Floors and flooring

10/27/20141

Prepared by: Engr Fazal E Jalal

Flooring is the general term for apermanent covering of a floor, or for thework of installing such a floor covering.Floor covering is a term to genericallydescribe any finish material applied over afloor structure to provide a walking surface.Both terms are used interchangeably butfloor covering refers more to loose-laidmaterials.

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FLOORS: The surface with their necessary supports which

provide accommodation to the users to live atdifferent levels in a building.

“Ground Floor” is just above GL & “ BasementFloor” is constructed below GL in one basement ofa building. “ Upper/Suspended Floor” is any floorabove the GL except the terrace or roof of building.Such floors are named as 1st Floor, 2nd Floor andso on (in ascending order).

“Single storeyed buildings” are buildings with onlyone ground floor. “Double storeyed” has got aground and one first floor.

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COMPONENTS OF FLOOR: Sub Floor: The lower portion of floor structure

consisting of beams, slabs, rammed earth etc.prepared to provide necessary support to the floorcovering.

Purpose: To provide proper support to floorcovering without sinking & settlement.

Floor covering / Paving: The upper portion of floorstructure consisting of base, under layer & topping.

Purpose: To have clean, smooth, non absorbentand a durable surface. It also shall not be slippery,noisy and unpleasant in appearance.

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SUB FLOOR FLOOR COVERING

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IMPORTANT TECHNICAL TERMS: Base course: Base is the prepared surface on

which floor topping or under layer is laid. Thelayer of material provided for this purpose isknown as Base course.

Under layer: Layer of material provided inbetween the base & floor topping.

Topping: Topmost layer of floor provided overthe under layer / base course, in the absenceof under layer.

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BASE COURSE UNDER LAYER

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IMPORTANT TECHNICAL TERMS:Floor finish: Top surface of floor. Also

known as “wearing surface”Bedding: A layer of mortar applied to the

base or sub floor and brought to aprescribed level

Screeds: Narrow strips of wood, bands ofplaster or pieces of tiles laid on the floor toact as guides for bringing the toppings to atrue even surface.

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FLOOR FINISH BEDDING

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IMPORTANT TECHNICAL TERMS:

Screeding: The art of bringing the floor to a

true and level surface by means of

screeds.

Floor systems: Arrangement provided to

support the toppings of floor. It may be

single, double or triple joist system.

Floor boards: Wooden boards which form

the floor toppings.

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SINGLE JOIST FLOOR

SYSTEM

DOUBLE JOIST FLOOR

SYSTEM

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IMPORTANT TECHNICAL TERMS:Bridging Joists: Horizontal structural

members place along shorter spansimmediately below floor toppings. They areused as main supporting members intimber floors.

Binders: Horizontal structural membersplaced at right angles two bridging joists totake their load and that of floor toppings.

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IMPORTANT TECHNICAL TERMS:Girders: Horizontal structural members

placed to supports the load of binders,bridging joists and that of floor toppings.Used as main supporting member in atriple joist floor system.

Wall plates: Horizontal wooden memberswhich support one end of bridging joistsand distribute the load from joist to thewall.

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GIRDERS WALL PLATES

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IMPORTANT TECHNICAL TERMS: Sleeper/Honey comb brick wall: Wall

constructed with holes for free circulation ofair in case of single joist wooden floor atground level. This act as a dwarf wall and isgenerally constructed longitudinally in themiddle of the room.

Air brick: A brick provided with holes for freecirculation of air in the interior of wall or floor.They are placed in external wall of woodenground floor.

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GROUND FLOORS:

Constructed at plinth level of different

buildings. They may consist of bricks,

stones, concrete, wood etc. The various

materials used for floor covering of ground

floors are bricks, tiles, concrete, terrazzo,

mossaic, timber etc.

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TYPES OF GROUND FLOORS:

Murum/ Mud floors

Brick floors

Tile floors

Flag stone floors

Cement concrete floors

Terrazzo floors

Mosaic floors

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TYPES OF GROUND FLOORS:

Timber floors

Linoleum floors

Rubber floors

Cork floors

Asphalt floors

Glass floors

PVC floors

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BAMBOO FLOORING:

Bamboo flooring is made from a fast

growing renewable timber (technically

grass). It is natural anti-bacterial, water-

resistant and extremely

durable. DIY installation is easy, as

bamboo flooring is available with tongue-

and-groove technology familiar in

hardwood/laminate alternatives.

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BAMBOO FLOORING:

Bamboo flooring is often more expensive

than laminate, though it is generally

cheaper than traditional hardwood flooring.

Some bamboo floors are less sustainable

than others, as they contain the toxic

substance formaldehyde (rather than

natural-base adhesives).

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CORK FLOORING: Cork flooring is made by removing thebark of the Cork Oak (QuercusSuber) without harming the tree (ifharvested correctly); as such, it is arenewable and sustainable resource. It isnaturally anti-microbial and has excellentinsulation properties, ensuring minimalheat loss and comfortable warm walkingsurface

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CORK FLOORING:

Cork is resilient and 'springs back'

preventing imprints due to heavy traffic and

furniture, it also provides excellent noise

insulation. Cork is low in volatile organic

compounds (VOC) emissions, however it

is important to check the finish applied.

Cork is not suitable for bathrooms, as it

absorbs moisture.

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RUBBER FLOORING:Rubber flooring is made from a rubber

tree, a 100% renewable resource. It iseasy to install and maintain, is anti-staticand provides effective sound insulationand vibration reduction. Rubber flooring isalso resistant to fading and cigaretteburns. Some rubber flooring is made fromsynthetic rubber, this is not a sustainableproduct.

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TERRAZZO FLOORING:Terrazzo is a composite material, poured in place or precast, which is used for floor and wall treatments. It consists of marble, quartz, granite, glass or other suitable chips, sprinkled or unsprinkled, and poured with a binder that is cementitious, chemical, or a combination of both. Terrazzo is cured and then ground and polished to a smooth surface or otherwise finished to produce a uniformly textured surface.

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SUSPENDED FLOORS:

All the floors constructed above the level

of ground floor except the terrace or roof of

building.

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TYPES OF SUSPENDED FLOORS:

Timber floors

Steels joists and flag stone or precast

concrete slab floors

Jack arch floors

RCC floors

Reinforced brick floors

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FLOOR FINISHES OF SUSPENDED FLOORS:

The materials of construction for topping ofsuspended floors are known as floor finishesand the art of finishing the topping with asuitable finish is known as floor finishing.

Objects of floor finishes are: To provide ahard, clean, smooth, impervious and durablesurface. Also to achieve the desiredappearance that should be pleasing.

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REQUIREMENTS OF GOOD FLOOR FINISH:

Provide a clean, smooth and an impervious surface

Hard and durable surfaceGood resistance to fireShock absorbing qualitiesProvide a non slippery, noiseless and

resilient surfaceProvide pleasing appearance

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ISSUES WITH FLOORS:

Wood floors, particularly older ones, will

tend to 'squeak' in certain places. This is

caused by the wood rubbing against other

wood, usually at a joint of the subfloor.

Firmly securing the pieces to each other

with screws or nails will remove this

problem.

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ISSUES WITH FLOORS:Floor vibration is a particularly annoying

problem with floors. Wood floors tend topass sound, particularly heavy footsteps andlow bass frequencies. Floating floors canreduce or eliminate this problem. Concretefloors are usually so solid they do not havethis problem, but are also much moreexpensive to construct, and much heavier,resulting in further requirements regarding thestructure of the building.

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ISSUES WITH FLOORS:

The flooring may need protection

sometimes (e.g., a gym floor used for a

graduation ceremony).

A Gym floor cover can be used to reduce

the need to satisfy incompatible

requirements.

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Sustainable flooring:Sustainable flooring is produced from

sustainable materials (and by a sustainableprocess) that reduces demands onecosystems during its life-cycle. Some thinkthat sustainable flooring creates safer andhealthier buildings and guarantees a futurefor traditional producers of renewableresources that many communities depend on.

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GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF FLOORS:

Base course for all floors in contact withground shall consist of: a. 100 mm of sandlayer or stone filling b. Anyone of: 1. 100mm of lime concrete 2. 100 mm leancement concrete (1:8:16) 3. Flat singlebrick or flat brick blocks , having 25 mmwide joints filled with cement concrete(1:2:4).

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Earth filling shall be stopped at such a height to allowfull thickness of sand, base concrete and the correctthickness of surfacing.

Where WT is near the G.L, a suitable treatment shallbe provided to prevent the rise of moisture into thefloor.

A reference level shall be marked around on the walls150 mm or so above the floor level with the help of awater level (It usually consists of a can of waterconnected with a rubber tube of sufficient length to aglass tube which shows the level of water in can, whichis used to mark true horizontal lines)

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Base concrete shall be made in a uniform layer 10 cm thick absolutely true and parallel to the required finished surface.

The finishing surface (topping & paving) shall not be laid before the base concrete has set for at least 7 days.

The finishing surface shall be laid immediately after roughening the base course with a steel wire brush without disturbing the concrete and wetting its surface.

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For laying flooring over RCC slab in case of a suspended floor, a layer of 38 to 50 mm thick lean cement concrete (1:8:16) shall be properly laid and compacted over the slab to achieve a good bond.

The floors shall be laid perfectly level except bathroom and verandah floor, which shall have an outward slope of 1 in 60.

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GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR

DIFFERENT TYPES OF FLOORS:

A straight edge of length, not less than 2.5

m with parallel sides and a 250 mm long

spirit level shall be used for the purpose of

checking the trueness of floor being laid.

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REPAIR OF FLOORS:The art of removing the defects caused in

the floors due to wear, weathering, age, constructional shrinkage etc. is known as “Repair of floors”

The floors which are composed of separate units of tiles, slates or marble, can be easily repaired. The floors finished monolithically are difficult to repair satisfactorily.

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MAINTAINENCE OF FLOORS: The art of keeping the topping of floors clean,

smooth and free from defects by suitabletreatments.

Different floors for which maintenancemeasures are suggested are as follow:

A. Cement concrete floorsB. Terrazzo floorsC. Linoleum & Rubber floorsD. Asphalt floorsE. Wooden floors

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MAINTAINENCE OF FLOORS:

A. Cement concrete floors: It shall be daily swept clean with damp clothe. If surface of such floor is very dirty then wash

with solution of water and soap. In this case the soap film shall not be allowed to deposit on surface otherwise the surface is slippery and dull in appearance.

In no case soda. Acid etc. shall be used for cleaning such floors.

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B. Terrazzo floors: Wash periodically with clean water. And

occasionally shall be cleaned with dilute solution of oxalic acid after which they shall be swept clean with clothe and dried.

In no case soap shall be used as it is very slippery. Excessive polish, grease or oil also makes the surface slippery.

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C. Linoleum and Rubber floors: These are cleaned with a damp cloth by using

mild soap solution. Such floors shall be periodically wax polished.

And shall not be scrubbed with strong soap as it is injurious to such surfaces.

Excessive use of water shall also be avoided to avoid failure of sub floor.

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D. Asphalt floors:

Cleaned by washing with warm water and

some suitable detergent. Then clean with a

damp clothe.

Any spot of oil or grease will stick to such

spots and will provide an ugly look.

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E. Wooden floors:

These floors are maintained in good

conditions by frequent surface treatments.

These floors are easy to clean if in good

condition.

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1. Write short answers of the following questions:

What is difference between sub flooring and floor covering. What is difference between bridging joist and a binder in floor

system. What is purpose of providing a layer of coarse sand in case of a

ground floor. What is purpose of providing a hard core on the layer of sand in

ground floor. What is difference between a ground floor and a suspended floor. Differentiate between a monolithic and a bonded finish for laying

the topping of a floor. What do you understand by granolithic floor finish. What is terrazzo mix? Give the thickness of terrazzo as topping. In what situations Timber floors are preferred. What are requirements of a good floor finish.

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2. Write down the methods of constructions, advantages and suitability of following floors along with neat sketches where required.

a. Murum Floorsb. Brick Floorsc. Tile Floorsd. Flagstone floorse. Cement concrete floorsf. Terrazzo floorsg. Mosaic floorsh. Timber floorsi. Linoleum floorsj. Rubber floorsk. Cork floorsl. Asphalt floorsm. Glass floorsn. PVC floorso. TIMBER FLOORSp. PRECAST CONCRETE SLAB FLOORSq. JACK ARCH FLOORS

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3. MODEL TEST questions:

Q#16 to Q#25 (Page 13-42,

Floors ; in “BUILDING

CONSTRUCTION” by N.L

Arora & B.R Gupta)

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10/27/2014Prepared by: Engr Fazal E Jalal54

Date post:	07-Jul-2015
Category:	Engineering
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Floors and flooring

Engineering