FLOOD MAPPING FOR SUNGAI BUNUS

MOHD IRSYAM NOORFAWANA BIN MASRI

A project report submitted in fulfilment of the

requirements for the award of the degree of

Master of Engineering (Hydrology & Water Resources)

Faculty of Civil Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

JUNE 2015

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Specially dedicated to Nurashikin, Nurin, Nadia Mak and Abah,

I love you all.

Thank you

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I am grateful to Allah S.W.T for the good health and wellbeing

that were necessary to complete this dissertation.

I was really appreciated to many people that contribute towards my

understanding and thoughts in order to finish this study. I wish to express my sincere

thanks to my supervisor, Dr. Zulhilmi Bin Ismail for his guidance and

encouragement. Also to Dr. Mohamad Hidayat B. Jamal for hiscritics, advice and

guidance. Also my sincere thank you to Perunding Azman, Ooi & Rao Sdn Bhd for

the education fees sponsorship.

Last but not least, to my beloved wife Mrs. Nurashikin Binti Zainal Abidin, I

am extremely thankful to her for sharing knowledge, and sincere encouragement

extended to me. To my lovely daughters, Nurin and Nadia, thank you for being such

a lovely and understanding.

My sincere appreciation to my colleagues Mrs. Nurashikin, Miss Farihan,

Mrs. Nurhaniza, Mrs. Norhayati and Mr. Aliff for their supportive, motivation, love,

advice and friendship.

I take this opportunity to express gratitude to all of the Hydrology and Water

Resources lecturers for their knowledge's and experiences. I also thank my parents

and parents in law for the unceasing Dua's, encouragement, support and attention.

I also place on record, my sense of gratitude to one and all, who directly or

indirectly, have lent their hand in this venture.

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ABSTRACT

Nowadays, the occurrence of flash flood in urban area in Malaysia has

become major problem. . Flood Mapping is one of the method that shows the flood

extent at the area that involve with flooding. There are a lot of beneficial on this

flood inundation map. This flood mapping for Sungai Bunus were modelled using a

HEC-GeoRAS two-dimensional hydraulic model to capture the hydraulic response

of the river and its floodplains in extreme flooding condition due to major storm

events. Digital terrain model (DTM) or LIDAR data are used for flood mapping

process. The model is capable to predict flood depth and velocity magnitude of flood

propagation. The flood mapping could assist local authorities to develop flood

warning system at the flood prone area and prepare proper mitigation measures to

prevent catastrophic damage and lost at the area where the flood frequently occur.

This flood mapping was develop with two scenario which is existing river without

flood pond and existing river with flood pond. The result shows significant reduction

in flood water level if a series of pond from upstream was use as a flood mitigation

measures.

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ABSTRAK

Pada masa kini, kejadian banjir kilat di beberapa kawasan bandar di Malaysia

telah menjadi masalah besar. Pemetaan banjir adalah salah satu kaedah yang

menunjukkan tahap banjir di kawasan yang terlibat dengan banjir. Terdapat banyak

yang kebaikan pada kaedah pemetaan banjir. Pemetaan banjir bagi Sungai Bunus

telah dimodelkan menggunakan model hidraulik dua dimensi HEC-GeoRAS untuk

manganalisis hidraulik sungai dan dataran banjir dalam keadaan banjir yang teruk

disebabkan oleh peristiwa hujan lebat. Model rupa bumi digital (DTM) atau LIDAR

data digunakan untuk proses pemetaan banjir. Model ini mampu untuk meramalkan

kedalaman banjir dan magnitud halaju air banjir. Pemetaan banjir boleh membantu

pihak berkuasa tempatan untuk membangunkan sistem amaran banjir di kawasan

yang sering dilanda banjir dan menyediakan langkah-langkah tebatan yang betul

untuk mengelakkan kerosakan dan kehilangan harta benda di kawasan yang sering

berlaku banjir. Pemetaan banjir ini dihasilkan berdasarkan dua senario yang berbeza

iaitu sungai sedia ada tanpa kolam banjir dan sungai sedia ada dengan kolam banjir.

Hasil kajian menunjukkan pengurangan yang ketara dalam paras air banjir jika

kaedah beberapa siri kolam takungan banjir bermula dari kawasan hulu digunakan

sebagai langkah pencegahan banjir.

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TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

DECLARATION ii

DEDICATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

ABSTRACT v

ABSTRAK vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS vii

LIST OF TABLES x

LIST OF FIGURES xii

LIST OF SYMBOLS xv

LIST OF APPENDICES xvi

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background of the Problem 1

1.2 Statement of the Problem 3

1.3 Objectives of the Study 4

1.4 Scope of the Study 4

1.5 Significance of the Study 5

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6

2.1 Introduction 6

2.2 Flood 12

2.3 Risk and Hazard 12

2.4 Flood Frequency Analysis 14

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2.5 Flood hazard mapping 14

2.6 Flood modelling 18

3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 22

3.1 Introduction 21

3.2 Research Boundary 22

3.3 Design Methodology 23

3.4 Data Collection 26

3.4.1 LIDAR Data 26

3.4.2 River Data and Rainfall Data 26

3.4.3 Data Segmentation 27

3.4.3.1 Data Development 27

3.4.3.2 Data Validation 27

3.5 Data Analysis 28

3.5.1 LIDAR Data 28

3.6 HEC-GeoRAS Model 28

3.6.1 HEC-Geo RAS Development 29

3.6.2 Digitizing Process 30

3.6.3 HEC-RAS Model Development 43

3.6.4 Channel Data 43

3.6.5 Hydraulic Analysis in HEC-RAS 43

3.7 HEC-RAS Model 44

3.8 Advantages of HEC-GeoRAS 49

3.9 Disadvantages of HEC-GeoRAS 50

4 RESULT AND ANALYSIS 51

4.1 Introduction 51

4.2 Flood Mapping 51

4.3 Result 52

4.4 Calibration & Validation 61

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4.5 Design Rainfall 63

4.5.1 Development of IDF Curve 63

4.6 Calibration 68

4.6.1 Calibration Results 68

4.6.2 Discussion on Calibration Limitation 69

5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 70

5.1 Conclusion 70

5.2 Recommendations for future research: 71

5.3 Recommendations for Local Authorities

and communities 72

REFERENCES 73

APPENDICES 77

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LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE

2.1 Summary of Flood Events at Sungai Bunus 9

2.2 Destruction and Damage Caused by Flooding

Events at Sungai Bunus 9

4. 1 Flood Depth Colour Scheme 52

4. 2 Flood Inundation Area for Existing Condition

without Pond 53

4. 3 Flood Inundation Area for Existing Condition

with Pond 53

4.4 List of Rainfall Stations Use in Deriving IDF

Curve and Calibration 61

4.5 The Coefficients of the Fitted IDF Equation for

Stor JPS Ampang 64

4.6 Maximum Rainfall for Stor JPS Ampang

(Station No.: 3117070) – Previous study 64

4.7 Maximum Rainfall intensity for Stor JPS Ampang

(Station No: 3117070) – Previous study 65

4.8 Maximum Rainfall for Stor JPS Ampang

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(Station No: 3117070) - HP1 65

4.9 Maximum Rainfall Intensity for Stor JPS Ampang

(Station No: 3117070) - HP1 66

4.10 Comparison of Rainfall Intensity from the

Previous Study and New HP 1 66

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE

2. 1 Study Area of the Sg. Bunus 7

2.2 Sungai Bunus catchment. 8

2. 3 Flooding Occurs at 24 February 2011 10

2. 4 Flooding Occurs at 14 April 2011 10

2. 5 Flooding Occurs at 13 December 2011 11

2. 6 Flooding Occurs at 2 May 2012 11

2.7 Flood Inundation Map

(USGS Flood Inundation Mapping Science) 16

2.8 Flood Inundation Map (DID) 17

2.9 Shows an application of GIS in flood mapping

in United States. 20

3.1 Flowchart of the Process Flow 24

3.2 Steps In Digitizing Process 31

3.3 ArcGIS 10.1 32

3.4 New Map 32

3.5 Add Data 33

3.6 LIDAR Data 33

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3.7 RAS Geometry Layer Setup 34

3.8 Layer Setup for HEC RAS PreProcessing 35

3.9 Create RAS Layers 35

3.10 Create All Layers 36

3.11 RAS Layers Are Successfully Created 36

3.12 Editor Toolbar Figure 37

3.13 Digitizing the Stream 38

3.14 Create River Attribute 38

3.15 Complete Digitizing Process 39

3.16 Layer Setup- Required Surface 40

3.17 Layer Setup- Required Layers 41

3.18 Layer Setup- Optional Tables 41

3.19 Layer Setup- Optional Layers 42

3.20 Export GIS Data 42

3.21 Steps for HEC-RAS Model 44

3.22 HEC-RAS 4.1.0 45

3.23 Import GIS Data 45

3.24 Unit for import GIS Data 46

3.25 River Reach Streamlines 46

3.26 Cross Section and IB Nodes 47

3.27 Geometry Schematic Of The River System 47

3.28 Edit Geometric Data 48

3.29 Flow data 49

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3.30 Steady Flow Boundary Condition 49

3.31 Steady Flow Analysis 50

3.32 GIS Export 50

3.33 Convert RAS Output File to XML 51

3.34 Flood Inundation Map 52

4.1 Existing Drainage Model with 2D Flood Plain 54

4.2 Drainage model with Digital Terrain Model (DTM)

for Project Area. 55

4.3 Flood Mitigation Model (Without 2D Flood Plain) 56

4.4 Flood Map for Existing Condition (10 ARI) 57

4.3 Flood Map for Existing Condition (50 ARI) 58

4.4 Flood Map for Existing Condition (100 ARI) 59

4.5 Flood Map with Flood Pond Condition (50 ARI) 60

4.8 Rainfall Stations 62

4.9 IDF for Kuala Lumpur 63

4.10 Comparison of Rainfall from the Two Stations 67

4.11 Observed Water Level in Sg. Bunus at JalanTun Razak

on 24th Feb 2011 67

4.12 Comparison of Water Level between Observed and

Simulated for 24th Feb 2011 Flood 68

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LIST OF SYMBOLS

DID - Drainage and Irrigation Department

GIS - Geographic Information System

ARI - Average Recurrence Interval

HEC - Hydrologic Engineering Center

ESRI - Environmental System Research Institute

USACE - United States Army Corps of Engineers

1-D - One Dimensional

2-D - Two Dimensional

USGS - United States Geological Survey

FOTRAN - Formula Translating System

MS-DOS - Microsoft Disk Operating System

FEMA - Federal Emergency Management Agency

Ha - Hectare

Km 2 - Kilometre Square

m 3/s - Metre Cubic per Seconds

TIN - Triangular irregular networks

LiDAR - Light Detection and Ranging

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LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX. TITLE PAGE

A Sungai Bunus Lower Profile 79

Sungai Bunus Middle Profile. 80

Sungai Bunus Upper Profile 81

B HEC-RAS Output Table 82

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

This chapter consist of background of the problem, statement of the problem,

objective of the study, scope of stdy and significant of study

1.1 Background of the Problem

In recent years there have been a number of significant riverine floods in the

rest of the world, which resulted in tragic loss of life and in enormous material

damage. In the past decades, thousands of lives have been lost, directly or indirectly,

by flooding. In fact, of all natural risks, floods pose the most widely distributed

natural risk to life today.

River flood risk management is the process under which different bodies try

to reduce the current and the future vulnerability of human society to natural risks.

Flood risk management measures can be structural where the risk is modified for

example dam and reservoir construction, channel improvements, bypass channels

and artificial levees. Non-structural where the flood damage and disruption is

modified for example setting up flood plain management regulations such as zoning,

building codes and measures where both the methods are applied. It is clear that no

protection work can offer a hundred percent security against floods. There is always

the possibility that a threshold is surpassed and that floodwater will enter into areas

where it should not go, e.g. by overtopping or breaching of dikes.

2 In the past, structural and non-structural measures have been adopted for the

flood control and flood management. Non-structural measures used to estimate the

floods and their proper management has been accelerated in the last couple of

decades throughout the globe in comparison to expensive structural measures. Non-

structural measure includes evaluation of impact of rainfall on runoff of a catchment,

return period of different magnitudes/frequency of floods and flood inundated areas,

and socio-economic aspects of floods

Starting in the year 2000s, extreme rainfall events with high intensity are no

longer a new issue in Malaysian urban cities, especially in the West Coast area This

phenomenon is formed mostly through convection process (Embi , 2004). The main

motivation of this research is an importance of river flood events in urban areas

which cause in large number loss of lives and properties damages. Knowledge on the

river basin response to rainfall events which is in the form of runoff is vital in

engineering practices for urban planning and management. River flood modelling is

a combination of hydrological modelling, hydraulic modelling and river flood

visualization using GIS.

Floods can also be very incremental to the primary effects, as the affected

region takes much time to recover where diseases and epidemics outbursts are

frequent. Floods are usually recurrent and have massive impacts on agriculture based

economies, which is the case of most small islands. Thus small countries and islands

suffer a heavy burden from such events on the economic aspect. Thus, flood studies

can be very useful in alleviating the already stressed economies of the insular

countries. The study of floods helps to understand the characteristics of the floods,

their cause and thus provide relevant data in assessment of these events.

A flash flood is characterized by a rapid stream rise with depths of water that

can reach well above the banks of the stream. Flash flood damage and most fatalities

tend to occur in areas immediately adjacent to a stream. Additionally, heavy rain

falling on steep terrain can weaken soil and cause mud slides, damaging homes,

roads and property.

3 Flooding is one of the major natural hazards affecting communities across

Malaysia and has caused damages worth millions of dollars every year. The required

allocation for flood mitigation projects has increased almost 600% (RM 6000

million) for the 8th Malaysian Plan compared to RM 1000 million during the 7th

Malaysian Plan (Abdullah, 2000).

Knowing the fact that the floods are part of human being life and that this

natural phenomena can’t be fully controlled, it’s important to focus and improve

knowledge about the prevention. In order to achieve this issue it is crucial that, more

specific and scientific work must be developed to a better understanding of the

flooding phenomena and their related geographical, hydrological and

geomorphologic causes. (Vaz (2000 and Jaarsma et. al. 2001) emphasized,

respectively, the need to define a strategy that includes a judicious combination of

structural and none structural measures, based on a careful analysis of the past floods

and improvements in floods forecasting.

The main objectives of flood mapping can be sorted as follows: to prevent

loss of life, to minimize property damage, to minimize social disruption and to

encourage coordinated approach for land/water use. The role of flood mapping in

river engineering is an important feature in planning and management: basis for

managing flood plains, engineering & planning tool, first step in flood plain

management, part of legislation for regulating development and basis for pursuing

structural and non-structural measures.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

A flash flood produced by a rainfall event which is due to flood mitigation

measures failure and poor drainage system. In a flash flood scenario, the subsequent

flood wave develops over a relatively short time and flows rapidly through the

downstream area as opposed to a rainfall event that would propagate more slowly

through the downstream area.

4 When a flash flood happened or is deliberately demolished, large quantities

of water are suddenly released, creating major flood waves capable of causing

disastrous damage to downstream valley. Major flood waves may seriously damage

or destroy power plants, industrial plants, roads and bridges and may cause loss of

life, adverse ecological and environment impact.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

Followings are the objectives proposed for this study:-

a) To determine water surface profiles at specific locations along the

stream network using the HEC River Analysis System (HEC-

GeoRAS).

b) To establish river flood delineation mapping in Sungai Bunus river

basin.

c) To predict river flood risk map in Sungai Bunus river basin.

1.4 Scope of the Study

The scope of this study is within this related area:-

a) Data collection and analysis

b) Flood hazard map analysis with HEC-RAS and HEC-GeoRAS

modeling

The flood hazard maps modelling will be conducted to determine the flood

inundation extents of a failure of the flood mitigation measures. Unsteady flows

HEC-GeoRAS Model are developed for a sunny day failure, raining day and during

maximum flood failure. The development of accurate flood hazard maps requires

high-resolution topographic data of known accuracy. More accurate topographic data

lead to more accurate flood-inundation maps (Horritt and Bates, 2001). Field

5 surveying produces the most accurate elevation data but can be time consuming and

expensive.

Light detection and ranging (lidar) is an airborne laser-profiling system that

produces location and elevation data to define the surface of the Earth and the

heights of aboveground features. Lidar can produce a digital elevation model (DEM)

with 1-foot (ft) contours that can be imported to a geographic information system

(GIS) in a relatively short amount of time.

The flood hazard maps indicate areas that would be flooded as a result of a

failure of flood mitigation measures. The inundated areas depicted on flood-

inundation maps are approximate, and accuracy of such maps is a function of the

accuracy of the topographic data, the hydraulic models on which the maps are based,

the assumptions made about the dam failure mode, and the initial flood wave. For

this report, lidar data with a vertical accuracy of about 3.3 inches (in) were used to

develop a 1-ft contour elevation map for the study area. The Hydrologic Engineering

Center’s River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) modeling software developed by the

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, a standard for flood-inundation models, was used to

perform unsteady-flow simulations to model the dynamic nature of the flood wave

produced by a dam-breach scenario (Hydrologic Engineering Center, 2010).

1.5 Significance of the Study

The significant of the study is to develop the river hydraulics model, simulate

a flood mitigation measures failure and map the resulting flood wave. The proper

modeling of the hazards associated with flood mitigation measures will assist in land

use planning and developing emergency response plan to help mitigate catastrophic

loss to human life and property.

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