1. ForWhomthe Bell Tolls By: Ernest Hemingway

2. TheAuthorErnest Hemingway 3. One of the most famous American novelist, short-story writer and essayist, whose deceptively simpleprose style have influenced wide range of writers.Hemingway was awarded the 1954 Nobel Prize forLiterature. He was unable to attend the awardceremonyin Stockholm,because he wasrecuperating from injuries sustained in an airplanecrash while hunting in Uganda. 4. Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961), born in Oak Park,Illinois, started his career as awriter in a newspaper officein Kansas City at the age ofseventeen.His father,ClarenceEdmondsHemingway was a physician,and his mother, Grace Hall-Hemingway, was a musician.Both were well-educated andwell-respected in theconservative community ofOak Park 5. After the United States entered the FirstWorld War, he joined a volunteerambulance unit in the Italian army.Serving at the front, he was wounded,was decorated bytheItalianGovernment, and spent considerabletime in hospitals. After his return to theUnited States, he became a reporter forCanadian and American newspapers andwas soon sent back to Europe to coversuch events as the Greek Revolution. 6. During the twenties, Hemingwaybecame a member of the group ofmigrant Americans in Paris, which hedescribed in his first important work, TheSun Also Rises (1926). Equally successfulwas A Farewell to Arms (1929), the studyof an American ambulance officersdisillusionment in the war and his role asa deserter. Hemingway used hisexperiences as a reporter during the civilwar in Spain as the background for hismost ambitious novel, For Whom theBell Tolls (1940). Among his later works,the most outstanding is the shortnovel, The Old Man and the Sea (1952),the story of an old fishermans journey,his long and lonely struggle with a fishand the sea, and his victory in defeat. 7. Hemingway - himself a great sportsman - liked to portraysoldiers, hunters, bullfighters - tough, at times primitivepeople whose courage and honesty are set against thebrutal ways of modern society, and who in thisconfrontation lose hope and faith. His straightforwardprose, his spare dialogue, and his predilection forunderstatement are particularly effective in his shortstories, some of which are collected in Men WithoutWomen (1927) and The Fifth Column and the First Forty-Nine Stories (1938). 8. During his final years, Hemingways behavior wassimilar to his fathers before he himselfcommitted suicide; his father may have had thegenetic disease hemochromatosis, in which theinability to metabolize iron culminates in mentaland physical deterioration. Medical recordsmade available in 1991 confirm thatHemingwayshemochromatosis had beendiagnosed in early 1961. His sister Ursula and hisbrother Leicester also committed suicide. Addedto Hemingways physical ailments was theadditional problem that he had been a heavydrinker for most of his life. 9. Hemingways family andfriends flew to Ketchumfor the funeral, whichwas officiated by thelocal Catholic priest, whobelieved the deathaccidental. In a press interview fiveyears later MaryHemingway admittedthat her husband hadcommitted suicide. 10. ForWhom the BellTolls 11. Characters 12. Robert Jordan Robert Jordan is the hero of the novel. He is a man of great bravery and loyalty. He is an American, and most of the Spaniards call him Inglis, which means English. He has been sent as a demolition expert to blow up a bridge in a strategicposition. He meets Maria, a girl taken prisoner by the Falangists who the guerillas rescued from a train they exploded, and they fall in love. He calls her little rabbit. He loves Spain and for that reason, he volunteered to fight in the war behind enemy lines. 13. Anselmo Anselmo is an old Spanish man. He is from the city of Barco de Avila, in Spain. He is sixty-eight years old. He is a hunter, and has a bear paw of which he is very proud. He believes that killing a man is a sin, and he cries when he has to shoot the sentry before they blow up the bridge. Anselmo is responsible for pulling the wire to detonate it, and is killed by a piece of flying steel. Robert Jordan respects him greatly and considers him his closest friend out of all the guerrillas. 14. Golz General Golz gives Robert Jordan his orders to blow up the bridge. Robert Jordan describes his features as thin and sharp. Robert Jordan, conflicted, often curses Golz, but knows that orders are orders. Robert Jordan sends him a dispatch when he realizes that the mission will fail because they dont have enough people, but it reaches him too late. 15. PabloPablo is the leader of the group of guerrilla men in themountains. He is a large and heavy peasant. He has led many successful and violent uprisings, including blowing up an enemy train and arranging for the massacre of over thirty fascists in his small town. However, there is much talk that he has now lost his nerve, has become cowardly, and is too afraid to die, and this is making him inactive. He is often sullen and defensive, and most of his men no longer trust or respect him. He thinks that blowing up the bridge is too big of a risk, and resents that Robert Jordan put them in danger. 16. The gypsy (Rafael) The gypsy is living in the mountains with Pablo and the others. He is a guerrilla, and eventually escapes with them. He is the subject of many ethnic slurs throughout the course of the book. At one point, Robert Jordan thinks that the gypsy is worthless and mentally unfit for war. This is after the gypsy left his post to hunt hares. 17. Maria:Maria is nineteen years old, the orphaned daughter of a mayor and his wife who were shot to death by the Falangists, a young radical enemy group. They captured her, shaved her head, and gang-raped her. As a result of her rape, she is probably unable to become pregnant. Pablos group, who carried her to safety and took her in, rescued her. She tells Robert Jordan about the rape and is afraid he will not love and marry her, but he understands and says he is proud of her and her family. When Robert Jordan has to stay behind, she desperately wants to stay with him, but he will not let this happen and wants her to continue life without him, and says that she will carry him with her always. 18. PilarPilar is Pablos woman. She is also Marias guardian after they rescue the poor girlfrom the train. El SordoEl Sordo is the leader of a band of guerillas, including Joaquin and Ignacio. Hisname means the deaf one because he is hard of hearing. He is loyal and brave AgustinAgustin is one of the men in Pablos band of guerrillas. He is loyal, but quick tojudge, and has a bad temper. He does not trust Pablo, and stands up to him often,but he knows that Pablo has the intelligence and talent necessary to be a goodguerrilla. 19. Primitivo Primitivo is a man, whom Robert Jordan describes as flat-faced, in Pablos band of guerrillas. AndrisAndris is a young man in Pablos band of guerrillas. He has abrother, Eladio. Robert Jordan sends him with the dispatch toGolz to cancel the attack. FernandoFernando is a young man in Pablos band of guerrillas. He is veryoptimistic and even naive throughout the book. During the attack, he isshot in the groin. He knows he must be left behind, and they leave himbehind with his gun 20. Plot Summary It is the late 1930s in Spain,during the Spanish Civil War,and a guerrilla group is in themountains behind enemylines. Robert Jordan plans toblow up a bridge, which theenemy uses to move trucks,tanks, and artillery. Pablo, theleader, objects to blowing upthe bridge, for it puts them indanger. Robert Jordanworries Pablo will betraythem. 21. They arrive at thecamp. A beautiful girl,Maria, brings stew.She and RobertJordan fall in love atfirst sight. RobertJordan meets Pabloswoman, a large andheavy peasant withgypsy blood. 22. One of the guerrillas, Anselmo, tells Robert Jordan thathe is a hunter and not a killer of men. They meetAgustn, whospeaks in a filthy manner, but is a loyalman. The gypsy Rafael says they want him to kill Pablo.Robert Jordan does not want to. That night, Robert andMaria make love. She confides that she has beenraped, and he says that if she is with him, all her painwill go away. 23. Pilar tells about howPablo arranged for themassacre of over thirtyfascists. She tells RobertJordan she is jealous ofhe and Maria and feelsold. Robert Jordan thinksabout how one can liveas fully in seventy hoursas in seventy years. 24. A bad snowstorm starts. Pablo is very drunk,and things get tense as they try to provokehim. He leaves, then announces that he is backwith them. Robert Jordan resents thesituation. He thinks of the Hotel Gaylord inMadrid, where he used to talk to his friendKarkov about wartime politics. 25. Robert Jordan shoots anenemy soldier who comesto the camp. They take hishorse. El Sordo goes to lookfor more horses and he andhis men are massacred. Theothers can do nothing.Robert Jordan sends Andrswith a dispatch for Golzasking him to cancelthe attack. He tells Maria ofa fantasy that they will livein Madrid. She tells himabout her rape whenFalangists took her townand shot her parents. 26. Pablo steals dynamite and equipment and disappears.He returns with five men, and they are shocked. RobertJordan feels optimistic again. Andrs reaches brigadeheadquarters. Commander Andr Marty is crazy andlocks him up and confiscates the dispatch. Karkovarrives and gets it back. They are able to reach Golz,who says they are all screwed. At dawn, Robert Jordan and Anselmo shoot thesentries and blow the bridge. The impact kills Anselmo. 27. While escaping, Robert Jordans horse falls onhis leg, breaking it. Maria is grief-stricken andhe says she must leave, but she will carry himwith her always. They leave, and RobertJordan knows he must keep himself consciousso that he can kill one of the approachingenemy officers to delay them on the trail of hisfriends. 28. Places and Objects bridge: Robert Jordan is sent as an explosives expert todemolish the bridge. It is made of steel. The enemy sendstrucks and troops over the bridge. After the bridge isdemolished, the guerrillas will attack the enemy, thenrepair the bridge and retreat. La Granja: La Granja is a city in Spain. The roadon eitherside of the bridge leads there in one direction, and theguerrillas are constantly looking for reports of what ishappening there. Segovia: Segovia is a city in Spain. The guerillas hope to goas far as Segovia and perhaps take the city when theyfinish with the attack and the bridge. They see manyenemy planes coming to and from Segovia. 29. Vicente Rojo: Vicente Rojo is the man who made the planfor the attack and demolition of the bridge. Vicente Rojo: Vicente Rojo is the man who made the planfor the attack and demolition of the bridge. miquina: Spanish for machine, it refers to the automaticrifles. Ayuntamiento: The Ayuntamiento, or city hall, is wherePablo keeps the fascists until they come out into the plazaand are beaten by the two lines of men with clubs. tortillera: Spanish colloquialism for lesbian. Literally meanstortilla maker. Pilar says that although she wants Maria tobe happy, she still is jealous of Robert Jordan, but is not atortillera. 30. camp: The guerrillas have their camp inside acave. They live, sleep, and eat there. It is inthe mountains, with a pine forest around them,and it is behind fascist lines. They leave the campwhen they advance on their attack. Custer: Custer was a fairly famous general in theAmerican Civil War Falangists: Falangists were a group of young,conservative, violent, extremely radical leaders.They believed in authoritarianism andnationalism. 31. Bullbaiting: Bullbaiting is a sport in which themen hold onto the bull while it tries to throwthem off. Spanish Civil War: The Spanish Civil War tookplace from 1936 to 1939 resulting in thedictatorship of General Francisco Franco,which lasted until his death in 1975. TheRepublicans were pro-democracy and theNationalists were anti-democracy. 32. ThemesBraveryExample Chapter 1: Though Pablo was once a fearless and mercilessfighter, they all know that he has lost much of his bravery, and isvery afraid of dying. He says that the horses are strong, but hewill be hunted down and killed. Robert Jordan notices his sullendemeanor right away upon meeting him, and is afraid that Pabloscowardice will lead to betrayal. 33. ForeignersExample Chapter 1: Pablo is upset that a foreigner, RobertJordan, is putting them in danger by following hisorders to blow the bridge. Robert Jordan does not feellike a foreigner because he has lived in Spain for tenyears, and tells Pablo that he wishes he had been bornin Spain, and that his orders are his orders. 34. LoyaltyExample Chapter 3: Anselmo tells Robert Jordan that ElSordo and Agustn are both good and loyalmen. He also tells him that while he does nottrust Pablo, they must proceed with cautionbecause the mountains are Pablos territory. 35. WomenExample Chapter 2 : We meet the two major female charactersof the book at the camp. Maria is beautiful, quiet, andsubmissive; she and Robert Jordan fall in love at firstsight. In contrast, Pilar is a rough and large peasantwoman who uses obscenities frequently and alwaysstands up for herself aggressively. 36. TheEnd