Institut f. Holzforschung

Universität fürBodenkultur Wien

Forest Resource and Aspects of Forest-based Industries

Alfred Teischinger

Institute for Wood Technology

Universität fürBodenkultur Wien

A Selection of Numbers and Figures

Institut f. Holzforschung

Universität fürBodenkultur Wien

Value chains – added value of wood and wood products

Hackgut

Regenerat Faser

Spanplatte

Faserplatte

Sperrholz

Sägerundholz/Schnittbilder

SchnittholzBrettschichtholz

Brettsperrholz Konstruktions-vollholz

Duobalken

Bioraffinerie

ZellstoffPlattformchemikalienFeinchemikalienEnergie (thermisch, Ethanol etc.)

Textilfaser/Textilien

Möbel

Holzbau

Papier/Karton

IndustrieholzHygiene-produkte

Schälfurnier

Papierfaser

Innenausbau

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Forest Area – Wood Resources

Global forestarea2005

Original forestarea

(reconstructed,pre-civilisational)

Quelle: Global Forest Watch

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Tree species map of European forests

Based on Brus et al. (2011) & EFI

Coni

fers

Broa

dlea

ved

Annual increment(mill. m³)

EU 28 Europe721 840

Annual felling(mill. m³/mio to)

522/261 582/291ca. 150/75 hardwood

(incl. fuelwood)Growing stockca. 30 billion m³

thereof 43% broadleaved species

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Working forest – managed forest – wood utilization

Quelle: www.geo-reisecommunity.de

Different age classesSoftwood predominant

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Subalpine mixed species forest (pine & beech)

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Alpine softwood forest (spruce/fir, larch, Swiss stone pine)

Swiss stone pine

Larch

Spruce

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Hardwood (broadleaved) forest/beech

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Plantation forest - Eucalypt

Annual growth of different tree species (depending on genetics, soil/climate, age etc.)

Spruce: 15 – 28 m³/haBeech: 10 – 15 m³/haDouglas Fir: 19 m³/haEucalypt: 50 m³/ha

(from different sources)

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Multifunctional forest management (Austria –Europe) – Pivate ownership and public interest

Free access to forestsunder specific restrictions(harvest operation, youngstands etc.)

Wood utilization

Recreation

Protection

Welfare: CO2-sink/O2 release, water, temperature

Hot topic in global forestry:Integrated multifunctional/multiple use forestry (wood utilization as one part of forest land use besides others) –advantages and disadavantages, typical for EuropeSegregation: Segregated protected forests and short rotation, even-aged, intensive managed forests (account for about 33% of the harvested global wood)

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Global development of consumption of polymers

Aus Kohlhepp

and other materials:

Cement 4 200 mio tSteel 1 700 mio tIndustrial round- 1 792 mio t wood

AustriaAnnual increment 15 mio t/aWood industry 12 mio t/aincl. pulp and paperSteel production 7,5 mio t/aCement production 4,4 mio t/aPlastic production 0,9 mio t/a

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Forest resources

FAO/EFI 2015

Short growing period, poor soil

Rich soil, enoughprecipitation

Poor soil, lessprecipitation

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World shaped by forest products production

E. Pepke

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Competition about the ressource wood

Solid wood (lumber, timber), loadbearing and non-load bearingglued building components etc.

Wood based panels (veneer,particles, fibres etc.)

Pulp (paper andchemical pulp)

Precursors, bulk and fine chemicals

Energy. fuels

Recovered wood &paper/paperboard

AssortmentsRaw Material (Trees)

Fina

l pro

duct

s

Säge

holz

Schl

agab

-ra

um u

.a.In

dust

rieho

lz

Processing

primäre MaterialströmeSeitenströme / KoppelprodukteProzessenergie (innerhalb der Prozesskette)

Ande

re

Broadleaved - softwoods

17

3

7,7

14,9

7,3

?

KS?5,2

10 mio EFM Import

Mio EFM

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Various wood processing chains

• What is the proper material flow and process concept?

• Currently the established pathways arechanging (incl. increased hardwoods)

Assortments and quality classes

raw material wood

saw

logs

indu

stria

lro

undw

ood

fore

stre

sidua

ls

Solid wood products &glued components

Wood-based panels (plies, particles, fibre etc.)Pulp, paper, regenerated cellulose fibre

Bulk and fine chemicals(Biorefinery)Energy

Recovered wood and fibre

final

prod

ucts

Primary material flowSide streams/by-productsProcess energy (within the process chain)

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Wood material balance (EU 27) – today and tomorrow

Mantau et al. 2010

x 0,5 = t

Bedarf

Ress

ourc

e

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© A. Teischinger, S. Winternach verschiedenen Quellen

Primary Wood ProcessingGermany - Austria

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Wood based panel industry in Europe

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Production value forest based industries in Europe

Overall production value: € 200 billion, thereof€ 92 billion, furniture production (45%)€ 82 billion, wood based panel industries (40%)€ 30 billion, sawmilling industries (15%)

Wood industries

€ 82 billion, pulp and paper industries

Pulp and Paper industries

IKEA global – ca. 2% of commercial wood utilizationNobilia kitchen: 3300 kitchen a day/730 000 p.a.Global Pulp – 770 mio M³ Wood Equivalent/20% of global wood harvest (about wood harvest of EU)

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Tree shape of different trees species – change of tree species

Buche/Beech Fichte/spruce: straight trunk, small/balanced knots,

superior (mechanical) wood properties for timber in

construction

Douglasie/Douglas fir Consequences for the forest-based industries?

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GLT & CLT Production – (GLT-DACH approximately)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Produktionsmenge in tsd. m³

GLT‐DACH

GLT‐Österreich

GLT‐Deutschland

CLT‐DACH

CLT‐Österreich

CLT‐Deutschland

Data from „Holzkurier“

Austria:GLT 1,4 mio m³CLT 0,6 mio m³KVH 0,52 mio m³Σ 2.52 mio ³ ~ 7 – 8 mio FMHolzart: Spruce/FI (KI, LÄ, DOU, TA)

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Biomass streams in Austria

G. Kalt 2015

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~7,7~10

15,9

14,3

8,7 12,1

15

Energy use

21,7

Imports

Exports

Wood processing industries

13,3

Animal husbandryFeed

Agr

icul

lture

prod

uctio

nFo

rest

ry

5,31,7

3,5

Food industryFood

Animal metabolism Human metabolismWood products stock increase Combustion

Biomass streams in Austria

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Highest buildings with wood – wood as a rising star

8-9 Jh. 14-16 Jh. 1935 2009 2012 2013 ~2018 >Year 20401 Trees and super large “Hyperion”, 115,85 m, USA 2 Five-story pagoda, 32 m, Nara – JPN3 Fachwerk-House, 26m, DE4 Sendeturm/transmitter tower Gleiwitz, 118m, PL5 Murray Grove, 27m, London - GB (start of bigger construction with CLT)6 CLT One, 20 m, Dornbirn – AT (pilot building – concept for 100m)7 Windmill wooden tower, 100 m, Hannover - DE8 Observation Tower Pyramidenkogel, 100 m, Keutschach – AT (highest wood observation tower)9 HOHO Wien, 84m, Wien Aspern – AT (currently highest wooden building construction)10 Michael Green, 90m, Vancouver - CDN11 “Oakwood Tower”- Case Study, 300m, London, UKPLP Architecture and Cambridge University’s Department of Architecture's,12 Concept/vision 2041 – 350 m in Japan

1 2 3 4 5 76 8 9 10

Conceptstudy

100 m

Pre-requisites for timber construcion.• Relyable/stress graded timberand

wood based materials and compo-nents (Glulam, CLT, OSB, LVL etc.)

• Engineers for timber design and BIM• Timber design codes, based on

scientific research• Keen architects for construction

design• Constructors/investors etc.

11 12

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Sevilla – Metropol Parasol

©Fernando Alda

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Conclusion

• Wood is renewable (sustainable) bio-based resource• Wood is an abundant, but not unlimited resource• Wood is a very complex raw material source of great variability in wood species

and wood properties, even within one single species• In contrast, industry prefers a homogenous raw material, otherwise there is a

high logistic effort in raw material allocation, sorting and grading (reduced competetiveness to other raw materials)

• There are different forest regimes in the various regions of the world such as segregation and integration of different functions

• Forestry is under strong supervision of NGOs and society, much more than other raw material exploitations

• Climate change will have an impact on the distribution of different tree species (hardwoods, softwoods), with consequences for the forest-based industries

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Universität für Bodenkultur Wien; Standort Tulln, UFTInstitut für Holztechnologie und Nachwachsende Rohstoffe

Univ.-Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Dr. Alfred TeischingerKonrad Lorenz Straße 24, A- 3430 Tulln

Tel.: +43 1 47654-89115, www.boku.ac.at

Thank you for your attention