)

Maintain manual traction of the head and neck until the ambulance arrives and takes over the care of the casualty.

If there is fluid coming out of an ear, ensure that the casualty is lying on that side to allow drainage.

Treat any wounds and monitor.

43

Head Injuries

Treatment cont…

Progressive Head Injury…should the casualty show a decline in consciousness, they’re suffering from a more serious brain injury, which requires urgent medical intervention.

Nose bleeds are common and can be controlled by constant pressure to the soft part of the nose for at least 10 minutes.

Ice packs can be used. Don’t let the casualty blow their nose. Monitor the casualty

44

Head Injuries

Treatment cont…

Tooth Injury…

If the tooth is knocked completely out, rinse gently and put back in place – the correct way around

Another alternative is to place the tooth in a small container surrounded by the casualties own saliva or milk and seek medical or dental assistance.

Apply firm pressure, using a sterile pad, to any bleeding wound or tooth socket for at least 10 minutes.

45

Shock

Shock fits into 3 categories…

Absolute fluid loss- low blood volume

Relative fluid loss

Cardiac failure - Cardiogenic Shock

46

Shock

Shock can be bought about by physical or mental trauma.

Physical trauma may be the result of a shark bite, car accident or industrial accident causing blood loss.

Mental trauma maybe as a result of bad news, witnessing a bad accident etc., causing arteries to dilate and decrease the relative blood volume.

47

Shock

Signs and symptoms of shock include…

low blood pressure (hypotension), over breathing (hyperventilation), a weak rapid pulse, cold clammy greyish-bluish (cyanotic) skin, decreased urine flow and mental changes (a sense of

great anxiety and foreboding, confusion and, sometimes, combativeness).

Depending on the underlying cause shock can be a major medical emergency. It is common after serious injury. Emergency care for shock involves keeping the patient warm and giving fluids by mouth or, preferably, intravenously.

48

Shock

Treatment…


If you come upon a person in shock, the initial response should be to call 000.

Lay the person down in a safe place and try to keep them warm and comfortable.

Elevate the legs to increase the available blood flow to the vital organs.

Treat any injuries and monitor the casualty continuously.

Confirm the ambulance has been called.

49

Faints

Fainting can present similarly to shock, if the faint is unwitnessed.

The brain is being starved of oxygen due to the lack of blood flow.

People stand still for long periods of time eg; army personnel standing at attention for long periods.

Blood pools in the lower extremities which reduces the supply available to the brain. Fainting occurs.

50

Faints

Signs and Symptoms…

The casualty normally feels light headed prior to the faint, may feel nauseated and anxious and appears pale.

The diagnosis may be confirmed by rapid return to consciousness while lying flat.

Occasionally, fainting may be associated with fitting.

Brain damage or death may occur if the casualty is left supported in an upright position

51

Faints

Treatment…


Lie the casualty on their back with feet and legs elevated.

If the casualty is unconscious they must be place in the stable side position.

Pregnant women must be laid on the left side to aid the return of blood back to the heart.

Assess the casualty for any injuries resulting from a fall.

Treat wounds and monitor.

52

Drowning

Drowning is the process of experiencing respiratory impairment from immersion in liquid.

The most important and life threatening consequence of drowning is the interruption of the oxygen supply to the brain.

Early rescue and resuscitation are the major factors in survival.

53

Drowning

Treatment…


Rescue and remove the casualty from the water or liquid. Don’t put yourself in danger attempting a rescue.

DRABCD… Assess the casualty, their airway and breathing with the casualty on their side. This will allow for drainage of any fluid and do away with the need to continually roll the casualty back and forth.

Commence CPR as required.

Consider spinal injuries and the effects of hypothermia

Seek urgent medical assistance.

54

Abdominal Injuries

Abdominal injuries fall into two groups…

Trauma related abdominal injuries. Non – trauma related injuries.

Trauma related injuries…

Signs and symptoms…

Pain in the stomach Feeling sick in stomach Nausea and vomiting Pale cold skin Evidence of bleeding or obvious injury

55

Abdominal Injuries

Treatment…Follow the Triple A Protocol… DR ABCD

Control bleeding using direct pressure and bandages.

Consider internal bleeding. Look for pale cold clammy skin.

If the casualty is in shock lay them down and elevate the feet.

Flexing the knees may help reduce pain.

Don’t allow the casualty to eat or drink.

Assist the casualty to be comfortable.

If stomach contents are visible, cover with plastic wrap, a non stick dressing or a wet dressing. Do not push the contents back into the stomach.

If an object is embedded in the abdomen, leave it in place and pad around it. It may be plugging any blood loss and removal may do further damage to surrounding tissue.

56

Abdominal Injuries

Non – trauma related injuries.


Right lower abdominal pain, evidence of fever – appendix

Right upper abdominal pain – gallstones

Referred back pain – kidneys

Severe tearing mid/upper abdominal pain – artery tear.

Severe right or left lower abdominal pain in a female casualty – possible ectopic pregnancy.

Red flushed skin if infection is present.

57

Abdominal Injuries

Treatment…


Assist the casualty into a comfortable position.

Consider bending the knees to take pressure off the muscles.

Don’t allow the casualty to eat or drink.

If the casualty is in shock (rapid weak pulse, cold clammy skin) lay them down and elevate the feet.

In the case of a female anatomy problem, such as an ectopic pregnancy, maintain absolute confidentiality.

58

Bleeding

Bleeding can be internal or external and can be the result of trauma or it can happen spontaneously resulting from disease.

If the bleeding is internal you may not be able to see evidence or signs of blood loss, however signs of shock will be evident. (pale cold clammy skin) with any form of blood loss.

59

Bleeding

Internal bleeding which is visible may be evident as…

Lungs – frothy bright red blood coughed up.

Stomach – dark type, coffee coloured blood.

Bowel – dark loose smelly stools.

Vaginal – usually red blood discharge.

60

Bleeding

Treatment for internal bleeding…


Lie the casualty down. Elevate the feet. Keep the casualty warm. Knees may be flexed, which may help reduce

pain. Reassure the casualty.

61

Bleeding

Treatment for external bleeding cont…


Inspect the wound for an embedded object.

Direct, sustained pressure is the most effective way to control bleeding.

Apply a pad over the wound and secure with a bandage.

If the initial dressing doesn’t stop the bleeding, apply another pad and bandage over the first.

If the bleeding doesn’t stop, remove the second pad and apply another pad and bandage.

Elevate the wound if possible.

62

Bleeding


Wounds involving Embedded Objects – knives, barbs, stakes etc…

Don’t remove the embedded object. It may be plugging the wound and restricting the bleeding.

It may also cause more damage to surrounding tissue.

Place a bulky pad around the object and bandage firmly in place.

63

Bleeding


Tourniquet – for the control of life threatening bleeding and only as a last resort.

Life threatening bleeding may involve the traumatic amputation of a limb, eg; shark attack

The tourniquet should be tight enough to stop the circulation of blood to the injured limb and control the bleeding.

Note the time of application and provide this information to the paramedics on arrival.

Monitor the casualty.

64

Bleeding


In the event of the complete amputation of a finger or limb there may be less blood evident than you would expect.

This is due to the fact that the arteries recoil, spasm and self seal.

Direct pressure maybe enough to control bleeding in these circumstances. If not then use a tourniquet.

Place the amputated body part in plastic bag and seal it completely, ensuring it is watertight.

Place the plastic bag inside another plastic bag and seal it.

Place the plastic bags into a container of cool water, making sure no water touches the amputated part and send with the casualty to hospital.

65

Anaphylaxis

Most people will, at some time in their lives, experience some form of allergic reaction.

Anaphylaxis is the most severe form of allergic reaction.

It affects the respiratory and or the cardiovascular systems.

Anaphylaxis is a life threatening condition.

The patient should be treated immediately.

Refer page 14 & 15 in your manual

66

Anaphylaxis

Causes…

Severe reactions to some foods, medications, stinging insects and latex.

http://media.canadianfamily.ca/images/cf_peanut_main.jpg

http://images.google.com.au/imgres?imgurl=http://www.allstarsales.ca/contents/media/bee.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.allstarsales.ca/contents/en-us/d12_anaphylaxis.html&usg=__llPPXn-rzxv1uvRmu44kgDutJhI=&h=306&w=321&sz=27&hl=en&start=36&um=1&tbnid=jF68A3U9aEssKM:&tbnh=112&tbnw=118&prev=/images%3Fq%3Danaphylaxis%26start%3D20%26ndsp%3D20%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4ADBR_enAU298AU300%26sa%3DN

67

Anaphylaxis


Red skin, welts and blotchy rashes over the skin.

Swelling of the throat and tongue causing breathing difficulties.

Breathing sounds such as wheeze and stridor.

Difficulty talking in sentences.

Terrified, with a feeling of doom.

Increased heart rate.

Collapse and unconsciousness.

68

Anaphylaxis

Treatment…

Follow the Triple A Protocol and call for the ambulance… DR ABCD

Once symptoms are confirmed administer the contents of an EPIPEN (the casualty will be carrying one if they have known allergies)

If in doubt and the casualty is displaying any of the previously mentioned symptoms, accompanied by a rapid deterioration, don’t hesitate to assist the casualty to administer the EPIPEN injection.

http://images.google.com.au/imgres?imgurl=http://www.westga.edu/~bstewart/Buttons/epipen.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.westga.edu/~bstewart/FACPR_page.html&usg=__S1oS-iTgWbVrB0_eZoqmX1q7neI=&h=152&w=202&sz=6&hl=en&start=10&um=1&tbnid=YuuZICmrl5JE8M:&tbnh=79&tbnw=105&prev=/images%3Fq%3Depipen%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4ADBR_enAU298AU300%26sa%3DG

69

Anaphylaxis

Administration…

Remove the EPIPEN from it’s container.

Hold firmly in closed fist with grey cap towards your thumb.

Remove the grey cap.

With positive force, push the black end against the thigh of the patient, (through clothing) until a click is heard and felt.

70

Anaphylaxis

Administration cont…

The needle will be injected automatically into the thigh and the contents of the EPIPEN will be injected into the muscle.

Wait 10 seconds, remove the EPIPEN and massage the area.

Place used EPIPEN carefully back into it’s container and seal for safety.

71

Anaphylaxis

Once treatment has been administered remain with the casualty and maintain their airway. Monitor their condition continuously.

The casualty may find it easier to breath if they are sitting upright, unless they are dizzy and confused (low blood pressure/shock)

Confirm the ambulance has been called.

72

Asthma

Asthma is a chronic (ongoing) respiratory disorder in which the airways occasionally constrict, become inflamed and are lined with excessive amounts of mucus.

Health experts don’t know exactly what causes asthma. They do know that there are hereditary and environmental influences.

They do know what triggers asthma attacks.

73

Asthma

Asthma triggers…

Pollen

Mould

Dust mites

Pet fur

There are many triggers for asthma ranging from the above examples to the common cold, exercise and cold night air.


74

Asthma

Symptoms…

Wheeze – a high pitched noise.

Coughing – this is usually dry and persistent.

Can’t get their breath

Tightness in the chest.

Raised shoulders, neck muscles and rib muscles become tight.

75

Asthma

Symptoms cont...

Difficulty speaking more than a few words or inability to speak because of wheezing or breathlessness.

Distress.

With severe asthma the casualty may have blueness around the mouth.

76

Asthma

Treatment cont… Relievers in a puffer are best delivered through a

spacer if one is available. Spacers can be improvised using a paper or Styrofoam cup.

The casualty should take one puff at a time, then take four normal breaths between each puff. Wait four minutes, give four more puffs.

Whilst waiting for the ambulance, give four puffs every four minutes.

77

Asthma

Treatment cont…

No harm is likely to result from giving a Reliever, in recommended doses, to

someone who doesn’t have asthma.

78

Fractures and Dislocations

79


What is a Dislocation?

A dislocation is a partial or full separation of a joint.

What is a Fracture ?

A fracture is a break in the continuity of a bone or cartilage.

Causes Direct force Indirect force Abnormal Muscular contraction

80


Open or compound…

This fracture involves a situation where the bone protrudes through the skin OR there is a wound adjacent to the fractured bone.

81


Closed or simple fracture…

The skin stays intact and there is no sign of external bleeding. Bleeding occurs into the tissues.

82


Complicated Fracture… A fracture that involves

damaged to vital organs or major blood vessels.


83


Pain External Bleeding Bruising/Contusion Swelling Tenderness Absent distal pulse Unable to weight bare

Inability to move

Protruding Bone Open Wound Difficulty breathing Pale, cold, clammy skin Crepitis Shortening of limb Deformity of limb

Sign & Symptoms…


84


Complications…

Infection

Shock – blood loss

Nerve and blood vessel damage

Nausea


85


Treatment…


Control any bleeding and cover wounds

If injury is painful but casualty can move the limb if they

wanted to – may mean fracture

If injury is painful but casualty could not move the limb if they

wanted to – may mean dislocation

Immobilise the injury with splints, bandages and slings

Check circulation following splinting and bandaging

Reassure the casualty

86

Sprains and Strains

A sprain is a stretching or tearing of ligaments. Ligaments are tough bands of fibrous tissue that connect one bone to another. Common locations for sprains are your ankles and knees.

A strain is a stretching or tearing of muscle or tendon. People commonly call strains "pulled" muscles.

Hamstring and back injuries are among the most common strains.

Hamstring Muscle tear

87

Sprains and Strains

Symptoms…

Pain and tenderness around joints or muscles.

Swelling.

Discolouration to injured part.

Decreased function of the injured part.

Inability to stand on leg without pain.

88

Sprains and Strains

Treatment… Follow the Triple A Protocol… DR ABCD

Follow the acronym R.I.C.E.

R…Rest the injured area. Have the casualty lie still and make them as comfortable as possible.

I…Ice apply a cold compress, frozen peas rapped in a cloth works well. Ice in a plastic bag rapped in a cloth.

If no cold pack or ice available, use a bandage soaked in cold water.

89

Sprains and Strains

Treatment cont…

Rest

Ice C… Compression with the use of a roller bandage

and in conjunction with the ice will help reduce bleeding and swelling.

E… Elevation of the injured area above the level of the heart if the injury permits will also help reduce blood flow to the area and reduce pain.

90

Bandages & Slings

91

Types of bandages

Crepe Bandages

Conforming bandages

Gauze bandages

Triangular bandages

92

Bandages are used for…

Holding dressings in place

Helping to control bleeding

Helping to immobilise fractures

Pressure immobilisation for snake and spider

bites

Hold cold packs in place

Reduce swelling

93

Slings are used for…

Support of injured arms or wrists Immobilisation of fractures Elevation to control external bleeding What can be used as a sling? Shirts Belts Rope Jumper

http://www.comparestoreprices.co.uk/images/unbranded/n/unbranded-non-woven-triangular-bandage-with-2-pins-90cm-x.jpg

http://www.fofato.co.uk/include/images/products/114e847b-058c-4f03-95e0-9bf937c4f8ef.jpg

94

Sling types

Upper arm sling Used for injuries to the upper arm, including collar

bone, shoulder or ribs

Lower arm sling Used for injuries to the lower arm, including wrist and

hand

Collar and cuff This sling can be used for hand injuries, or fracture of

the upper arm


95

BANDAGES & SLINGS

Let’s have a go at some slings…


96

Snake & Funnel Web Spider Bites

Refer page 20 to 25 in your manual

97


Any suspicion of a snake or funnel web spider bite should be treated immediately particularly if the victim is a child.

If the casualty has been in an area where snakes or funnel web spiders may be eg; long grass, damp wet gardens etc. and the casualty becomes unwell, don’t discount the possibility of a bite.

98



Snake bite…

■ Paired fang marks.■ Nausea and vomiting.■ Blurred or double vision.■ Limb weakness or paralysis.■ Respiratory weakness or arrest.

99



Funnel Web Spider bite…

Pain at the bite site.

Profuse sweating.

Abdominal pain

Muscular twitching, breathing difficulties.

Confusion leading to unconsciousness.

100


Treatment…

Follow the Triple A protocol… DR ABCD

Lie the casualty down and don’t allow them to move.

Life threatening effects may be seen in children in minutes.

Apply a pressure immobilisation bandage.

Seek medical assistance.

Bring transport to the casualty, preferably an ambulance.

101

Snake & Spider Bites

Appling a pressure immobilisation bandage.

• Place a pad over the bite site

• Firmly bandage from lower extremities and up to the top of the limb.

Splint the bandaged limb.

Keep bitten area lower than the heart at all times.

Once applied do not remove bandages.

Application of the bandage slows the absorption of venom.

102

Pressure Immobilisation

As soon as possible, apply a broad pressure bandage from below the bite site, upward on the affected limb (starting at the fingers or toes, bandaging upward as far as possible). Leave the tips of the fingers or toes unbandaged to allow the victims circulation to be checked. Do not remove pants or trousers, simply bandage over the top of the clothing.

Images and text courtesy of Australian Venom Research Unitwww.avru.org

103


Bandage firmly as for a sprained ankle, but not so tight that circulation is prevented. Continue to bandage upward from the lower portion of the bitten limb.

Apply the bandage as far up the limb as possible to compress the lymphatic vessels.

Images and text courtesy of Australian Venom Research Unitwww.avru.org


104


Bind the splint firmly, to as much of the limb as possible, to prevent muscle, limb and joint movement. This will help restrict venom movement. Seek urgent medical assistance now that first aid

has been applied.

Images and text courtesy of Australian Venom Research Unit

www.avru.org


105

Other Bites and StingsOther bites and stings include…

Bites…

Red Back Spider

White Tailed Spider and other spiders

106

Other Bites and Stings

Red Back, White Tailed and other spider bites…


Immediate pain that becomes hot, red and swollen.

Intense local pain which increases and spreads.

Nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain.

Profuse sweating, especially at the bite sight.

Swollen glands under the armpits or in the groin.

107


Red Back, White Tailed and other spider bites…

Treatment…


Apply ice packs to the bite site to relieve the pain (apply for no longer than 20 minutes at a time)

While the White Tail spider bite may cause severe inflammation and has caused, contrary to popular opinion, very few cases of severe local tissue damage, other causes of necrotic ulcers should be investigated especially if you didn’t see the spider.

108


Tick bite…


Local irritation, which is the most common sign.

Lethargy, muscle weakness and unsteady gait.

Double vision, breathing problems and swallowing problems.

109


Tick bite…

Treatment…


Using fine curved forceps or equivalent, lever the tick out.

Alternatively, a lasso of fine thread may be positioned low around the mouth parts and steadily upward traction applied opposite the direction of entry.

After extraction apply antiseptic and seek medical assistance if required.

110


Bee, Wasp, and Ant stings…


Immediate and intense pain.

Local redness and swelling.

In allergic persons… itchy rash, facial swelling, wheeze and possible collapse

111


Bee, Wasp, and Ant stings…

Treatment…


Scrape a bee sting off sideways with a fingernail or sharp edge.

Apply ice. If the casualty has a known allergy, called Anaphylaxis, they

must have the EPIPEN administered immediately. If the casualty has a history of allergy, use the pressure

immobilisation bandage technique and seek urgent medical assistance.

Commence CPR if required.

112


Jelly Fish stings…


An inconspicuous mark that may develop a red flare. White wheals with a surrounding red flare. Multiple whip like wheals on the skin. A frosted ladder pattern in the sting marks may be seen initially

followed by blistering or darkening of the sting pattern. Pain and general muscle aches. Cramps in the limbs, chest and abdomen. Irrational behaviour due to the pain and effects of the venom. Collapse and possible cardiac arrest in major stings.

113



Treatment…


Tropical Jellyfish stings…

Remove the victim from the water and restrain if necessary. Commence CPR if necessary. Liberally douse the sting area with vinegar. (Do not wash

with fresh water) If no vinegar available, pick off the tentacle remnants and

rinse with sea water.

114



Treatment…


Non-tropical bluebottle stings…

Pick off any adherent tentacles with fingers. Rinse the stung area with sea water. Place stung area in hot water – no hotter than the

casualty can comfortably tolerate. If local pain isn’t relieved with heat, or hot water is not

available, cold packs may be effective.

115


Other non – tropical minor jellyfish stings…


Treatment…

Keep the casualty at rest.

Don’t allow rubbing of the area.

Pick of any adherent tentacles with fingers.

Rinse stung areas with seawater (NOT freshwater)

Apply cold packs for pain relief.

If local pain is not relieved, or if generalised pain develops, or the sting is large (half a limb or more) call an ambulance.

116



A spot of blood at site.

Numbness of lips and tongue

Progressive weakness of muscles of respiration.

Inadequate, or cessation of breathing

Blue Ringed Octopus and Cone Shell stings…

117


Blue Ringed Octopus and Cone Shell stings…

Treatment…

Follow the Triple A Protocol… DR ABC

Apply a pressure immobilisation bandage if possible.

Commence CPR if necessary.

Seek urgent medical assistance.

118


Fish stings…

Depending on the fish, the casualties reaction to a sting can range from mild discomfort to extreme pain.

The Reef Stonefish is the most venomous fish in the world.

Most fish stings are protein based and are controlled with hot water.

119


Fish stings…


Intense pain, swelling and an open wound.

Bleeding

Irrational behaviour and panic may occur.

120


Fish stings…

Treatment…


Place the stung hand or foot in hot water. (water as hot as the casualty can comfortably bear for 30 to 45 minutes)

Should hot water not relieve the pain, the application of cold packs may be effective.


Further advice is available from the Australian Venom Research Unit on 03 94838204.

121

BURNS & SCOLDS

Burn severity should be assessed and classified by degree.

The first-degree burn involves only the upper layers of the epidermis and dermis.

The second-degree burn penetrates slightly deeper and produces blistering of the skin. First and second degree burns are considered partial

thickness burns.

Third-degree or full thickness burns penetrate the entire dermis. These burns may involve injury to blood vessels, nerves, muscle tissue, bone, or internal organs.

122

BURNS & SCOLDS

123

BURNS & SCOLDS


Pain around the burnt area.

Localised blistering to the skin.

Red to black marks around the burnt area.

124

BURNS & SCOLDS

Treatment…


Gentle running, cold or cool water is the treatment for all burns.

Lots of it for at least 20 minutes.

Cool chemical or bitumen burns for at least 30 minutes.

Remove all rings and tight fitting clothing before swelling occurs.

Cut off contaminated clothing. Don’t remove clothing contaminated with chemicals, over the head. Cut them off.

Elevate the injured area if possible to reduce swelling.

125

BURNS & SCOLDS

Treatment cont…

Once cool, cover the burnt area with a loose and light non-stick dressing, preferably a sterile or clean, dry and lint-free material.

Plastic cling wrap, a clean handkerchief, sheet or pillowcase are suitable dressings.

An emergency silver blanket could be used to help prevent shock.


126

BURNS & SCOLDS

Treatment cont…

Electrical burns…

Are normally more severe than is initially apparent.

May have entry and exit burns.

Cardiac arrest may also result from current flow through the heart.


127

BURNS & SCOLDS

Treatment cont…

Thermal burns…

Stop, drop and roll the casualty if they are is on fire.

Smother flames with a blanket or coat.

Treat with cool gentle running water.


128

BURNS & SCOLDS

Treatment cont…

Thermal burns cont…

Inhalation of flames or heated air can cause severe damage to the airways resulting in swelling and possible airway obstruction.

Coughing or a hoarse voice indicates exposure.

Frequent sips of cool water can help reduce the injury.


129

BURNS & SCOLDS

Treatment cont…

Lightning burns…

Burns from lightning can be as a direct strike which will present as entry and exit burns with varying degrees of severity.

They can also be flash burns as a result of a lightning strike close by. Presented as superficial spidery patterned burns on the skin as the current has flowed over the skin.


130

BURNS & SCOLDS

Treatment cont…

Chemical burns…

Acids and alkalis react with body tissue and cause a burn.

Alkali burns are more serious than acid burns as the penetrate more deeply.

Don’t try and neutralise chemical burns as this will only generate more heat.

Flood the area with copious amounts of cool water.


131

Burn Pictures

Electrical burns

Bad scald Hot oil injection burn

132

Choking

133

ChokingWe’ve all experienced choking, to varying degrees, at

some time in our lives.

Common causes of choking are…

Obstruction of the airway by food.

Children swallowing an object.

Talking or laughing while eating.

Running whilst eating or drinking.

Not chewing food correctly.

Swallowing foreign objects such as bones.

Eating too quickly.

134

Choking

Partial obstruction…

A partial obstruction occurs when something is stuck in the casualties throat but is still able to breathe, with some difficulty

Food or beverage ‘goes down the wrong way’ causing us to panic whilst we try to cough it up.

Generally this is over in a few seconds, or, until we cough the item up

135

Choking

Partial obstruction…


Breathing

Can talk but with difficulty

May have rattly voice

More than likely coughing

136

Choking

Complete obstruction…

A complete obstruction occurs when something is lodged in the casualties throat/airway completely blocking it and stopping any air movement.

This is life threatening

Person is quiet

Requires urgent treatment

137

Choking



No air movement (no breathing)

Unable to speak

Unable to cough

No breaths sounds

Blue (cyanosis) around lips

Collapses to floor without a sound

138

Choking


Treatment…

Follow the Triple A Protocol… DR ABCD Up to five vigorous back blows between

shoulder blades with heel of hand

If unsuccessful… Up to five chest thrusts

If unsuccessful… Continue sequences of back blows and

chest thrusts until successful or ambulance arrives.

CPR may be required.

139

SPINAL INJURIES

140

SPINAL INJURIES

The spine is made up of 33 vertebrae which protect the spinal cord.

Between each vertebrae is a disc that acts as ‘suspension’.

The spine has four regions, these being:

Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacrum

141

SPINAL INJURIES

Spinal injury types…

Partial or full severing of the spinal cord

Fractured vertebrae

Bruising of the spinal cord

Skull fractures

Closed head injuries

142

SPINAL INJURIES


Slowing/cessation of breathing

Slowing of heart rate

Quadriplegia – paralysis of all limbs (legs and arms)

Paraplegia – paralysis of the legs and lower parts of the body

Pain at injury site.

143

SPINAL INJURIES

Signs and symptoms cont…

Loss of bowel and/or bladder functions.

Pain or discomfort in neck and/or back.

Altered sensation such as numbness, tingling, weakness or burning sensation

Slowing pulse.

Lumps/deformity on neck and back.

144

SPINAL INJURIES

Treatment…

Conscious casualty…


Manually immobilise the neck in position found. Unless casualty is in a life threatening situation, leave them where found eg; in the car seat. If wearing a crash helmet, leave it on the casualty. Don’t move the head and/or neck anymore than is essentially necessary.

Treat any other injuries

Monitor until help arrives

145

SPINAL INJURIES

Treatment cont…

Unconscious casualty


Manually immobilise the neck immediately. If the patient is upright in a car seat, leave them there.

Gently lift their head back to open the airway and hold in this position until help arrives.

If the patient is prostrate on the ground, with as much assistance as possible log roll the patient onto their side keeping the head, neck and spine in alignment. (left side if possible)

Maintain an open airway Treat any other injuries

146

Seizures and Fitting

An epileptic seizure is a transient symptom of abnormal, excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.

A seizure can take many forms. In a major seizure there is sudden muscle spasms producing rigidity and the casualty will fall down.

The casualty will become unconscious which may be associated with noisy breathing, salivation and urinary incontinence.

Jerking movements of the head, arms and legs occur.

Seizures can however occur in casualties that don’t suffer from epilepsy.

147


Treatment…


Make the area around the casualty safe.

Remove any dangerous objects or cover sharp objects with pillows or blankets.

Don’t try and restrain the casualty.

Don’t place anything in his/her mouth.

If possible, place the casualty on their side.

148


Febrile Convulsions may occur in young children between the age of 1 and 4 years.

These convulsions are associated with a sudden rise in body temperature (usually greater than 38 degrees)

It’s the sudden rise in temperature that triggers the convulsion, not how high the temperature is.

149


Febrile Convulsion present similar to an epileptic seizure.

Treatment…


Make the area around the casualty safe.

Remove any dangerous objects or cover sharp objects with pillows or blankets.

Don’t try and restrain the casualty.

Don’t place anything in his/her mouth.

If possible, place the casualty on their side.

150


A person known to have a history of epileptic seizures may not need urgent medical care unless the active or jerking part of the seizure lasts for more than 5 minutes, or another seizure occurs before the casualty has fully recovered from the first.

Most casualties will feel tired after an attack. They should be allowed to rest if this is the case.

151

CPR REVISION

Let’s have another CPR practice.

Complete 5 cycles each of 2 breaths & 30 compressions in two minutes.

152

Crush Injuries

Crush injuries can occur in a wide variety of situations, from car accidents, industrial accidents, trench cave-ins and mining accidents.

The injury can progress to crush injury syndrome if…• A large area is involved such as the thigh.• There is no circulation beyond the crush.• Crushed for 60 minutes or more.

Once the injury has developed into crush injury syndrome the crushing force should not be removed until specialist medical assistance is present.

The premature removal of a crushing force in this situation can lead to sudden blood loss and the delivery of toxins to the body that can prove to be fatal.

153

Crush Injuries

Typical injuries from crushing accidents.

154

Crush Injuries

Treatment…


Immediately remove the crushing force if possible.

Treat any injuries and prevent blood loss.

Keep the casualty comfortable and closely monitor there condition and vital signs.

The casualty can appear alert and relatively calm, however their condition can deteriorate rapidly and shock may set in.

155

Diabetes

Hyperglycaemia – is a condition of high blood sugar and is generally a condition with a slow onset. It is not common for first aiders to be confronted with this disorder.

Hypoglycaemia – low blood sugar is the condition that first aiders will generally be confronted with, it is a condition that causes confusion, and can cause unconsciousness and death.

156

Diabetes

Hypoglycaemia

Causes…

Overdose of insulin

Insufficient food

Excessive exercise

Alcohol consumption

157

Diabetes

Hypoglycaemia


Confusion

Pale sweaty skin

Dizziness and weakness

Shaking and trembling

Irritable or inappropriate behaviour

Could be unconscious

158

Diabetes

Hypoglycaemia

Treatment…



Make the casualty comfortable. If swallowing can safely be achieved, give high energy foods or sugar.

The casualty will respond quickly if low blood sugar levels are the cause. (you will not do harm if you give sugar or food to a hyperglycaemic casualty)

159

Diabetes

Hypoglycaemia

Treatment cont…

The casualty may carry lollies in their pocket

When the casualty recovers they may be a little confused.

Make sure they eat a normal meal as soon as possible

160

Diabetes

Hypoglycaemia

Treatment cont…


Follow the Triple A Protocol…. DR ABCD

Place the casualty in the stable side position and seek medical assistance.

Monitor the patient until help arrives.

161

Eye Injuries

There are five categories of eye injuries…

Minor foreign bodies

Major foreign bodies

Burns to the eye

Welding flash

Smoke in the eyes

162

Eye Injuries

Treatment…


Never remove an embedded object from the eye.

Remove an minor foreign object if present (only if on the white of the eye).

Use sterile water to wash the out the eye. With burns to the eye continue with running water for at

least 20 minutes. For an embedded object use a ring pad over the object

and bandage in place to prevent the object or the eye from moving. (it helps to cover both eyes to prevent movement)

163

Drug Overdose

A drug overdose can be by accident or intentionally with prescribed drugs or with illicit drugs.

Remember our roll as a first aider is not to be a judge, but to preserve life.

164

Drug Overdose


Signs and symptoms vary depending on the drugs taken. In saying that, almost all cases will result in unconsciousness and possibly death.

165

Drug Overdose


Vomiting

Pale, cold clammy skin

Breathing difficulties

Abdominal pain

Drowsiness

Syringes

Empty bottles, containers

Decreased level of consciousness

166

Drug Overdose

Treatment…


Follow the Triple A Protocol…DR ABCD

■ Make the casualty comfortable.

■ Try and ascertain what drug the casualty has taken and when.

■ Be aware that certain drugs can cause delusions and behavioural problems.

■ Treat any associated injuries, such as self inflicted injuries or results of falls or trauma.

■ If the casualty vomits, collect a sample and send with the casualty to hospital.

■ Send any medicine bottles, suicide notes or other relevant items as well.

■ Continually monitor the casualty and if required ring the Poisons Information Centre on 131126

■ Monitor breathing and vital signs. Record.

167

Drug Overdose

Treatment…



■ Place the casualty on their side and call the ambulance.

■ Follow the same procedures as with a conscious casualty.

168

Poisoning

Poisoning can occur to a casualty in many ways and with many different chemicals.

Poisons can enter the body in many different ways…

■ Ingestion… by eating or drinking poisonous substances.

■ Injection… through drug use.

■ Absorption… through the skin via contact with various poisons.

■ Inhalation… breathing gas vapours or fumes into the

lungs.

169

PoisoningTreatment…


■ Ensure you are wearing protective equipment, such as gloves, face shield and a rubber apron and any other protective equipment required.

■ Immediately remove the casualties cloths if contaminated

■ Wash skin thoroughly. Be careful not to contaminate yourself.

■ If the casualty is unconscious, place them on their side and maintain an open airway.

■ If CPR is required, ensure you clean the poison from the face of the casualty and use a facemask for resuscitation.

■ Contact the Poisons Information Centre on 131 126 for advice on first aid treatment. This can be done by a third person while you’re treating the casualty

■ Monitor and record vital signs.

170

Electric Shock

Frayed and damaged electrical cables pose a real threat to any person that may come in contact with them. All leads should be inspected and tagged, by a competent person, every six months and they should also be inspected for damage before and after use.

171

Electric Shock

It’s amperage that intensifies an electric shock and not necessarily the voltage.

Signs and symptoms...

■ Burns

■ Cardiac arrest

■ Respiratory arrest

■ Maybe entry and exit burns

172

Electric ShockTreatment…


■ Be extremely careful that there is no danger to yourself or others as electricity cannot be seen.

■ Disconnect the electricity supply where possible.

■ If you are not absolutely sure that the power source has been isolated, stay well clear until expert help arrives.

173

Electric ShockTreatment cont…


■ Commence CPR as required.

■ Treat any other injuries that may present.

■ Use cool running water on entry and exit burn wounds.

174

StrokeA stroke can happen when the following occurs…

A blood vessel that supplies blood to the brain is blocked by a blood clot.

This is called an ischemic stroke. A blood vessel breaks open, causing blood to leak into the brain.

This is called a hemorrhagic stroke. If blood flow is stopped for longer than a few seconds, the brain

cannot get blood and oxygen. Brain cells can die, causing permanent damage.

175

Stroke To determine if a casualty has had a stroke an

assessment of three specific symptoms must be made.

Follow the acronym F. A. S. T.

• F… Facial weakness – can you smile?

• A… Arm weakness – can you raise both arms?

• S… Speech problems – can the casualty speak clearly.

• T… Test all three symptoms.

176

StrokeOther signs and symptoms of a stroke…

■ Confusion.

■ Loss of feeling or paralysis to one side of the body.

■ Face may be sagged on one side.

■ Garbled or no speech possible

■ May have a seizure.

■ Semi-conscious or unconscious.

177

StrokeTreatment…



■ Place them in a position that is comfortable to them.

■ As they may be confused we don’t want to make things worse by getting the casualty to do something they’re not comfortable with.

178

StrokeTreatment…



■ Lay the casualty on their side with the facial droop facing down.

179

Hypothermia Hypothermia is caused by over exposure to cold which

causes the core body temperature to drop below 35oC.

This causes muscular and internal organ function to become impaired and if not treated will lead death.

A casualty can progress very quickly from being just cold to being very cold due to a combination of wind, wet clothing, cold water and snow.

It’s vital for the bodies core temperature to remain warm and stable, as any decrease in temperature, by only a few degrees, can have devastating consequences.

180

Hypothermia


■ Feeling cold■ Intense shivering■ Muscle rigidity■ Exhaustion■ Decrease in conscious

■ Confusion and clumsiness■ Lack of coordination■ Irrational behaviour■ Poor decision making

181

Hypothermia


Mild hypothermia 34oC to 35oC

■ Maximum shivering, pale, cool skin, poor coordination.

■ Slurred speech, usually responsive but with apathy and slowed thinking and thoughts.

182

Hypothermia


Moderate hypothermia 30oC to 33oC

■ Most shivering ceases, increased muscle rigidity, consciousness decreasing, pulse and respiration slow and difficult to detect.

Severe hypothermia, below 30oC

■ Progressive loss of consciousness, cardiac abnormalities develop, pupils fixed and

dilated, may appear dead.

183

Hypothermia

Treatment…


■ Remove the casualty from the cold or wet area.

■ Keep the casualty lying down and handle the casualty very gently.

■ Remove wet clothing immediately and gently dry the casualty.

184

Hypothermia

Treatment cont…


■ Slowly rewarm the casualty.

■ Cover with a blanket or warm dry clothes.

■ Give the casualty small sips of a sweet, warm drink. Do not give an unconscious casualty anything to eat or drink.

■ Place an unconscious casualty on their side.

185

HypothermiaImportant points to remember…

When a person is hypothermic, they may show all the signs of being dead.

It is vitally important to actively resuscitate a casualty who is hypothermic and not responding.

The very cold condition slows down all the body’s requirements for oxygen and when casualties are resuscitated and slowly rewarmed, remarkable

recoveries have been achieved.

It is important that the rewarming process is slow, as rewarming a casualty quickly could mean

instant death.

Ideally the body’s core temperature should remain within 0.5oC of 37oC

186

Hyperthermia

Hyperthermia is caused by over exposure to hot conditions and is made worse when physical

exertion is involved.

It’s onset is also quickened if the skin is exposed to direct sunlight, and more so if the back of the neck

is exposed.

A core body temperature above 40oC will lead to unconsciousness and death.

187

Hyperthermia


■ Headache

■ Nausea

■ Seizures

■ Thirst may be a late symptom

■ Tiredness

■ Dizziness

■

Unconsciousness

188

Hyperthermia


Heat Cramps…

Are muscle cramps after prolonged exertion. The body temperature is usually normal.

Heat Exhaustion…

(37oC to 40oC) is recognised by pallor, or pale skin colour, sweating, thirst, fainting and

moderately elevated body temperature.

189

Hyperthermia


Heat Stroke…

(above 40oC core temperature) causes impaired mental function and a very high body

temperature, which may lead to unconsciousness and death.

All body organs are affected.

190

Hyperthermia

Treatment…


Immediately move the casualty to a cool location

Make the casualty as comfortable as possible. Remove their clothing (while preserving their dignity) Give frequent, very small sips of water if conscious.

Should the casualty become unconscious they must be placed on their side.

191

Hyperthermia

Treatment cont…


Reduce the core body temperature

Sponge the casualty with cool water.

Cover with wet dressings and continue reducing the core temperature.

Fan the casualty to increase the cooling effect.

Apply cold packs to the groin and armpits in severe cases.

192

Hyperventilation

Hyperventilation is bought about by an hysterical reaction to a situation, stress and/or an emotional upset.

It’s basically an acute anxiety attack. It causes rapid breathing and causes oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the body to be out of balance.

If the attack is witnessed by the first aider, then a diagnosis can usually be made with confidence.

193

Hyperventilation


Severe anxiety and complete emotional upset.

Tingling in the fingers, lips and/or feet.

A feeling that they can’t get enough air.

Normal skin colour.

Chest pain usually develops and the victim may think that they are having a heart attack as well.

Light headedness.

The hand, wrist or fingers can bend backwards.

194

Hyperventilation

Treatment…


Be assertive with the casualty

■ Provide calm and assertive reassurance to the casualty.■ Ensure the casualty regains composure.

Discourage the casualty from breathing fast

■ Instruct the casualty to only breath in and out through their nose. This is difficult to continue and requires the casualty to concentrate on something else other than their emotional upset.

195

Hyperventilation

The previous treatment of encouraging the casualty to breath in and out of a paper

bag is no longer recommended.

196

Safe Manual Handling

Because of the shape and construction of the spinal column, which curves forward in the

neck and lumbar regions, the majority of back injuries occur in the lower lumbar area because it receives the greatest stress.

Incorrect manual handling places undue pressure on the lower back.

197


198


The key to safe manual handling is…

Mental Preparation…

What… the weight and size of the load. Where… the load is to be taken. How… lifting technique

199



Position…

Stand as close to the load as possible.

Feet apart and facing in the desired direction to give a stable base.

Bend the knees.

Keep back in alignment with the shoulders and pelvis.

Hold your head straight.

Grip the load securely.

200



Lifting…

Use the thigh and leg muscles.

Keep the load as close as possible to the body and avoid twisting or jerking.

201

Summary

First aiders obligation Triple A Protocol DR ABCD Unconscious casualty COWS Cardiac Arrest CPR Injuries Bites and stings

Choking Diabetes Monitor and record Anaphylaxis Asthma Burns RICE FAST

202

Written Assessment Students to complete the theory assessment 22 Multiple Choice 18 True or False

All criteria on the practical assessment must be met and a minimum mark of 75% achieved in the written exam before you can be deemed competent.

Duration approx 1 hour

Please ensure all assessments and administration paperwork is handed back to the Trainer before leaving.

THANK YOU

Date post:	20-Jan-2016
Category:	Documents
Upload:	tucker
View:	13 times
Download:	2 times

First Aid Training

Documents