First Results of GPS data and the First Results of GPS data and the contribution for water loading contribution for water loading evaluation in Amazon Basinevaluation in Amazon Basin

Sonia Maria Alves CostaAna Cristina Oliveira Cancoro de Matos

Jhonnes Vaz Denizar Blitzkow

2nd LISN Workshop INPE -November 6th – 10th, 2011

EPUSPEPUSPEscola Politécnica da Universidade de São PauloEscola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo

MotivationMotivation

Amazon Region has the largest mass variation in the world and one of the most important ecosystems

It is an area with lack of water level information due to difficulties in access for local operations

Climate Protection and Ecosystems Maintenance studies applying new tecnologies and tools

Use the space geodesy in order to provide better knowledge of the lithosphere and the hydrosphere on a global scale

Hydrologic Cycle Components

Ocean

Evaporation Evapo-transpiration

runoff

Aquifer

Infiltration

Recharge

Evaporation

Precipitation

PrecipitationEvaporation/ETSurface WaterGroundwater

Standard Concepts (Physical)

source: IWRM & HYDROLOGIC CYCLECOMPONENTS,

GoalsGoalsStudy the connection between water loading and vertical variations of the crust due to the hydrologic cycle;Validate GRACE grids of the Ewh and the vertical deflection with in-situ information from gauge and permanent GNSS stations;Estimate the Lag Time of Crustal Variation and Drought Periods;

Period of study: 2007 to 20102007 to 2010

In-situ Data Sets

84 gauge stations (Amazon, Tocantins and Paraná basins)

24 GNSS stations

Satellite modelsGRACE mission : Land Water Storage and Vertical Deflection

GRACE Satellite Mission – Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment

Time-variable gravity fields

Launched : March, 2002Goal: detailed measurements of Earth's gravity field which lead to discoveries about gravity and Earth's natural systems

Data setsData sets

In-situ water level measurements provided by Agência nacional de Águas(ANA) from 84 hidrological stations in Amazon, Tocantins and Paraná Basins . Informations and data available at: http://hidroweb.ana.gov.br/.

10-day GRACE data geoid solutions expressed in Stokes coefficients up to degree 50 (i.e., ~450 km spatial resolution) corrected from atmospheric (ECMWF) and ocean tides (MOG-2D). Computed by GRGS (Groupe Recherche de Geodesie Spatiale)Informations and data available at:http://bgi.cnes.fr:8110/geoid-variations.

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) data from 24 continuous monitoring stations of Instituto Brasileiro de Geografía e Estatística (IBGE), Low-Latitude Ionospheric Sensor Network (LISN), Serviço Geológico Brasileiro and International GNSS Service (IGS). Informations and data available at:ftp://geoftp.ibge.gov.br (RBMC)http://lisn.igp.gob.pe/ (LISN)ftp://igscb.jpl.nasa.gov (IGS)

Region of Study with Basins/Sub-basins and Station Region of Study with Basins/Sub-basins and Station distributiondistribution

GNSS NetworkGNSS Network

GNSS Data Analysis

Position time seriesThe position time series of stations were obtained from the daily double difference solutions (1461 solutions) processed with Bernese software. Each daily solution was aligned to the weekly IGS05 solutions applying minimum constraint strategy. The IGS05 stations used for the reference frame definition were: AREQ, BRFT, CHPI, CRO1, KOUR, LPGS, MANA, RIOP, SCUB and UNSA.

Daily position evaluationThe time series transformation parameters between daily solutions and IGS05 weekly solutions are estimated in order to check the external fit of daily results. The RMS for the north (N), east (E) and up (U) components to be 1.4, 1.5 and 5.6 mm.

Data ProblemsNoisy data mainly in L2 observable (LETI, JIPA and TEFE)Problems with satellite clocksNew sites for SREM and PARI

Peak to peak variation of vertical component

The highest values occur between october and november when the ebb period is finishing and rivers have the lowest water level. The lowest values of vertical component occur between april and may when the rain season is finishing and rivers are full of water (flood period).

Seasonal Amplitudes in the GPS stations

010

2030

4050

6070

8090

GPS Stations

An

ual

var

iati

on

in

ver

tica

l co

mp

om

ent

(mm

)

GNSS x GAUGE (LETI)

GNSS x GAUGE (TEFE)

GNSS x GAUGE (NAUS)

GNSS x GAUGE (PARI)

GNSS x GAUGE (SREM)

GNSS x GAUGE (MAPA)

GNSS x GAUGE (RIOB)

GNSS x GAUGE (POVE)

GNSS x GAUGE (ALTA)

GNSS x GAUGE (MABA)

GNSS x GAUGE (ROJI)

GNSS x GAUGE (JIPA)

Lag Time of crust Station Lag time (days) Drought period

Duration(days)

Drought period

Start/End time

ALTA 45 135 July/Nov.

CUIB 15 to 30 150 June/Nov.

IMPZ 15 to 30 135 June/Oct.

MABA 15 to 20 90 Aug./Dec.

BELE 10 to 20 75 Oct./Dec.

MAPA 20 to 30 90 Sep./Dec.

BOAV 20 to 30 90 Dec./Mar.

SAGA 30 120 Oct./Feb.

SREM 10 to 20 30 Oct./Nov.

PARI 10 to 20 30 Oct./Nov.

NAUS 10 to 20 30 Oct./Nov.

URUK 10 to 20 30 Oct./Nov.

TEFE 10 to 20 30 Oct./Nov.

LETI 10 to 20 30 Sep./Oct.

POVE 10 to 20 30 Sep./Oct

RIOB 30 60 Aug./Oct.

ROJI 30 60 Aug./Oct.

GNSS x GRACE VDEF (LETI)

GNSS x GRACE VDEF (TEFE)

GNSS x GRACE VDEF (NAUS)

GNSS x GRACE VDEF (PARI)

GNSS x GRACE VDEF (SREM)

GNSS x GRACE VDEF (JIPA)

GNSS x GRACE VDEF (ROJI)

GNSS x GRACE VDEF (ALTA)

Final ConsiderationsFinal ConsiderationsThe results obtained in this study will contribute to better monitoring and understanding the water cycle and in particular the improvements that can be expected when data from the current satellite missions are used.

GRACE models provide, in general, good results in Amazon Basin, due to the great of continental water variation.

In the sedimentary areas of Amazon Basin GRACE have a better response mainly in the biggest rivers like Amazonas, Solimões, Tapajós, Xingú and Madeira.

High correlation between GRACE Vdef with in-situ (GNSS) Time Series. The lowest value estimated was 0.82 in ALTA.

The longest drought period occurs in CUIB with 150 days.

In the center of basin the lag time is about 10 to 20 days and in the neighbor basins it is 30 to 45 days.

High precision leveling in the Amazon region?

SuggestionsSuggestions

GNSS stations with purpose to support  geodynamics studies in the region;

Stable marks;

Permanent communications links for the daily data transfer.

Thank you very much for your attention

Balance “water for livelihoods” and “water as a resource”