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For Official Use Only
REPORT ON IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING OF DEMONSTRATIVE ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE SCHEME IN THE CAMPUS OF GOVINDA PAI MEMORIAL GOVERNMENT COLLEGE, MANJESHWAR, KASARGOD DISTRICT, KERALA
GOVT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD
NEW DELHI 2013
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CONTRIBUTORS
CGWB, KR, Trivandrum (Project Proponent)
Sh. D.S.C. Thambi, Regional Director Dr. Nandakumaran P, Regional Director
Sh. V.Kunhambu, Scientist D Sh.C. Raj Kumar, Scientist C
Sh. K.Balakrishnan, Scientist B
GovindaPai Memorial Govt. College, Manjeshwar, Kasargod Dt., Kerala. (Project Area Authority)
Sh. T.P.Surendran Nair, Principal Dr. Chandramohan, Principal
Sh. Sajan K, Secretary, PTA
Ground Water Department, Govt. of Kerala, District Office, Kasargod, Kerala. (Local Coordination)
Sh. P.Varadarajan, District Officer Sh. V.Sukumaran Nair, Hydrogeologist
Soil Conservation Unit, Dept. of Agriculture., Govt. of
Kerala(Implementing Agency)
Sh. V.Aboobacker, Addl.Director (Soil Conservation) Sh. K.Narayana Bhat, Addl.Director (Soil Conservation) Sh. V.M.Ashok Kumar, Dist. Soil Conservation Officer
Sh. M.Ajith Kumar, Soil Conservation Officer
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REPORT ON IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING
OF ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE SCHEME IN THE CAMPUS OF GOVINDA PAI MEMORIAL COLLEGE, MANJESHWAR,
KASARGOD DISTRICT, KERALA
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION ....................................................................................................................... 5 2. DESIGN OF ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE SCHEME .......................................................................................... 5
2.1 Site Selection ....................................................................................................................................... 6 2.2 Site Characteristics .............................................................................................................................. 6
2.2.1 Climate & rainfall ........................................................................................................................ 6 2.2.2 Land Use & Cropping Pattern ...................................................................................................... 8 2.2.3 Topographic Setting ..................................................................................................................... 8 2.2.4 Hydrogeology .............................................................................................................................. 8
2.3 Need & Justification for artificial recharge ......................................................................................... 9 2.4 Source Water Availability ................................................................................................................... 9 2.5 Recharge Structures Proposed ............................................................................................................ 9 2.6 Cost Estimates ................................................................................................................................... 10
3. SCHEME IMPLEMENTATION ......................................................................................................................... 19 4. IMPACT ASSESSMENT ...................................................................................................................................... 23
4.1 Monitoring of water levels in observation wells ............................................................................... 23 4.2 Enquiries on sustainability of wells .................................................................................................. 23 4.3 Improvement in Vegetative Cover in the Watershed ........................................................................ 23
5. MAINTENANCE OF ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE STRUCTURES ............................................................... 28 6. WAY FORWARD ................................................................................................................................................. 28 FIELD PHOTOGRAPHS ......................................................................................................................................... 29
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Location details of the site selected for implementation of demonstrative artificial recharge scheme in Govinda Pai memorial Govt. College, Manjeshwar. ................................................................... 6 Table 2: Long-term Average Monthly Rainfall in Kasargod district (1901-2000) ....................................... 8 Table 3: Monthly Rainfall in Kasargod district (2000-2009) ....................................................................... 8
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Table4: Artificial Recharge Structures Proposed ........................................................................................ 10 Table 5: Cost details of Artificial Recharge Structures Proposed in........................................................... 19 Table 6: Details of Artificial Recharge Structures Proposed & Constructed ............................................. 22 Table 7: Water Level Data of Observation Wells ....................................................................................... 25
Fig. 1: Location Map of Govinda Pai Memorial Govt. College, Manjeshwar, Kasargod District. .............. 7 Fig.2: Schematics of Artificial Recharge structures proposed .................................................................... 18 Fig.3: Locations of Artificial Recharge Structures constructed .................................................................. 21 Fig.4: Locations of observation wells monitored ........................................................................................ 24 Fig.5: Hydrographs of Observation Wells in the Downstream Area of AR Structures. ............................. 27
LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS
Plate-1: A Google Earth Map of Govinda Pai Memorial Govt. College and surrounding area. ................. 30 Plate-2: A view of the watershed before implementation of A.R Scheme ................................................. 30 Plate-3: Loose Boulder Check Dam across a small stream ......................................................................... 31 Plate-4: Gabion Check Dam across a small stream .................................................................................... 31 Plate-5: Contour bunds/trenches in sloping lands under construction ........................................................ 32 Plate-6: Recharge Pond with Check Dam in the middle reaches of the main stream ................................. 32 Plate-7: Circular Recharge Pit near outlet of the watershed ....................................................................... 33 Plate-8: A view of the channel after monsoons in 2010 ............................................................................. 33 Plate-IX: A view of the Circular Recharge Pit filled with water ................................................................ 34 Plate-X: Change in the vegetative cover over the watershed after implementation of artificial recharge & agrostology measures .................................................................................................................................. 35 Plate-XI: A view of the watershed after implementation of artificial recharge & agrostology measures .. 36
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REPORT ON IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING OF ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE SCHEME IN THE CAMPUS OF GOVINDA PAI MEMORIAL COLLEGE, MANJESHWAR, KASARGOD DISTRICT, KERALA
1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Kasargod district, forming the northern boundary of Kerala, is one of the districts in the State where water scarcity problems are being experienced with increasing regularity in the recent past. In spite of copious rainfall often exceeding 4000 mm., impervious sub-strata and steep slopes in a major part of the district does not offer much scope for conservation of the monsoon run-off either on the surface or subsurface. Ground water occurs under water table conditions in the weathered zone and under semi-confined conditions in the fracture zones in hard rocks. Water levels in the district range normally from 7 to 15 meters depending on the geomorphic settings and the prevailing hydrogeological conditions. Ground water extraction for domestic and irrigation uses is mainly from the phreatic aquifers in the weathered zone through dug wells. Bore wells are slowly becoming the preferred ground water abstraction structures in the district in recent years, owing mainly to the lack of sustainable yields from the dug wells as well as land availability constraints. According to the estimation of dynamic ground water resources of the State as in March 2011, the net ground water availability in the district is 327.90 Million Cubic Meter (MCM), whereas the existing ground water extraction for all uses is 234.80 MCM. The block-wise stage of ground water development ranges from 56.49 % in Parappa block to 92.01 % in Kasargod block. Based on the stage of ground water development and long-term trend of ground water levels, the district has one ‘critical’ block (Kasargod), three ‘semi-critical’ blocks (Kanhangad, Karadka & Manjeshwar) and two ‘safe’ blocks (Nileswaram & Parappa).
2. DESIGN OF ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE SCHEME
The prevailing climatic, geomorphological and hydrogeological conditions coupled with the water use pattern and the water scarcity problems makes the district an ideal choice for implementation of artificial recharge/ rainwater harvesting structures.
Accordingly, as part of the Central Sector Scheme on ‘Artificial Recharge to Ground Water’, a site was selected for implementation of a demonstrative scheme on artificial recharge to ground water in the campus of Govinda Pai Memorial College at Manjeshwar. The scheme was aimed at demonstrating cost-effective technologies suitable for water conservation and ground water recharge in the geomorphological and hydrogeological settings prevalent in Kasargod and nearby districts.
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2.1 Site Selection
The site for implementation of demonstrative artificial recharge scheme was selected on the basis of factors such as topography, geology, thickness of weathered zone, depth to water level and availability of source water for recharge. Based on study of Survey of India Toposheets, remote sensing imagery and field traverses, a micro-watershed in the premises of Govinda Pai Memorial Government High School, Manjeshwar, Kasargod district, Kerala was selected for implementation of the scheme.
The area identified for constructing recharge structures is located in Manjeshwar Block of Kasaragod district, comprising a micro watershed in 42 Acres of land owned by Govinda Pai Memorial Govt. College, Manjeshwar. A large quantity of rain water is lost as surface run off through the channel and streams during and immediately after the monsoon season. The location details are given in Table.1 and in Fig.1. Table 1: Location details of the site selected for implementation of demonstrative artificial recharge scheme in Govinda Pai memorial Govt. College, Manjeshwar.
1. District : Kasargod 2. Block : Manjeshwar 3. Panchayat : Manjeshwar 4. Village : Hosabette 5. Location : Govinda Pai Memorial Govt. College, Manjeshwar 6. Basin : West Coast Major 7. Sub-basin : Manjeshwar 8. Toposheet No. : 48 L/14 9. Co-ordinates : 12° 43’ 17” - 74° 53’ 43” 10. Access : Manjeshwar – Pavoor road on NH
2.2 Site Characteristics
2.2.1 Climate & rainfall
The area experiences southwest monsoon rainfall from June to September ,and northeast monsoon from October to December. Average rainfall of the area is about 3500mm, mean maximum temperature is 31.68°C and minimum temperature is 20.57°C. The long-term (1901-2000) monthly rainfall for Kasargod district is furnished in Table 2 and monthly rainfall data for the period 2000-2009 is given in Table 3.
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Fig. 1: Location Map of Govinda Pai Memorial Govt. College, Manjeshwar, Kasargod District, Kerala.
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Table 2: Long-term Average Monthly Rainfall in Kasargod district (1901-2000)
Table 3: Monthly Rainfall in Kasargod district (2000-2009)
2.2.2 Land Use & Cropping Pattern
The major part of the watershed is barren, with small plants and bushes here and there. In the downstream side the area is suitable for cultivation. Coconut, Arecanut, Plantains are the main agriculture crops of the area, grown in the downstream side of the watershed.
2.2.3 Topographic Setting
The micro water shed of Govinda Pai Memorial College of Manjeshwar is characterized by elevated and undulating topography comprising mainly two channels and several sub channels. These channels meet at a point from where a stream originates. The main channel, starting from the Southeastern side of the College building trend along North south. A long channel also starts from Southwest side of the college quarters also trend North south. The micro water shed is characterized by a narrow bottle necked out let through which to whole surface water escapes to the downstream. The seasonal streams trend along North-south.
2.2.4 Hydrogeology
The watershed is underlain thick laterite at the top followed by Archean crystalline rocks. The thickness of laterite ranges from 5-12 m. The major rock is Gneissic charnockite, with intrusions of dolerite. The Charnockite basement is highly disturbed tectonically, resulting in moderate to high yielding fracture zones at depth. Open wells tap phreatic aquifer mainly comprising laterites. They have depths of 9 to 15 m and mostly non-perennial. The average depth of bore wells in this area is 70 m, mostly tapping the fractured crystalline aquifers. The average water levels during pre- and post-monsoon periods are 11m and 7 m bgl respectively. The seasonal water level fluctuation ranges from 1 to 5 m. The ground water in the area is fresh and suitable for all uses, in general.
Jan Feb Mar April May Jun July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Total
4.4 2.4 12.1 51.7 216.6 996.2 1067.4 612.2 272.6 210.2 91.7 23.4 3560.9
YEAR Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual
2000 52.6 0 0 43.7 282 1107 638 451 92.4 232 21.6 17.4 2937.7
2001 0 1.2 0 135.2 417.2 1299.8 924.8 666 176.8 451 53.4 0 4125.4
2002 0 0 0 11.2 574.3 1012 416.4 570 122.6 699.5 92.6 0 3498.6
2003 0.4 0 10.7 36.8 30.2 1292 998.9 496.6 158.2 176.2 42.8 0 3242.8
2004 0 0 0 14.3 598.6 862.3 517.6 589.6 115 169.4 129.6 0 2996.4
2005 0.00 3.40 0.00 50.70 47.40 950.40 634.00 306.80 326.30 133.90 58.00 10.20 2521.10
2006 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 659.00 869.00 624.10 428.00 533.50 220.20 109.80 0.00 3444.60
2007 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.80 199.30 1268.30 735.50 787.20 631.40 169.00 53.50 0.00 3856.00
2008 0.00 2.60 295.00 133.40 63.20 1004.70 672.90 528.30 403.50 158.40 49.00 8.90 3319.90
2009 0.00 0.00 16.00 16.40 152.00 560.60 1238.20 446.00 330.90 76.70 294.20 9.80 3140.80
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2.3 Need & Justification for artificial recharge
Water available in the open wells are insufficient to meet the requirements, especially in the summer months and most of the open wells in this area get dried up during this period. Bore wells are now becoming the preferred ground water abstraction structures for domestic and irrigation purposes. Due to increasing extraction of ground water for irrigation, the water levels show declining trends in parts of the area. The farmers are facing acute shortage of water for irrigation during summer. The open wells and bore wells in the college campus are not sufficient to meet the water requirements of the college. Manjeshwar block is categorized as semi critical as in March 2009 on the basis of Stage of ground water development and long-term water level trends. Kasaragod District is also among the districts in Kerala which have been included in the special package announced by the Prime Minster for mitigating distress of farmers. Under these circumstances water conservation and recharge structures are considered to be very essential here.
2.4 Source Water Availability
The present proposal envisages utilizing the rainfall available in the micro watershed having catchment area of 42 Acres. The average rainfall for the last 12 years is 3500mm in Kasaragod district. The available quantity of rain water in the water shed is 3, 78,000 cu.m in a year. Considering a rain fall of 20 mm/day, the water available in the catchment area will be 33600 cu.m. A major portion of the water will be recharged by the proposed structures and the surplus water will be allowed to flow from the recharge pit situating at the out let.
2.5 Recharge Structures Proposed
The Govinda Pal Memorial College of Manjeshwar is located in a micro water shed comprising 42 Acres of land. A large quantity of rain water flows as surface run off through the channel and streams during the monsoon season. In order to augment the ground water recharge in the area, suitable streams are delineated for specific recharge structures in the area. In the upstream side the two important channels are joining at a place where a seasonal stream starts. It was proposed to construct 50 No. of loose boulder dams in the channels. It was also proposed to construct a sedimentation tank at a place where the two channels are joining. The rain water after sedimentation flows through the seasonal streams which again checked by constructing 6 No. of gabion check dams along the stream. A large recharge pit is also proposed at the out let of the water shed of size 20 m x 15 m x 5 m. It was also proposed to construct large number of trenches along the slope of the catchment area in order to check the surface flow and increase the ground water recharge. The details of the various structures proposed are shown in Table 4. Schematics of structures proposed are given in Fig.2.
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Table4: Artificial Recharge Structures Proposed in Govinda Pai Memorial Government College Campus, Manjeshwar, Kasargod district.
2.6 Cost Estimates
An estimate of Rs.24, 50,000/- (Rupees Twenty Four Lakhs and Fifty Thousand Only) was prepared by the Soil Conservation Department, Government of Kerala for construction of the recharge structures proposed. The details of structure-wise costs are furnished in Table 5.
Sl.No Type of Structure Numbers proposed 1 Loose boulder check dams in small streams (1 m wide) 60 2 Loose boulder check dams in small streams (3 m wide) 8 3 Loose boulder check dams in small streams (5 m wide) 4 4 Gabion Check Dams (5 m wide) 6 5 Gabion Check Dams (8m wide) 3 6 Side protection wall (Retaining wall) (Middle reach) 40 Running Meter 7 Side protection wall (Retaining wall) (Lower reach) 20 - do - 8 Recharging Pond with Check dam (Middle reach) 1 9 Circular Recharging Pond (Near outlet) 1 10 Contour trenches/bunds 10 Ha. 11 Planting trees and Agrostology measures 10 Ha.
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Fig.2: Schematics of Artificial Recharge structures proposed in the campus of Govinda Pai Memorial Govt. College, Manjeshwar, Kasargod district.
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Table 5: Cost details of Artificial Recharge Structures proposed in Govinda Pai Memorial Govt. College Campus, Manjeshwar, Kasargod District.
Sl.No Type of Structure Numbers proposed
Unit Cost (Rs.) Total Cost
1 Loose boulder check dams in small streams (1 m wide) 60 610.79 36647.40
2 Loose boulder check dams in small streams (3 m wide) 8 15935.00 127480.00
Loose boulder check dams in small streams (5 m wide) 4 30080.00 120320.00
Gabion Check Dams (5 m wide) 6 17395.00 104370.00 Gabion Check Dams (8m wide) 3 36905.00 110715.00 Side protection wall (Retaining wall)
(Middle reach) 40 R.M 1379.54 55181.00
Side protection wall (Retaining wall) (Lower reach) 30 R.M 2575.77 77273.10
Recharging Pond with check dam (Middle reach) 1 81000.00 81000.00
Circular Recharging Pond (Near outlet) 1 1043000.00 1043000.00
Contour trenches/bunds 10 Ha. 25000.00 250000.00
Planting trees and Agrostology measures 10 Ha. 5000.00 50000.00
Total 2055986.00 10% CP 205598.00 Total 2261584.00 Anticipated tender excess due to cost escalation (8%) 180926.00 Unforeseen and Contingencies 7490.00 GRAND TOTAL 2450000.00 3. SCHEME IMPLEMENTATION
The detailed project proposal and cost-estimates, duly approved by the District Level Technical Co-ordination Committee chaired by the District Collector, Kasargod and the State Level Technical Co-ordination Committee chaired by the Principal Secretary, Water Resources, Government of Kerala was forwarded for consideration of the Ministry of Water Resources. Approval of the Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India for implementation of the scheme at an estimated cost of Rs.24,50,000 was conveyed on 31.03.2009. The fund for implementation of the scheme was released in three installments as below:
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Sl.No Fund Sanctioned Installment Amount (Rs) Date of sanction 1 I 735000.00 31.03.2009 2 II 980000.00 11.08.2010 3 III 735000.00 27.06.2011
TOTAL 2450000.00 The scheme was implemented by the office of the District Soil Conservation Officer, Soil Conservation Department, Government of Kerala through private contractors selected through tendering process. The following personnel were associated with the implementation of the scheme. Central Ground Water Board, Kerala Region, Thiruvananthapuram
Shri D.S.S.Thambi, Regional Director Shri V.Kunhambu, Scientist-D Shri C. Raj Kumar, Scientist – C Shri K. Balakrishnan, Scientist – B
District Soil Conservation Office, Kasargod Soil Conservation Officer Asst. Soil Conservation Officer Construction of various artificial recharge structures, which commenced during October 2009 were completed by April 2010 for a total amount of Rs.21,02,088/-. During execution, certain inevitable deviations were necessitated due to actual site conditions and the same were effected which were approved in the VII District level Technical Advisory Committee meeting held on 17.9.2010 and ratified by the 3rd
* As funds were received after completion of the construction of structures, the amount transferred to the implementing agency was restricted to the actual amount over and above the funds released as 1
SLTAC meeting held on 27.10.2010. Details of the structures proposed and structures constructed, together with cost details are furnished in Table: 6.
Details of release of funds by CGWB, Kerala Region, Thiruvananthapuram to the District Collector & Chairman of the District level Technical Coordination Committee, Kasargod are shown below.
st and 2nd
Sl.No
installments. The Fund Utilization Certificates and work Completion Certificates in respect of the scheme are furnished in Annexures I and II respectively. Locations of artificial recharge structures constructed in the area are shown in Fig.3.
Fund Sanctioned Installment Amount (Rs) Date of sanction I 735000.00 31.03.2009 II 980000.00 11.08.2010 III 387088.00* 20.07.2011 2102088.00
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Fig.3: Locations of Artificial Recharge Structures constructed in Govinda Pai Memorial Govt. College Campus, Manjeshwar, Kasargod District, Kerala.
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Table 6: Details of Artificial Recharge Structures Proposed & Constructed
Sl.No. Structure No. of Structures proposed
No. of structures
constructed
Cost (Rs) Remarks
1 Loose Boulder Check Dam - 1m width 60
33 22304.00 Number of structures reduced as per site conditions. 2
–do- 3m width
8
8
77629.00
3 –do- 5m width 4
5
81758.00
Additional structure constructed to compensate for water storage not realized due to reduction in structures mentioned in Sl.No.1
4 Gabion check dam 5m width
6
6
114816.00
5 Gabion check dam 8m width
3 2
77064.00 Number of structures reduced as per site conditions.
6 Side protection wall at stream T2 (M/R) Rm
40 40
63735.00
No change
7 Side protection wall at stream T2 (L/R) Rm
30
30 89191.00 8 Recharge tanks at middle reach (5m dia)
1 1 88445.00
No change
9 Recharge tanks at outlet (20X15 m)
1 1 1137973.00 No change
10 Forming contour trenches (Ha)
10 6.80 ha 169428.00 Quantity reduced due to site condition.
11 Planting trees and Agrostology measures(Ha) 10 5 ha 12528.00 Quantity reduced due to site conditions.
12 12. Unforeseen and Contingencies* Retaining wall 48 Rm Retaining wall 30.5Rm
48 Rm
30.5 Rm
76481.00 90736.00
Taken up as per site conditions. Total 21,02,088.00
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4. IMPACT ASSESSMENT
The impact of the demonstrative artificial recharge scheme implemented was assessed through the following methods:
4.1 Monitoring of water levels in observation wells
A total of 9 observation wells were established in the downstream side of the project area to monitor the changes in water levels (Fig.4). Water level data of these wells, monitored at regular intervals during April 2010 to May 2012 are furnished in Table 7. The hydrographs of observation wells located on sloping lands and valleys from March 2010 to May 2012 are shown separately in Fig.5
The water level data and the hydrographs indicate rise in water levels in the ground water abstraction structures in the area after implementation of the scheme, indicating replenishment of the aquifers. Wells which were regularly becoming dry during peak summer have ceased to be so and the water columns available during summer months have increased significantly. The benefits are expected to become clearer within a few more years.
4.2 Enquiries on sustainability of wells
Enquiries with the local residents one year after implementation of the scheme on the improvement in the performance of ground water abstraction structures have revealed that the construction of artificial recharge in the watershed has substantially improved the sustainability of both dug wells and bore wells in the downstream side of the watershed. Improvements, both in terms of yields of bore wells and pumping hours have been reported, prompting the farmers in the area to either increase the command area of wells or to go for more water-intensive crops such as plantain.
4.3 Improvement in Vegetative Cover in the Watershed
Visits to the scheme area subsequent to the completion of the scheme have revealed a gradual increase in the vegetative cover in the watershed as a whole, partly due to growth of natural vegetation under better soil moisture availability and partly due to growth of sapling planted as part of agrostology measures taken up during the project. The vegetative cover over the watershed is expected to improve over the years, resulting in reduced soil erosion and better percolation of rain water into the sub-surface.
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Fig.4: Locations of observation wells monitored in the campus of Govinda Pai Memorial Govt. College campus, Manjeshwar, Kasargod district.
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Table 7: Water Level Data of Observation Wells in the Campus of Govinda Pai Memorial Govt. College, Manjeshwar, Kasargod district.
Well No.
Owner Well Type
Depth (m.bgl)
Diameter (m)
Depth to water level during Topography
Use 03/2010 05/2010 01/2011 08/2011 12/2011 05/2012
OW-1 Ms. Susheela Dug 14.37 2.5 14.37 14.37 10.09 9.00 10.30 13.87 Slope Domestic
OW-2 Balakrishna Shetty Dug 4.30 3 4.3 4.3 3.54 1.15 3.30 4.10 Valley Domestic
OW-3 Sasidhara Shetty Dug 9.30 3 8.80 8.40 5.20 3.40 5.24 7.34 Gentle Slope
Domestic
OW-4 Balakrishna Shetty Dug 6.65 2.75 5.70 5.95 3.47 1.60 3.33 3.13 Valley Irrigation OW-5 Narasimha Shetty Dug 7.73 2.5 6.53 6.84 4.13 2.10 4.12 6.51 Gentle
Slope Domestic
OW-6 Shivananda Dug 7.20 2.75 5.71 5.93 2.50 0.50 2.55 5.68 Valley Irrigation OW-7 Balakrishna Shetty Dug 4.32 4 x 5 3.19 3.32 0.80 0.20 0.60 3.01 Valley Domesti
c OW-8 Andhunji Dug 3.92 2.75 3.18 3.26 0.96 0.10 0.88 3.11 Valley Domesti
c OW-9 Nagaraja Naik Dug 6.90 10 x 5 5.80 5.98 3.20 1.30 3.25 5.76 Gentle
Slope Irrigation
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Fig.5: Hydrographs of Observation Wells in the Downstream Area of AR Structures constructed in the Campus of Govinda Pai memorial Govt. College, Manjeshwar, Kasargod District, Kerala.
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5. MAINTENANCE OF ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE STRUCTURES
As per the guidelines of the Demonstrative Artificial Recharge Schemes, the artificial recharge structures constructed under the schemes are to be maintained by the local beneficiary committees. Accordingly, the structures constructed under the scheme in the campus of Govinda Pai Memorial Government College, Kasargod were handed over to the representatives of the Parents & Teachers Association of the College in presence of the District Collector and the Chairman of the District Level Technical Coordination Committee, Kasargod on 28.03.2012. Copy of Handing Over – Taking Over report, duly signed, is furnished in Annexure – III.
6. WAY FORWARD
The implementation of demonstrative artificial recharge scheme in the campus of Govinda Pai Memorial Government College, Manjeshwar, Kasargod district, Kerala has been found to be effective in conserving the monsoon runoff at watershed level and also in replenishing the ground water resources in the area. The scheme has also demonstrated the types of recharge structures feasible for undulating terrains for cost-effective recharge augmentation structures. As the scheme has been implemented in the premises of an institution of higher learning, it has also helped create awareness among the students, teachers and local residents on the efficacy of recharge augmentation, which is likely to result in the replication of such initiatives in similar areas in other districts, especially in the midland areas of Kerala.
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FIELD PHOTOGRAPHS
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Plate-1: A Google Earth Map of Govinda Pai Memorial Govt. College, Manjeshwar and surrounding area.
Plate-2: A view of the watershed before implementation of A.R Scheme
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Plate-3: Loose Boulder Check Dam across a small stream
Plate-4: Gabion Check Dam across a small stream
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Plate-5: Contour bunds/trenches in sloping lands under construction
Plate-6: Recharge Pond with Check Dam in the middle reaches of the main stream
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Plate-7: Circular Recharge Pit near outlet of the watershed
Plate-8: A view of the channel after monsoons in 2010
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Plate-IX: A view of the Circular Recharge Pit filled with water
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Plate-X: Change in the vegetative cover over the watershed after implementation of artificial recharge & agrostology measures
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Plate-XI: A view of the watershed after implementation of artificial recharge & agrostology measures
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