Foreign Relations of Egypt

Foreign relations of EgyptFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Foreign relations of the Arab Republic of Egypt are the Egyptian government's external relationswith the outside world. Egypt's foreign policy operates along a non-aligned level. Factors such aspopulation size, historical events, military strength, diplomatic expertise and a strategic geographicalposition give Egypt extensive political influence in the Middle East, Africa, and within theNon-Aligned Movement as a whole. Cairo has been a crossroads of the Arab world's commerce andculture for centuries, and its intellectual and Islamic institutions are at the center of the region'ssocial and cultural landmarks.

Contents

1 Middle East and North Africa

1.1 Relations with Africa

1.2 Arab relations

1.3 Israeli-Palestinian conflict

1.4 Iran

1.5 Iraq

1.6 Israel

1.7 Jordan

1.8 Libya

1.9 Morocco

1.10 Somalia

1.11 Sudan

2 Europe

2.1 European Union

2.2 Other European countries

2.3 Americas

2.3.1 Military cooperation

2.3.2 War on Terror

2.3.3 Post-Mubarak relations with U.S.

3 Rest of world

4 International involvement

5 See also

6 References

7 External links

Foreign relations of Egypt - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Egypt

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Middle East and North Africa

Relations with Africa

In the 21st-century Egypt has encountered a major problem with immigration, as millions of Africansattempt to enter Egypt fleeing poverty and war. Border control methods can be "harsh, sometimeslethal." This has strained relations with Egypt's southern neighbors, and with Israel and the

members of the EU as these immigrants attempt to move on to wealthier countries.[1]

Egypt currently disputes sovereignty of the Hala'ib Triangle with Sudan, an area of land located onthe Red Sea coast, between the political borders (at the 22nd circle of latitude) and theadministrative boundary between the two countries.

Arab relations

The Arab League headquarters is in Cairo, and the Secretary General of the League is traditionallyan Egyptian. Former Egyptian Foreign Minister Nabil Araby is the present Secretary General of theArab League. Egyptian Deputy Prime Minister Boutros Boutros-Ghali served as Secretary General ofthe United Nations from 1991 to 1996.

Egypt is on good terms with Libya, its western neighbor.

Egypt has fairly good relations with Sudan, its southern neighbor, although it has a land dispute withSudan over the Hala'ib Triangle, a small area of land on the Egypt-Sudan border on the Red Seacoast. Sudan claims the area. Egypt's policy on Sudan is that it is in favor of a united Sudan. Assuch Egypt was not directly involved in the Sudan Peace Process that was hosted in Kenya underthe auspices of IGAD and that gave the peoples of south Sudan the right to secede and form anindependent state in 2011 after the long and brutal Sudanese civil war that cumulatively lasted morethan 40 years and claimed over 2 million lives. In ancient times Egypt also had strong trading withPunt.They traded cloth, grain, copper, papyrus, and gems for items such as myrrh, ebony, ivory, andwild animals.

Israeli-Palestinian conflict

Egypt has been seeking to play a role in the resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

Egypt played an important role in the negotiations leading to the Madrid Conference of 1991, which,under United States and Soviet sponsorship, brought together all parties in the region, including forthe first time a Palestinian delegation, to discuss Middle East peace.

This support has continued to the present, with President Hosni Mubarak often interveningpersonally to promote peace negotiations. In 1996, he hosted the Sharm El-Sheikh "Summit of thePeacemakers" attended by President Bill Clinton and other world leaders.

In 2000, he hosted two summits at Sharm El-Sheikh and one at Taba in an effort to resume theCamp David negotiations suspended in July 2000, and in June 2003, Mubarak hosted PresidentGeorge W. Bush for another summit on Middle East peace process. Another summit was convenedin Sharm El Sheik in early 2005, which was attended by Egypt, Israel, the Palestinian Authority andJordan. The Egyptian Chief of Intelligence, General Omar Suleiman, has played a substantial role in


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negotiations between the Israeli and Palestinian sides and is highly respected on both sides.

Iran

In 1939, diplomatic relations between Egypt and Iran were upgraded to ambassadorial level, andYoussef Zulficar Pasha was appointed as Egypt's first ambassador in Tehran. In the same year,Princess Fawzia of Egypt, the sister of King Farouk I, married Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the thencrown prince (later shah) of Iran. However, since the 1979 Islamic Revolution, Egypt's relations with

Iran have been mostly strained. Egypt is the only Arab country not to have an embassy in Iran.[2]

Contentious issues include Egypt's signing of the Camp David Accords with Israel in 1979, itssupport for Iraq in Iran's eight-year conflict, the Islamic Republic's hailing of Khalid Islambouli, thelate President Anwar Sadat's assassin as a religious hero, seeing as there was both a street andmural named after him (however, the honorer was changed to Muhammad al-Durrah, the 12-year-oldPalestinian boy shot and killed during the outset of the Second Intifada), and close Egyptianrelations with the United States, and most of the Western European countries. In 2007, relationsbetween the two have thawed in the fields of diplomacy and economic trade, only to collapse duringthe 20082009 IsraelGaza conflict when the Iranian and Egyptian politicians exchanged blamesover inaction towards the escalation. Despite wavering tensions between Tehran and Cairo, the twocountries are members of the OIC and the Developing 8

In 2010, leaked diplomatic cables revealed that Mubarak expressed animosity toward Iran in privatemeetings, saying the Iranian leaders are "big, fat liars", and that Iran's backing of terrorism is "well-

known".[3] According to one American report, Mubarak views Iran as the primary long-term challengefacing Egypt, and an Egyptian official said that Iran is running agents inside Egypt in an effort tosubvert the Egyptian regime. he also stated that if Iran will reach a nuclear weapons, Egypt will also

consider reaching such weapons.[4]

Iraq

Since 1983, Iraq has repeatedly called for restoration of Egypts natural role among Arab countries.In January 1984, Iraq successfully led Arab efforts within the OIC to restore Egypts membership.However, Iraqi-Egyptian relations were broken in 1990 after Egypt joined the UN coalition that forcedIraq out of Kuwait. Relations have steadily improved in recent years, and Egypt is now one of Iraqsmain trade partners (formerly under the Oil-for-Food Programme).

Israel

The state of war between both countries which dated back from the 1948 ArabIsraeli War ended in1973 with the EgyptianIsraeli Peace Treaty a year after the Camp David Accords. Since then,relations have improved. Egypt has an embassy in Tel Aviv and a general consulate in Eilat. Israelhas an embassy in Cairo and a general consulate in Alexandria.

Being a pioneer of peace making in the region and driven from its belief that a peaceful Middle Eastis the best solution for the development of Egypt, the third Egyptian President Anwar Sadat'sgroundbreaking trip to Israel in 1977, the 1978 Camp David Accords, and the 1979 Egypt-IsraelPeace Treaty represented a fundamental shift in the politics of the region; from a strategy ofconfrontation to one of peace as a strategic choice. Egypt was subsequently ostracized by otherArab states and ejected from the Arab League from 1979 to 1989.


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However, due to circumstances of today's Israeli-Palestinian conflict, full normalization of relationsbetween these two countries is still halted and sometimes fought against in both countries. TheEgyptian ambassador to Tel Aviv is often withdrawn, and the peace has been called a cool peacedue to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

Jordan

Diplomatic relations between the Egyptian and Jordanian government existed since Jordan becameindependent in 1946. On April 6, 1972 the Egyptian government severed relations in protest for aJordanian plan for federation with the West Bank, which didn't take PLO interests unto

considerations. These relations were restored on September 11, 1973.[5] They were severed again in1979, this time by the Jordanian government, in protest for the Israeli-Egyptian peace treaty.Following the outbreak of the Lebanon War of 1982, the US government put pressure on bothgovernments to reach accommodation for the purpose of formulating a joint peace strategy vis-a-vis

the Israeli government,[6] and relations were restored on September 25, 1984.

Libya

After the neighboring countries of Egypt and Libya both gained independence in the early 1950s,relations were initially cooperative. Libya assisted Egypt in the 1973 Arab-Israeli War. Later, tensions

arose due to Egypt's rapprochement with the west.[7] Following the 1977 LibyanEgyptian War,

relations were suspended for twelve years.[8] However, since 1989 relations have steadily improved.With the progressive lifting of UN and US sanctions from 20032008, the two countries have been

working together to jointly develop their oil and natural gas industries.[9]

Morocco

Since independence, the two nations have maintained warm relations. Both being predominantlyArab countries they are members of the Arab League, GAFTA, WTO, the Organisation of IslamicCooperation, the Council of Arab Economic Unity and the United Nations.

Somalia

Relations between the territories of present-day Egypt and Somalia stretch back to antiquity.[10] Inthe Middle Ages and early modern era, the various Somali Sultanates also maintained close relations

with their counterparts in Egypt.[11]

During the ensuing colonial period, Egypt and Somalia kept close ties through the UN delegate toSomalia Kamal El Din Salah, who supported the territorial integrity of the Somali territories. Uponindependence of the Somali Republic in 1960, Egypt was among the first nations to recognize the

nascent country.[10] In 1969, Egypt and Somalia were among the founding members of theOrganisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). Both nations are also members of the League of ArabStates.

After the start of the civil war in Somalia in 1991, Egypt maintained diplomatic relations with theTransitional National Government and its successor the Transitional Federal Government, andsupported their state-building initiatives. As part of the International Contact Group, the Egyptianauthorities participated in various global summits in support of the Somalian peace process,


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including the Khartoum Conference in 2006, the Djibouti Conference in 2008, and the Cairo

Conference in 2010.[10]

The subsequent establishment of the Federal Government of Somalia in August 2012 was welcomedby the Egyptian authorities, who re-affirmed Egypt's continued support for Somalia's government, its

territorial integrity and sovereignty.[12]

Sudan

Egypt and Sudan have enjoyed intimate and longstanding historical ties, seeing as they are eachother's closest allies in the North African region. The two countries are connected by various culturalties, and political aspirations.Sudan showed great solidarity with Egypt in its Camp David peaceinitiatives with Israel in the late 1970s. In 2008, Egyptian Prime Minister Ahmed Nazif urged the twocountries to focus on two specific projects: the Aljazera project which aims to cultivate some twomillion acres (8,000 km) of land in Sudan, and a joint project to improve food security in agriculturaland meat production.

Europe

European Union

European Union relations with Egypt are based on a partnership relation within the Euro Mediterranean and Middle East area, which is of vital strategic importance and a key externalrelations priority for the EU.The Euro-Mediterranean Partnership launched at the 1995 Barcelona Conference between theEuropean Union and its originally 12 Mediterranean Partners: Algeria, Cyprus, Egypt, Israel, Jordan,Lebanon, Malta, Morocco, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, and the Palestinian Authority. Libya currently hasobserver status at certain meetings. Since the enlargement, in May 2004 and January 2007, theco-operation covers 35 countries, the EU of 27, including Cyprus and Malta and the 10Mediterranean Partners.

Egypt has also taken an active role regarding Euro-Mediterranean Partnership, such as itsparticipation in the technical meeting of which it was the speaker for the Arab group. Additionally, thefirst meeting of the Euro-Mediterranean Parliamentary assembly was co-chaired by an Egyptian.

Egypt has been one of the leading recipients among the Mediterranean partners in terms of totalfunds received from the MEDA programme, the principal financial instrument of the European Unionfor the implementation of the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership. It is focused on policy-led, nationalstructural reform and liberalisation programmes with a sector-wide approach.

The EU is Egypts biggest trading partner currently accounting for 42% of Egyptian exports and 37%of imports, with the balance of trade still in the EU's favour. Trade between the EU and Egypt hasrisen by more than 5% in the last five years to reach around 11.6 billion euro in 2004. Egypts mainexports to the EU in 2004 were energy (39%), textiles and clothing (15%), agricultural products (9%),and chemicals (5%). Major imports from the EU were power generating machinery (21%), chemicals(16%), transport equipment (16%), and food and agricultural products (10%). Egypt has a seriousbut improving trade deficit that has put considerable pressure on the Egyptian pound.

Trade relations with the EU are good although there are several outstanding trade and phyto-


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sanitary issues. These range from specific market access issues and difficulties for businessesfacing a highly regulated and complex system through to restrictions in the export of agriculturalgoods (potatoes) and fishery products because they do not conform with EU quality norms.

Egypt is included in the European Union's European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) which aims atbringing the EU and its neighbours closer.

Some time after the starting of the Arab Spring, in March 2011 the European Union adopted the jointdeclaration A partnership for democracy and shared prosperity with the Southern Mediterranean',aimed at making a number of initiatives in the field of civic society support, financial assistance and

further access to the EU market dependent upon advancement in the democratization process.[13]

As far as Egypt was concerned this declaration envisioned the further deepening of the previousFree Trade Agreement stipulated in 2004, geared towards the inclusion of areas such as trade inservices, government procurement, competition, intellectual property rights, and investmentprotection. To the 2011 declaration, a preliminary phase of the negotiations followed in June 2013,when the EU and Egypt began an exploratory dialogue on how to deepen trade and investmentrelations, in particular through the possible negotiation of a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade

Agreement (DCFTA).[14]

Following the bloody crackdown in August 2014, European Union discussed the possibility of

revising provision of aid to Egypt.[15] However, divisions over the appropriate stance to adopt amongEuropean diplomats persisted, coupled by the fear that the vacuum might be soon filled by other

actors, following a Saudi Foreign Minister's declaration that the Kingdom was ready to step in[16] and

those of Prime Minister Hazem al Beblawi about the possibility to appeal to Russia for foreign aid.[17]

Therefore, the only measure upon which the Foreign Ministers agreed was to suspend the sale of

arms and materials that could be used for repression,[16] but fell short to halt aid program whichcould damage civil society.

Earlier in July 2013, EU High Representative Catherine Ashton had visited Egypt in an attempt topromote reconciliation among the parties involved. She is credited for being the only foreign diplomat

to get access to deposed president Mohamed Morsy.[18] In an official statement released at the endof a following visit held in April 2014, the Representative raised the issue of the death penalties and

incarceration of journalists and activists.[19] At the same time, her declarations about former general

al Sisis bid for candidacy to the presidential elections as difficult but brave[20] sparked harshcriticism among supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood, who claimed the Representative, whoadvanced logistical reasons, did not make any efforts to get in touch with them and members of the

Anti-Coup alliance.[21]

In April 2014 European Union agreed to conduct electoral monitoring, for the first time, in occasion ofthe Presidential elections scheduled for 26/27 May 2014. Other organizations declined to join, as in

their opinion this would legitimize an unlawful take on power.[22]

Other European countries


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CountryFormal

relationsestablished

Notes

Armenia 1992-03-01 See ArmeniaEgypt relations

Egypt was one of the first countries in the Arab world

which recognized the independent Armenia in 1991.

In May 1992, the first diplomatic mission of the

Republic of Armenia in the Arab East was inaugurated

in Cairo.[23]

Egypt has an embassy in Yerevan.

Egypt had a sizable Armenian community since the

19th century. Many ethnic Armenian Egyptians remain

in Egypt to this day.

Bulgaria See BulgariaEgypt relations

Bulgaria has an embassy in Cairo.[24] Egypt has anembassy in Sofia.

Croatia See CroatiaEgypt relations

Cyprus See CyprusEgypt relations

Diplomatic relations between both countries wereestablished soon after Cyprus gained its independence in1960. Cyprus has an embassy in Cairo and Egypt has anembassy in Nicosia.

During an April 2009 meeting at ministerial level, thecountries explored ways to develop closer ties, with plans forincreased collaboration both on tourism and energy relatedactivities. There has been talk of Cyprus increasing herimports of natural gas, Egypt using Cyprus as a bridge forexports to Europe and on prospects for the training ofCypriot engineers by their Egyptian counterparts on

techniques for the extraction of oil and natural gas.[25]

Denmark See DenmarkEgypt relations

Denmark has an embassy in Cairo and an honorary

consulate in Alexandria.[26]

Egypt has an embassy in Copenhagen.

Both countries are full members of the Union for the


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Notes

Mediterranean.

Finland 1947-02-15Finland recognised Egypt on April 8, 1922.

Egypt broke off diplomatic relations on January 5,

1942 but diplomatic relations were re-established on

February 15, 1947.

Egypt has an embassy in Helsinki.

Finland has an embassy in Cairo (since July 1, 1959)

and an honorary consulate general in Alexandria.

Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland about Egypt

(http://formin.finland.fi/public

/default.aspx?nodeid=17207&culture=en-

US&contentlan=2)

France See EgyptFrance relations

Egypt has an embassy in Paris and a consulate-

general in Marseille.[27]

France has an embassy in Cairo and a consulate-

general in Alexandria.[28]

Georgia 1992-05-11Egypt is represented in Georgia through its embassy

in Yerevan (Armenia).

Georgia has an embassy in Cairo.[29]

Georgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about the relation

with Egypt (http://www.mfa.gov.ge

/index.php?sec_id=358&lang_id=ENG)

Georgian foreign minister visits Egypt (http://news-

en.trend.az/politics/foreign/1451568.html)

Germany 1957-12[30] See EgyptGermany relations

Egypt has an embassy in Berlin, as well as consulates

in Frankfurt and Hamburg.

Germany has an embassy in Cairo.


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Americas


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Notes

ArgentinaArgentina has an embassy in Cairo.[40]

Egypt has an embassy in Buenos Aires.[41]

List of Treaties ruling relations Argentina and Egypt

(Argentine Foreign Ministry, in Spanish)

(http://www.mrecic.gov.ar/portal/seree/ditra/eg.html)

Egyptian-Argentinean relations - From the Egypt State

Information Service (http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/Politics

/Foreign/LatinAmerica/EArelations

/040312050000000001.htm)

CanadaBoth countries established embassies in their respectivecapitals in 1954.

Canada has an embassy in Cairo.[42]

Egypt has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-

general in Montreal.[43]

Mexico 31 March 1958Egypt has an embassy in Mexico City.[44]

Mexico has an embassy in Cairo.[45]

UnitedStates

1882After the 1973 Arab-Israeli War, Egyptian foreign policybegan to shift as a result of the change in Egypt'sleadership from President Gamal Abdel-Nasser to AnwarSadat and the emerging peace process between Egypt andIsrael. Sadat realized that reaching a settlement of theArab-Israeli conflict is a precondition for Egyptiandevelopment. To achieve this goal, Sadat ventured toenhance US-Egyptian relations to foster a peace processwith Israel. After a seven-year hiatus, both countriesreestablished normal diplomatic relations on February 28,1974.

Military cooperation

Following the peace treaty with Israel, between 1979 and2003, the US has provided Egypt with about $19 billion inmilitary aid, making Egypt the second largest non-NATO


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recipient of US military aid after Israel. Also, Egypt receivedabout $30 billion in economic aid within the same timeframe. In 2009, the US provided a military assistance ofUS$1.3 billion (inflation adjusted US$ 1.43 billion in 2015),and an economic assistance of US$250 million (inflation

adjusted US$ 274.8 million in 2015).[46] In 1989 both Egyptand Israel became a Major non-NATO ally of the UnitedStates.

Military cooperation between the US and Egypt is probablythe strongest aspect of their strategic partnership. GeneralAnthony Zinni, the former Commandant of the US CentralCommand (CENTCOM), once said, "Egypt is the mostimportant country in my area of responsibility because of theaccess it gives me to the region." Egypt was also describedduring the Clinton Administration as the most prominentplayer in the Arab world and a key US ally in the MiddleEast. US military assistance to Egypt was considered part ofthe administration's strategy to maintaining continuedavailability of Persian Gulf energy resources and to securethe Suez Canal, which serves both as an importantinternational oil route and as critical route for US warshipstransiting between the Mediterranean and either the IndianOcean or the Persian Gulf.

The Egyptian military provides indirect support for theforeign policy of Egypt in the region. Egypt is the strongestmilitary power on the African continent, and according toJaffee Center for Strategic Studies' annual Middle EastStrategic Balance, the second largest in the Middle East,after Israel.

War on Terror

Despite differences and periods of friction in relationsbetween the two countries, the US-Egyptian relations underMubarak have evolved moving beyond the Middle Eastpeace process towards an independent bilateral friendship.It was in the US interest that Egypt was able to presentmoderate voice in Arab councils and persuade other Arabstates to join the peace process and to normalize theirrelations with the US.

However lately Egyptian-American relations have become alittle tense. This is due to a great extent to the Egyptianunwillingness to send troops to Afghanistan and Iraq in


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peace stabilization missions. Egypt strongly backed the USin its war against international terrorism after the September11 attacks, but refused to send troops to Afghanistan duringthe war and after it. Egypt also opposed US militaryintervention of March 2003 in Iraq, continued to oppose USoccupation of the country after the war and further refusedto comply with US requests to send troops to the countryeven under a UN umbrella.

The issue of participation in the post-war construction effortsin Iraq has been controversial in Egypt and in the Arab worldas a whole. Opponents say that the war was illegal and it isnecessary to wait until Iraq has legal representativegovernment to deal with it. On the other hand supporters ofparticipation argued that the responsibility to protect Iraqisand to help them in time of crisis should prevail and guidethe Egyptian action in Iraq, despite the fact that the Iraqis donot agree.

Post-Mubarak relations with U.S.

On January 21, 2012, the U.S. Secretary of TransportationRay LaHood's son, Sam, was detained by the Egyptiangovernment and not allowed to leave the country as part of apolitically charged criminal investigation by the Egyptiangovernment into the activities of non-governmentalorganizations (NGOs) monitoring local elections in Egypt.LaHood's son is the Egypt director of the InternationalRepublican Institute. The Egyptian government has detained

twelve NGO representatives from leaving Egypt.[47]

On February 5, 2012, Egyptian authorities chargedLaHood's son and 42 other individuals with "spendingmoney from organizations that were operating in Egyptwithout a license." Nineteen Americans are part of the 42charged. The U.S. government has made it clear that $1.5billion in U.S. aid to Egypt could be withheld if theinvestigation is not finished quickly. Faiza Abu Naga, Egypt'sMinister of International Cooperation, is seen as the personpushing the investigation forward, straining U.S. and Egypt

relations.[48]

Egypt has an embassy in Washington, DC and

consulates-general in Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles

and New York City.[49]


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Notes

United States has an embassy in Cairo.[50]

UruguayEgypt has an embassy in Montevideo.[51]

Uruguay has an embassy in Cairo.[52]

Rest of world


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RelationsBegan

Notes

Australia 1950 See AustraliaEgypt relations

Australia has an embassy in Cairo.[53]

Egypt has an embassy in Canberra and 2 Consulates-

General (in Melbourne and Sydney).[54][55]

Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade

about relations with Egypt (http://www.dfat.gov.au

/geo/egypt/index.html)

BangladeshEgypt has an embassy in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Bangladesh has an embassy in Cairo, Egypt.

Egypt was one of the first Arab states to recognize

Bangladesh's independence.[56] President Anwar Al Sadatenjoyed a close rapport with Bangladesh's founder SheikhMujibur Rahman. In 1973, Egypt gifted 30 tanks to theBangladesh Army.

Both nations are members of the OIC and the Developing 8Countries, and identified among the Next Eleven economies.Present-day relations are characterized by a growing tradeand economic relationship. The Cairo-based telecom giantOrascom owns Bangladesh's second largest mobile operatorBanglalink.

China

India See EgyptIndia relations

Modern Egypt-India relations go back to the contacts betweenSaad Zaghloul and Mohandas Gandhi on the common goalsof their respective movements of independence. In 1955,Egypt under Gamal Abdul Nasser and India under JawaharlalNehru became the founders of the Non-Aligned Movement.During the 1956 War, Nehru stood supporting Egypt to thepoint of threatening to withdraw his country from theCommonwealth of Nations. In 1967, following the Arab-Israeliwar, India supported Egypt and the Arabs. In 1977, New Delhidescribed the visit of President Anwar al-Sadat to Jerusalemas a "brave" move and considered the peace treaty betweenEgypt and Israel a primary step on the path of a justsettlement of the Middle East problem. Major Egyptianexports to India include raw cotton, raw and manufactured


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RelationsBegan

Notes

fertilizers, oil and oil products, organic and non-organicchemicals, leather and iron products. Major imports into Egyptfrom India are cotton yarn, sesame, coffee, herbs, tobaccoand lentils. The Egyptian Ministry of Petroleum is alsocurrently negotiating the establishment of a naturalgas-operated fertilizer plant with another Indian company. In2004 the Gas Authority of India Limited, bought 15% of EgyptNat Gas distribution and marketing company.

In 2008 Egyptian investment in India was worth some 750

million dollars, according to the Egyptian ambassador.[57]

President Mubarak of Egypt visited India in 2008. During the

visit he met Prime Minister Manmohan Singh.[58]

Indonesia 1946 See EgyptIndonesia relations

Indonesia has an embassy in Cairo and Egypt has an

embassy in Jakarta.

Egypt was one of the first countries to recognize

Indonesia's independence.

Gamel Abdel Nasser of Egypt and Sukarno of Indonesia

were two of the five founding members of the

Non-aligned Movement.

Both countries are members of the OIC, the

Non-aligned Movement, and the G20 developing

nations.

Japan See Egypt-Japan relations

Egypt-Japan relations are described by the Egyptian

ambassador to Japan as a "very strong friendship",[59] with

embassies mutually established.[60] At present, the twonations maintain a cordial relationship with strong economic

and trade relations.[61]

KazakhstanEgypt has an embassy in Almaty, Kazakhstan.

Kazakhstan has an embassy in Cairo, Egypt.

In 2006, President Mubarak of Egypt visited Kazakhstan on


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RelationsBegan

Notes

the third leg of a three-country tour. During the visit he metwith Kazakh President Nazarbayev. Mubarak stated that 30trade and economic cooperation agreements had been

concluded between the two countries.[62]

Malaysia 1957[63] See EgyptMalaysia relations

Egypt has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur and Malaysia

has an embassy in Cairo.

Gamel Abdel Nasser gave a headquarters for the Malay

Association in Egypt as a gift to Malaysia in 1959.

Both countries are members of the OIC and the

Non-Aligned Movement.

Mongolia 1964[64] See EgyptMongolia relations

Cairo currently hosts Mongolia's only embassy on the African

continent.[65][66]

Pakistan See EgyptPakistan relations

Pakistan and Egypt have diplomatic and trade relations. Bothcountries are members of the OIC (Organisation of IslamicCooperation), "the Next Eleven" and the "D8". Relationsbetween the two countries were established after Pakistanwas established. Pakistan President General MuhammadAyub Khan, visited Egypt in 1959 and Egyptian PresidentGamal Abdul Nasser visited Pakistan in 1960.

Philippines 1955-01-18 See EgyptPhilippines relations

South AfricaThe first South African mission in Egypt was established

in 1942 as a Consulate-General.

Egypt has an embassy in Pretoria and South Africa has

an embassy in Cairo.

Both countries are full members of the African Union,

G-24, Group of 77 and Non-Aligned Movement.

South African Department of Foreign Affairs about

relations with Egypt (http://www.dfa.gov.za/foreign

/bilateral/egypt.html)


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International involvement

Egypt played a key role during the 1990-91 Persian Gulf crisis. President Mubarak helped assemblethe international coalition and deployed 35,000 Egyptian troops against Iraq to liberate Kuwait. TheEgyptian contingent was one of the largest in the coalition forces, along with the U.S., U.K. andSaudi Arabia.

In the aftermath of the Gulf War, Egypt signed the Damascus Declaration with Syria and the PersianGulf states to strengthen Persian Gulf security. Egypt continues to contribute regularly to UnitedNations peacekeeping missions, most recently in East Timor, Sierra Leone, and Liberia.Following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States, Egypt, which has itselfbeen the target of terrorist attacks, has been a key supporter of the U.S. war against terrorists andterrorist organizations such as Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda, and has supported the IraqiGoverning Council.

On December 25, 2006, the Egyptian Foreign Minister Ahmed Abul Gheit called for end to "nucleardouble standards" where sanctions are imposed on Iran for enriching uranium, but the Israeli

nuclear program is not subject to any control by the International Atomic Energy Agency.[70]

Egypt is member of ABEDA, ACC, ACCT (associate), AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AU, BSEC (observer),CAEU, CTBT, EBRD, ECA, ESCWA, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM,IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU,MINURSO, MONUC, NAM, OAPEC, OAS(observer), OAU, OIC, OSCE (partner), PCA, UN,UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNMOP, UNOMIG, UNRWA,UNTAET, UPU, WCO, EFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, and WTrO. Egypt is 1 of only 7 U.N.members which is not a member of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons.

See also

List of Foreign ministers of Egypt

Iran-Arab Relations (Egypt)

List of Ambassadors from Egypt

List of diplomatic missions in Egypt

List of diplomatic missions of Egypt

Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Visa requirements for Egyptian citizens

References

Soussi, Alasdair (November 9, 2008). "Desperate on the Border" (http://www.jpost.com/JerusalemReport

/Article.aspx?id=119897). Jerusalem Report. Retrieved September 30, 2012.

1.

Ahmadinejad unwelcome in Egypt: lawyer (http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2009/07/02/77608.html), Al

Arabiya. July 2, 2009

2.

WikiLeaks: Diplomatic cables show Egyptian leader's acrimony with Iran (http://articles.latimes.com3.


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/2010/nov/29/world/la-fg-wikileaks-arabs-20101130), LA Times, November 29, 2010

Iran, Israel and the Arab Contradiction (http://online.wsj.com/article

/SB10001424052748704457604576011643624083766.html?mod=googlenews_wsj), by Ronen Bergman,

Wall Street Journal, December 11, 2010

4.

US diplomatic cable on the resumption of relations (http://aad.archives.gov/aad/createpdf?rid=68652&

dt=2472&dl=1345)

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External links

History of Egypt - U.S. relations (http://history.state.gov/countries/egypt)

Assessing the United States-Egyptian Military and Security Relations (http://rds.yahoo.com

/_ylt=AmF3WMYBWc7Cpc9ElrQGr11XNyoA;

_ylu=X3oDMTE2anNnbmViBGNvbG8DZQRsA1dTMQRwb3MDNgRzZWMDc3IEdnRpZANERlg

1XzMw/SIG=12er3jl9e/EXP=1135385348/**http%3a//www.ahram.org.eg/acpss/eng/ahram

/2004/7/5/STUD8.HTM/)

The Future of American-Egyptian relations (http://rds.yahoo.com

/_ylt=AhnXpstyX_05uh3.zk8oztNXNyoA;

_ylu=X3oDMTE3dHZsZGltBGNvbG8DdwRsA1dTMQRwb3MDMTYEc2VjA3NyBHZ0aWQDREZ

YNV8zMA--/SIG=12tr1k1a8/EXP=1135385972/**http%3a//commdocs.house.gov/committees

/intlrel/hfa94279.000/hfa94279_0f.htm/)

Deniers of Egypt's dark past (http://www.diabolicdigest.net/Egypt/Deniers.htm) An article

exploring Egypt's Africanness

Embassy of the Arab Republic of Egypt in London (http://www.egyptian-embassy.org.uk) The

official website of the Egyptian Embassy in London

EU Neighbourhood Info Centre: Egypt (http://www.enpi-info.eu/countrymed.php?country=2)

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