Forestry masters degree syllabus

7/29/2019 Forestry masters degree syllabus

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CURRICULA AND SYLLABI FOR

MASTER'S DEGREE PROGRAMS

IN

FORESTRY

SILVICULTURE AND FOREST MANAGEMENT

AGROFORESTRY AND ECOLOGY

GENETIC RESOURCES, TREE BREEDING AND

BIOTECHNOLOGY

FOREST UTILIZATION

FOREST PROTECTION

w i s ? 3551ICAR

ACCREDITATION BOARD SECRETARIAT

EDUCATION DIVISION

INDIAN COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH

KRISHI ANUSANDHAN BHAVAN-II, PUSA,NEW DELHI-110 012


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Publication No. ICAR/ED(A) Pub-23/5-2002

PRINTED: JUNE, 2002

Compiled and Edited by

R. K. Khosla, Former Vice Chancellor and Sr. Scientific Advisor(Biotechnology), H. P. Govt. Shimla.O. P.Toky, Professor, Deptt. of Forestry, CCSHAU, Hisar,

N. L. Maurya, ADG (Acdn), ICAR, New Delhi.G. D. Diwakar, Principal Scientist (Acdn), ICAR, New Delhi.

Director (DIPA) : A. CHAKR AVARTY

Chief Production Officer : VIRENDER KUMAR BHARTITechnical Officer : GORAKHA NATH SINGH

Published by Shri A. Chakravarty, Director (DIPA), Indian Council of Agricultural Research, NewDelhi, Laser typeset by M/s Vee Kay Printers, 37-A, Kundan Nagar, Near Bank Enclave. Laxm iNagar, Delhi-110092 and printed at M/sVinayak Press, B-177/1, Okhla, Phase-l, New Delhi-110020

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PREFACE

The revised curricula and syllabi for U.G. Programs based on the I CARmodel curricula have been implemented by all agricultural university from theacademic year 1998-99 and the new courses at the under-graduate level havenow been running for more than three years. It is but natural that the curriculaought to be revised at the Master's level too, to bring about the desired uniformity

at the national level for easy student movements and maintaining uniformly highstandards of P.G. education. For this purpose, the ICAR constituted 16 BroadSubject Matter (BSM) Committees in different areas of Agriculture and AlliedSciences including one in Forestry through the ICAR Office Order No. 1-3/98-Acdn/Edn dated 30th November, 1998.

The BSM Committee on forestry consisted of Dr. P.K. Khosla, Vice-Chancellor, HPKV, Palmpur as its Coordinator, and Dr. A.M. Chandra-shekharaih of University of Agricultural Sciences, Sirsi Campus (Karnatka); Prof.O.P. Toky of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar; Prof. Sunil Puri ofIndira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur; Prof. R.S. Dhanda of PunjabAgricultural University, Ludhian; Prof. R.N. Sehgalof Dr. Y.S. Parmar Universityof Horticulture and Forestry, Solan and Prof. B.S. Nadagouda of University ofAgricultural Sciences, Dharwad as members. .

The BSM Committee organized a total of 5 meetings/meeting-cum-workshops to develop the curricula and syllabi (see Annexure- I I ) . The IndianCouncil of Forestry Research and Education ( ICFRE) developed a National Modelfor M.Sc. Forestry curriculum for general universities, which was also discussedin a meeting held on 24-02-2001 at ICFRE, Dehradun under the aegis ofEducation Division of ICFRE. The main suggestions which came up during this

meeting were: (1) there should be provision of field visits and practical classes;(2) topics like global environment, climatic changes, biodiversity conservation,habitat conservation and ecosystem dynamics are very important and need tobe taught to forestry students. (3) Supporting courses such as statistics,computer education, remote sensing, geographic system and inventorypreparation must find place in the curricula. All these suggestions have beenincorporated adequately at appropriate places in the present curricula.

We are thankful to all the members of the BSM Committee and invitees ofthe meeting-cum-workshops for their active participation and contribution infinalizing the curricula. This was a gigantic task because a lot of variationexisted in the curricula of different universities. The assistance provided by Mr.Sushil Kumar, Research Associate at CCS HAU, Hisar in preparation of the finaldocument is duly acknowledged.

We are also thankful to NAAS, New Delhi; HPKV, Palampur; UAS, Dharwad;PAU, Ludhiana and ICFRE, Dehradun for providing facilities for organizingmeetings/workshops of the BSM Committee.


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We are particularly thankful to Dr. S.L. Mehta, Dr. P.L. Gautam, and Dr.Kirti Singh who set the ball rolling by participating in the first meeting at NAAS,New Delhi and highlighting the concept behind the revision of the curricula.Thanks are also due to Dr. M . Mahadevappa former Vice-Chancellor, UAS,Dharwad for actively participating in the meeting at Dharwad.

We gratefully acknowledge the guidance and encouragement received from

Dr R.S. Paroda, former Secretary (DARE) and DG, I C A R and Chairman ofAccreditation Board in restructuring PG course curricula and syllabi forForestry. We are grateful to Dr. S.L. Mehta and Dr. (Mrs.) Tej Verma, formerD D G f E d n . ) for providing help in restructuring the curricula.

Our thanks are also due to Dr. Panjab Singh, Secretary, DARE , D.G., ICARand Chairman of the Accreditation Board and Dr. J. C. Katyal, DDG(Edn) fortheir support in bringing out this document.

We hope that this document will serve as a guide in achieving uniformlyhigh standards of postgraduate education in Forestry. The Accreditation Board

Secretariat will appreciate comments and suggestions for improving andupdating this publication in future.

P.K. KhoslaNewDelhi-12 O.P. TokyMay, 2002 . N.L.- MauryaG.D . Diwakar

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CONTENTS

Page No.

Preface (iii)Introduction 1

Silviculture and Forest Management 6

A groforestry and Ecology 32Genetic Resources, Tree Breeding and Biotechnology 41

Forest Utilization 52

Forest Protection 61

Annexure

I. Broad Subject Matter Committee Members in Forestry 69

II . List of particulars in meetings/Workshops 70III. Common academic regulations for Post-graduate Education 73

in SAUs, DUs and CAU.

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INTRODUCTION

Background information

Teaching of forestry, research and extension in India had been a preserveof the Federal and State Forest Services till 1985 when the Indian Council of

Agricultural Research ( ICAR) , New Delhi stepped in to introduce undergraduateprogram in forestry in six Indian Agricultural Universities. The starting ofForestry Degree Program in the universities was more or less a consequence ofthe general awareness to the environmental and forestry related problems. Themedia played a very active role in highlighting the problems of deforestation,wasteland formation, developmental activities to the detriment of the forests andthe environment in general.

The highest circle in the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Governmentof India (GOI) realized that the country did not have suitable manpower educatedin forest science to organize the field jobs, to check the increasing degradationof green cover through scientific management. This was the transitional periodwhen the traditional forestry was going into the background and being replacedby new emerging programs like agroforestry, social forestry, community forestry,farm forestry, etc. The forest trees were now being looked upon as a resourcefor the farmer and the rural poor, which was earlier, treated as merely a sourceof revenue for the governments. The Government of India (GOI) directed the ICARto start degree program in Forestry to generate trained manpower to achievethe target of the GOI to afforestate 5 m ha of wastelands every year throughsocial forestry programs. Forestry was thought to be more akin to agriculture;

hence, the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) took the initiative tostart forestry education in the universities.

History of forestry education in the world

The first systematic program of forestry education was started in 1763 at'Master Schools' in Germany at Harting and Cotta where the pupils lived andworked in close association with the teachers to attain professional proficiency."Master Schools' spread widely from these two places and the German foresterswere invited to Russia to take charge of forest management and to educateforesters. As the dependence upon renewable raw material increased after theindustrial revolution in Europe, the birth of local and federal forestry schoolstook place. The first forestry school was established in Austria by PrinceSchwarzenberg and Prince Liechtenstein, the two largest owners of forest land.This was followed by the State owned forestry schools more or less on thepattern of military academics in various countries. These date back to 1790 atMunich (Bovaria), 1803 at St. Petersburg (Russia), 1813 at Mariabrunn(Austria), 1825 at Nancy (France), 1828 at Stockholm (Sweden), 1848 at Turin(Italy), 1878 in Russia, and later on in Poland, and the Scandinavian countries.


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This was an era of forest exploitation and these managerial schools producedforesters to man Federal Forestry Services.

In due course, it was realized that the management of forests4s an intric^feprocess involving biological principles. As a result, forestry education likeagriculture, engineering, medicine, etc. made inroads into universitycurriculum. The practitioner-oriented schools gave way to the university

schools. The Austrian school at Mariabrunn was the first to be transferred tothe University of Agriculture in Vienna in 1875. In 1898, the first forestry schoolwas established at Yale University. The Commonwealth Forestry Institute,Oxford, now called "Oxford Forestry Institute' was started as an 'Imperial SchoolofForestry' in 1905 to produce superior foresters for the Indian Empire and by1919 it started awarding degree in forestry.

In the later years, several of the previously independent schools developeduniversity connections so much so that Shirley listed only six forestry schoolsout of a total of 137 (excluding Russia and China) which were partially

independent of a university affiliation. Forest Research Institute and College,Dehradun, India, a part of which is now known as 'Indira Gandhi NationalForest Academy', was the only Centre of Forestry Education in the world,without affiliation to any university. Now, of course, the Forest ResearchInstitute, Dehradun has been given the status of a 'Deemed University' by theUniversity Grants Commission and it functions as an institute of the IndianCouncil of Forestry Research and Education ( I C F R E ) , at Dehradun.Forestry education and training in India

The Indian Forest Service was established in 1867 with initial arrangementfor training with forestry schools of Europe. In 1885, the Forestry College atCooper Hill, England was established to impart forestry education to Indianforest officials. Later in 1905, the training of Indian Forest Probationers wastransferred to the British Universities; first at Oxford and later at Cambridgeand Edinburgh. The higher training in forestry was imparted in England, forlower ranks and for research purposes, the Forest Research Institute was startedin 1878 at Dehradun. The first batch of six Rangers passed out in 1881. From1926, the arrangement to train Indian Forest Service probationers was developedat Dehradun itself. The present Indian Forest College was opened in 1938 and

continues to enjoy the same status till today with a change only in itsnomenclature as given above.

The present forestry training system is not very relevant to the needs ofmodern India. It follows the same style and form viz. (an in-service training) andit is of the same duration (2 years) as in the 1860's. All over the world, exceptIndia, forestry at the professional level is taught in the universities ortechnological institutions for 4-5 years followed by an in-service training of shortduration ranging from six months to one year. The status of this academy is


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equivalent to other similar academies established in the country for impartingadministrative training to the Indian Administrative Services (IAS) and IndianPolice Services (IPS)) probationers.

At the thirteenth session of the FAO Advisory Committee on ForestryEducation in Mexico City during June, 1985 while discussing the influence ofthe Advisory Committee since its inception in 1964 on Forestry Education inthe developing countries, attention was drawn to the imbalance betweenuniversity education and technical and vocational training and to the need totrain foresters at all levels and, more generally, to the necessity to adjustforestry training to the real needs of the world. The need was also felt for forestryeducation to come out of isolation brought about by its institutional structures.

The introduction of forestry education in the Indian universities is veryrecent and Forest Research Institute and Colleges enjoyed the singular statusfor imparting forestry education in India. The Forest Research Institute andColleges, before becoming an academy was comprised of four directoratesnamely: i) Directorate of Forest Education, ii) Directorate of Forest Research, iii)

Directorate of Biological Research and iv) Directorate of Forest Products. Ofthese, the Directorate of Forest Education was solely responsible for forestryeducation in the country. Forestry education in universities was envisaged as ameans to remove some of the deficiencies in training and imparting academiccomplexion to the professional knowledge.

There are also some specialized institutions in India, which provide onlyspecialized forestry education. Notable amongst these are :

1. Indian Institute of Forest Management, Bhopal, India, established in1982 providing training in forestry management.

2. Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, a part of the FRI till 1986 when itbecame an autonomous institute, which trains staff for wildlife researchand management.

3. Indian Plywood Industries Research Institute, Bangalore, responsible fordeveloping new technologies and training people in plywoodmanufacturing and mechanical wood processing.

4. Institute of Paper Technology, Saharanpur, which imparts degreeprogram in pulp and paper technology.

In India, most of the forestry colleges at university level are oriented towardsthe biological and to some extent silvicultural aspects of forestry, with a littleattention being given to socio-economic aspects, to harvesting and utilization,and to wood science and technology. There is a great need to mobilize resourcesto set-up programs in deficit subject matter areas of technical and vocationaltraining, besides strengthening library, laboratory and workshops for practicalwork.


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Forestry V* agroforestry educationAgroforestry looks at the relationship among different land use components

such as forestry, horticulture, crops and livestock. It differs from social forestrymanagement model, which includes the managerial and political mechanismsused to implement forestry projects focused on the needs of the local people.The concept and practice of social, community or participatory forestry is

traditional in most of the countries of Asia, but India has pioneered many newapproaches in recent years. With a focus on the rural poor, social forestryprojects were designed and implemented on revenue lands and other commonlands to produce the needed products. Almost all social forestry schemes useagroforestry technologies. The clients, generally resource poor families, needfood, fodder, fuelwood, small poles, and minor forest products. Because ofsubsistence needs, they seldom can survive by growing forest trees alone forcash income. Consequently, improved agroforestry systems lead to betterperformance by social forestry programs, including equity or distributionalcriteria.

Although, Indian leaders recognized the advantages of agroforestry, butavailable information was meager and poorly organized. Virtually no researchcapacity on forest trees existed. The forest trees were not under the purview ofthe I C A R and foresters with outstanding achievements were few to fill theresearch requirements. Consequently, the country had to rebuild its forestryresearch capacity, including defining new dimensions of excellence, whilebuilding new capacity in agroforestry.

All this activity in the build-up of forestry research capability brought into

focus the need for starting forestry education in some of the agriculturaluniversities. The College of Agriculture of the HP University (which now enjoysthe status as Dr.Y.S.Parmar University) was the first in the country to startM.Sc. (Forestry) program during 1976-77. This university also started electivecourses in Forestry for the B.Sc. (Agriculture) programs.

In 1985, the then Prime Minister held a meeting of the Ministry ofEnvironment and Forests to discuss the lack of trained manpower for executingvarious programs of forestry. The manpower requirement projections clearlyshowed the dearth of trained manpower in forestry which would continue in the

seventh as well as the eighth plans also. It was hence, decided that it would benecessary to step up the forestry education program and the then InspectorGeneral ofForests wrote a letter in this regard to the Director General, ICAR, atthe end of January 1985. Subsequently, President, Forest Research Institute,Dehradun had a meeting in February, 1985 with Deputy Director General(Education), ICAR and desired that the ICAR may assist in meeting themanpower needs for forestry programs.

After detailed discussions, it was finally agreed that the State Agricultural


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Universities might be requested to establish Departments of Forestry for trainingand research programs in silviculture, tree improvement and management offorest estates. Accordingly, several SAUs started forestry degree programs. Atpresent, there are 9 Forestry Colleges under ICAR-SAU System offering UG andPG programs in forestry. In addition, there are several general universitiesoffering P.G. Programmes in forestry


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Silviculture and Forest ManagementA. MajorCourse*A 1. Core Courses 12 Credits1. Silviculture 1+1

2. Forest Mensuration and Inventory Preparation 1+13. Agroforestry 2+04. Tree Breeding 2+15. Forest Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation 1+16. Forest Based Industries 1+0

Seminar 0+1 1 CreditA.2 Optional Courses 12 Credits1. Silvicultural Systems 2+02. Forest Nursery and Afforestation Techniques 1+1-3. Forest Regeneration 1+14. Forest Productivity 2+05. Forest Management 2+06. Watershed Management 2+07. Range Management 2+08. Remote Sensing Techniques in Forestry 2+1

B. Supporting Courses 10 Credits

1. Computer Applications and Information Technology 0+12. Remote Sensing and C IS 1+03. Forest Policy and Law 1+04. Working Plans 1+05. Statistical Methods, Design of Experiments 2+1

and Research Methodology6. Forestry Extension, Technology Transfer and 1+1

Linkage7. Wildlife Management 2+18. Joint Forest Management 2+19. Forest Microbiology 2+1

Any other course(s) as recommended by the studentAdvisory Committee

Total 35 Credits


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A. MAJOR

A.1CORE COURSES1. SILVICULTURE 1 + 1

Silviculture and its place in forestry. Stand establishment, intermediateoperations and their effects on growth and yield. Control of understorey andoverstorey vegetation. Silviculture of pure and mixed stands. Silviculture ofeconomically important species such as: Tropical-. Acacia nilotica, A. catechu,A. auriculaeformis, A. mangium, Albizzia lebbek, A. procera, Azadirachta indica,Melia azedarach, Prosopisjuliflora, P. cineraria, Pithecelobium dulce, Bombaxceiba, Ceiba pentandra, Casuarina equisetifolia, Santalum album, Shorearobusta, Tectona grandis, Tamarindus indica, Embelica ofScinalis, Terminaliaarjuna, T. belerica, T. chebula, Dalbergia sissoo, D. latifolia, Eucalyptustereticomis, Populus deltoides, Gmelina arborea and bamboos. Sub-tropical andtemperate: Pinus roxburghii, P. kesiya, P. wallichiana, P. gerardiana, Cedrusdeodara, Abiespindrow, Picea smithiana, Quercus spp, Rhododendron spp, andAlnus nepalensis.Practical

Study of stand composition and stand structure. Regeneration of species

in forests. Silvicultural techniques of important tree species listed above.Suggested Readings

Anonymous. 1982. Troop's - Silviculture of Indian trees. Vol.1 to VI. FRI, Govt. ofIndia, Controller of Publications, New Delhi.

Champion, H.G. and Trevor, G. 1987. Handbook of silviculture. CosmoPublication, New Delhi. 374 p.

Daniel, T.W., Helms, J.A. and Baker, F.S. 1979. Principles of silviculture.McGraw Hill Book Co. New York. 500 p.

Dwivedi, A .P . 1993. A text book of silviculture. International Book Distributors,Dehradun 975 p.

Khanna, L. 1996. Principle and practice of silviculture. International BookDistributor, Dehra Dun. 473 p.

Kumar, V. 1999. Nursery and plantation practices in forestry. Scientificpublication. Jodhpur. 531 p.

Luna, R. K. 1996. Plantation trees. International Book Distributors, Dehradun

975p.


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Smith, D.M., Larson, B.C., Ketty, M.J. and Ashton, P.M.S . 1997. The Practicesof silviculture - applied forest ecology. John Wiley and Sons, New York.537 p.

Willan, R.L. 1985. A guide to forest seed handling. FAO Rome. 379 p.

2. FOREST MENSURATION AND INVENTORY PREPARATION 1+1Forest mensuration - scope, importance and units of measurement.

Measuring instruments and procedures for tree and stand measurement. Stemform factor and form quotient. Tree and log volume estimation with empiricalformulae, tables and forest inventory. Grading of forest products. Stump andstem analysis. Inventory planning, sampling size, frequency and probabilityproportional to area. Computer analysis of inventory data. Volume tables - local,regional and standard. Yield and stand tables. Stand structure, growth andgrowing stock enumeration. Increment and volume of trees and woods.

Practical

Measurement of trees for DBH, GBH, tree height, crown height, crownspread and basal area. Age determination. Volume estimation of trees, logs andsleepers. Compartment description and collection of field data. Stock mappingand enumeration of growing stock.

Suggested Readings

Avery, T.E. and Barkhart, H.E.1983. Forest measurements. McGraw Hill BookCompany, New York. 331 p.

Chaturvedi, A . N . and Khanna, L.S. 1994. Forest mensuration. InternationalBook Distributor, Dehradun. 403 p.

FAO . 1981. Manual of forest inventory with special reference to mixed tropicalforests, FAO. Forestry Paper 27.

Jerram, M.R.K. and Bourne, R. 1980. Elementary forest mensuration. NatrajPublication, Dehradun. 126 p.

Philip, M.S. 1998. Measuring trees and forests. CAB Publication, New York.310 p.Ram Parkash. 1983. Forest surveying. International Book Distributors,

Dehradun. 368 p.

Simmons, C.E. 1980. A manual of forest mensuration. Bishen Singh MohinderPal Singh, Dehradun. 96 p.

3. AGROFORESTRY 2+0Farming systems - monoculture, multiple cropping, agro-and farm-forestry.

Agroforestry systems - perspectives, classification, national and global


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importance, benefits and limitations. Land use systems in shifting cultivation,taungya and plantations. Choice of species and management practices for livefences, hedgerows, protein "banks", alley cropping, windbreaks and shelterbelts,hill-slope and terrace cultivation, watersheds and woodlots. Diagnosis anddesign of agroforestry systems. Tree and land tenure issues. Tree-crop interfaceand resource utilization. Agroforestry under different productivity levels.Measurement procedures and yield optimization in agroforestry models. Fieldvisits to agroforestry trials.

Suggested Readings

Dhuruva Narayana, V.V. 1993. Soil and water conservation research in India,I C A R , New Delhi.F.A.O. Forestry and rural development. Sl.No.26, F.A.O. Publication, Rome, Italy.Huxley, P. 1999. Tropical agroforestry. Blackwell Science, Oxford. 371 p.Nair, P.K.R. 1993. An introduction to agroforestry, Kluwer Acaemic Publishers.

499 p.

Pokhriyal, T.C., Kumar, A ., Nautiyal, S. and Naithani, H.B. 1992. Fodder fromforests, I C FRE Publication, Dehradun. 426 p.

Ramakrishnan P.S. 1992. Shifting agriculture and sustainable development.Man and Biospheres series. The Parthenon Publishing Group. 424 p.

Shankaranarayan and Kumar, V. 1984. Grasses and legumes for forage and soilconservation. ICAR Publication, New Delhi.

Tejwani, K.G. 1994. Agroforestry in India, Oxford and IBH Publ. Co. 233 p.Vyas, G.P.D. 1999. Community forestry. Agrobios Jodhpur 206 p.Wojtkowski, P. 1998. The theory and practice of agroforestry design. Oxford and

IBH Publication Co., New Delhi. 282 p.

4. TREE BREEDING 2+1Variation in trees, importance and its causes. Natural variation as a basis

for tree improvement. Geographic variations - Ecotypes, clines, races and landraces. Species and provenance testing. Exotic forestry and tree breeding - gainsand risks. Selection, migration rates and population sizes. Selective breeding:

methods - mass, family, within family, family plus within family. Plus treeselection for wood quality, disease resistance and agroforestry objectives.Selection strategies and choice of breeding methods and progress in selectivebreeding in forest trees. Indirect selection for biotic and abiotic stresses. Progenyand clone testing. Seed orchards - type, functions and importance. Estimatinggenetic parameters and genetic gain. Heteroris breeding: inbreeding and hybridvigour. Manifestation and fixation of heterosis. Species and racial hybridization.Indian examples - teak, sal, Q,albergia, eucalypts, acacias, pines and poplars.


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Pollination mechanisms. Polyploidy, aneuploidy and haploidy in soft and hardwood species. Induction ofpolyploidy. Biochemical methods in tree breeding. Invitro and marker assisted selection. Economics of tree breeding.

Practical

Identification ofecotypes , races, and land-races in natural forest. Visit tospecies, provenance and progeny trials. Selection of superior phenotypes.Marking ofcandidate-, plus- and elite- trees. Visit to seed orchards. Estimatingpollen viability. Comparison of parents and their putative hybrids. Induction ofpolyploidy through colchicines treatment. Estimation of phenolics/terpenes forindirect selection. Controlled pollination and pollen handling. Manipulation offlowering through hormones.

Suggested ReadingsF.A.O. 1985. Forest tree improvement: FAO Publication, Rome, Italy. 270 p.

Faulkner, R. 1975. Seed orchard. Forestry Commission Bulletin No . 54 . 149 p.Fins, L. Friedman S.T. and Brotschol, J.V. 1992. Handbook of quantitative forest

genetics, Klumer Academy, Dordrach, London.

Khosla, P.K. 1981. Advances in forest genetics. Ambika Publisher, New Delhi.375 p.

Khosla, P.K. 1982. Improvement of forestbiomass. Pragati Press, Delhi. 472 p.Mandal, A.K. and Gibson, G.L. (eds) 1997. Forest genetics and tree breeding.

CBS Publi. & Distr., New Delhi 268 p.Wright, J.W. 1976. Introduction to forest genetics. Academic press New York

463 p.

Zobel, B. J., Talbert, J. 1984. Applied forest tree improvement. John Wiley &Sons, New York, 505 p.

Zobel, B. J., Wyh, G.V. and Stahl, P. 1987. Growing exotic forests. John Wiley &Sons, New York. 508 p.

5. FOREST ECOLOGY AND BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION 1+1

Concepts of ecology and ecosystem. Ecosystem energetic. Forest geography.Habitat fragmentation. Forest succession and climax. Production anddecomposition of organic matter. Nutrient cycling. Pollution, acid rains andwater logging related to tree mortality. Survival strategies (rooting behaviour,crown architecture, growth patterns, N2 fixing ability, stress-tolerance,allelopathy). Factors of forests degradation. Conservation of natural resources(hotspot areas, wildlife sanctuaries, national parks, biosphere reserves). Globalwarming and forests. Green House Effect and its consequences. Ozone depletion.Conservations laws and acts. Forest genetic resources of India: timber and non-

" u f -


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timber species. Survey-exploration and sampling strategies. Documentation andevaluation of forest genetical resources (FGR). Conservation, in situ and ex situof genetic resources. Biological diversity and its significance to sustainable use.Handling and storage of FGR. Intellectual property rights. Quarantine laws andFGR exchange.

Practical

Methods of vegetation analysis. Measurement of biomass and productivity.

Quantification of litter production and decomposition. Visit to national parks,wildlife sanctuaries, botanical gardens and arboreta.

Suggested ReadingsDhyani, S.N. 1994. Wildlife management. Rawat Publication, Jaipur. 258 p.Hosetti, B.B. 1997. Concepts in wildlife management. Daya Publishing House,

Delhi- 110035.Khan, T.I. & Al -A jm i , D.N. 1999. Global biodiversity conservation measures,

Pointer Publishers, Jaipur. 468 p.Nautiyal, S. and Kaul, A . K . 1999. Forest biodiversity and its conservation

practices in India. Oriental enterprise Dehradun, 337 p.

Ramakrishnan, P.S. 1992. Shifting agriculture and sustainable development.Man and Biosphere series. The Parthenon Publishing Group. 424 p.

Saharia, V.B. 1989. Wildlife law in India. Natraj Publication, Dehradun.Sinha, P.C. 1998. Wildlife andforest conservation. Anmol Publishing Pvt.Ltd.,

New Delhi.

The World Resources Institute, 1990-91. Possible effects on global wanning onforests andrange Iandsf World Resources; 1990-91. Oxford UniversityPress, 1990. New York.

The World Resources Institute, 1994-95. Biodiversity, world resources, 1994-95,Oxford University Press, 1990. New York.

6. FOREST BASED INDUSTRIES l+OIndustrial raw materials, processing and marketing of paper and pulp,

rayon, spices, non-drying and essential oils, fibers and flosses, tans, dyes, gums,resins and other minor forests produce.

Suggested ReadingsAnonymous. 1961. Wealth ofIndia - raw materials. C.S.I.R., New Delhi.Dwivedi, A.P. 1993. Forests - the non-wood resources. International Book


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Distributor, Dehradun. 352 p.

Mehta , T. 1981. A handbook of forest utilization. Periodical Expert Book Agency,Delhi. 298 p.

Negi, S.S.1992. Minor forest products. Periodical experts book agency, Delhi168 p.

Patrick, B., Durst, Ward Verich, M . Kashio. 1993. Non-wood forest products inAsia, Oxford and IBH Publishing Co.Pvt.Ltd. , New Delhi.Sharma, L.C. 1977. Development of forests and forest based industries, Bishen

Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun.

Shiva, M.P. and Mathur, R.B. 1996. Management of minor forest produce forsustainability. Oxford & IBH Publication Co. New Delhi, 573 p.Trotter, H. 1940. Manual of Indian forest utilization. Oxford University Press, New

Delhi.

A.2. OPTIONAL COURSES

1. SILVICULTURALSYSTEMS 2+0Classification, formulation and objectives of silvicultural systems. High

forests and coppice systems. Changing concepts in silvicultural systems. Clearfelling system and its modifications. Shelter wood system - uniform system,regeneration period, periodic blocks, and group system. Irregular shelter woodsystem. Selection system - characteristics, rotation, felling cycle. Application in

India. Coppice system: simple coppice system, coppice with standards, pollardsystem. Change of systems, types of conversions, conversion from coppicesystem to high forest.

Suggested Readings

Anonymous. 1982. Troop's - Silviculture of Indian trees. Vol.1 to VI. FRI, Govt. ofIndia, Controller of Publications, New Delhi.

Champion, H.G. and Trevor, G. 1987. Handbook of silviculture. CosmoPublication, New Delhi. 374 p.

Dwivedi, A.P . 1993. A text book of silviculture. International Book Distributors,Dehradun 975 p.

Khanna, L. 1996. Principle and practice of silviculture. International BookDistributor, Dehra Dun. 473 p.

Ram Parkash and Khanna, L.S. 1991. Theory and practice of silviculturalsystem. International Book Distributors, Dehra Dun. 298 p.


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2. FOREST NURSERY AND AFFORESTATION TECHNIQUES 1+1Review of regional nursery practices. Nursery site selection, types, design

and layout. Nursery soil and water management. Production schedule. Seedsource, collection, processing, storage, testing and pre-sowing treatments. Seedbed preparation and sowing. Early tending - watering, weeding, and shading.Container and bare-root seedlings. Pricking out, transplanting, lifting, packingand transportation. Media arid mixtures. Macro- and micro- propagation.

Propagation structures: shade house, poly house, rnist chambers and growthchambers. Nursery soil fertility management. Rhizobial and mycorrhizalassociations. Protection and pest control. Plantation techniques in arid, coastaland hilly-areas, water-logged and salt affected sites. Plantation layout anddesigns. After care for seedling establishment.

Practical

Preparation of seedling schedule for economic tree species. Seed treatmentand sowing. Preparation of media for tissue culture. Poly bag nursery exercise.

Nursery raising, lifting, grading and packing of nursery stock. Plantingtechnique demonstration for arid, water logged salt affected and sloping lands.Tending operations and vigour of seeding. Assessment of quality of seedings.

Suggested Readings

Chaturvedi, A . N . 1994. Technology of forest nurseries, Khanna Bandhu,Dehradun.

Duryea, M. L. and Landis, T.D. 1984. Forest nursery manual: Production of bareroot seedlings. Martinus Nijhoff. The Hague. 385 p.

F.A.O.1978. Establishment techniques for plantations, F.A. O. Publication, Rome,Italy.

Jackson, M.B. 1980. New root formation inplantand cuttings, Martinus N i j h o f f Publishers, The Netherlands.

Kumar, V. 1999. Nursery and plantation practices in Forestry. ScientificPublication. Jodhpur. 53 Ip.

Ram Prakash, Chaudhari, D.C. and Negi, S.S. 1998. Plantation and nurserytechniques of forest trees. International book Distributors, Dehradun. 452p.

Willan, R.L. 1985. A guide to forest seed handling. F.A.O Rome, 379p.

3. FOREST REGENERATION 1+1Principles and methodologies of forest regeneration. Ecological basis of

natural regeneration. Regeneration sampling pattern and intensity. Factorsaffecting natural and artificial regeneration. Kinds, extent and quality of sites.


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Site manipulation by physical, chemical and biological methods. Regenerationin relation to silvicultural systems. Problems regeneration of important conifers(fir, spruce, deodar, chir) and broad leaved species (sandal, sal, teak,terminalias, Alnus, etc.).Practical

Assessment of regeneration. Sampling methods. Preparation of regenerationplans. Studies on phenology and seasonally. Fruit/seed crop rating. Estimatingfull seed content by cutting test. Secondary succession. Seedling demography.

Suggested ReadingsBormann, F.H. 1979. Pattern and process in a forested ecosystem, Springer Verlang.

249 p.

Daniel, T.W., Helms, J.A. and Baker, F.S. 1979. Principles of silviculture. McGraw HillBook Co., New York.500 p.

Dwivedi, A.P. 1993. Forestry in India. Surya Publication Dehradun, 414 p.Ram Parsad and Kandya A.K. 1992. Handling of forestry seeds in India. Associated

Publication Co., New Delhi. 420 p.

Smith, D.M., Larson, B.C., Ketty, M.J. and Ashton , P.M.S. 1997. The Practices ofsilviculture - Applied Forest Ecology. John Wiley and Sons, New York.537 p.

4. FOREST PRODUCTIVITY 2+0Concepts of productivity. Production and accumulation of organic matter.

Organic balance sheets. Nutrient input and budget. Energy flow, accumulationand budgeting. Forest productivity and succession. Productivity and communitystructure. Influence of canopy architecture on stand productivity and productionefficiency. Natural ecosystem versus plantations. Effect of perturbation onproductivity. Methods of assessing site quality.

Suggested ReadingsBormann, F.H. 1979. Pattern and process in a forested ecosystem, SpringerVerlang. 249 p.

Luna, R. K. 1989. Plantation forestry in India. International Book Distributors,Dehradun 509 p.

Luna, R. K. 1996. Plantation trees. International Book Distributors, Dehradun975p.

Gupta, R. K. 1993. Multipurpose trees foragroforestry and wastelands. Oxford& IBM Publ. New Delhi 562 p.


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5. FOREST M A N A G E M E N T 2+0Forest management - scope, objectives and principles. Normal forest

characteristics. Principle of sustained yield. Increment and rotation. Growth,yield and stand structure of even - and uneven - aged stands. Development offorest management/working plan. Regulation of yield by area, reduced areas,volume and increment, Von Mantel's formula, Hufnagel's modification andothers. Site quality and its assessment. Stocking, density and spacing. Multiple

use forest management. Management of farm plantations. Valuation of tree,timber stand, the land and the forest.

Suggested Readings

Assmann. 1970. Principles of forest yield study, International Book Distributor,Dehradun.

Avery, T.E. and Barkhart, H.E.1983. Forest measurements. McGraw Hill BookCompany, New York. 331 p.

Chaturvedi, A . N . and Khanna, L.S. 1994. Forest mensuration. InternationalBook Distributor, Dehradun. 403 p.

Davis, L.S. and K.N. Johnson. 1987. Forest management. Third Edition. McGrawHill Book Company, New York. 790 p.

Desai, V. 1994. Forest management in India - Issues and problems. HimalayanPubli. House. Bombay. 358 p.Jerram, M.R.K. 1982. A textbook offorest management, International Book

Distributor, Dehradun.

Jerram, M.R.K. and Bourne, R. 1980. Elementary forestmensuration. Natraj

Publication, Dehradun. 126 p.

Osmaston, F.C. 1984. Management of forests, International Book Distributor,Dehradun.

Philip, M.S. 1998. Measuring trees and forests. CAB Publication, New York.310 p.Ram Prakash. 1986. Forest management, International Book Distributor,

Dehradun.

Simmons, C.E. 1980. A manual of forest mensuration. Bishen Singh MohinderPal Singh, Dehradun. 96 p.

6. WATERSHED MANAGEMENT 2+0

Watershed management concept. Ideotypes of watershed developmentplans and activities. Criteria for watershed size determination. Agroclimatologicalfactors governing watershed behaviour. Hydrological cycle, measurement ofrainfall, intensity, duration, frequency and run-off measurements. Watershed


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characteristics and their role in watershed management. Soil and waterconservation measure, storage and recycling of water. Development ofvegetation, optimum land use in cropping system. Development of livestock,poultry and fishery. Quantification of benefits. Biological and engineeringapproach in management of degraded and denuded habitats fo r integrated andmultiple approach.

Suggested ReadingsBaumer. 1989. Agroforestry for watershed management, ICRAF, Kenya.Chopra. 1985. Approved practices of soil conservation. Natraj Publication,

Dehradun.

Dhuruva Narayana, V.V. 1993. Soil and water conservation research in India,I C A R , New Delhi.Dhuruva Narayana, V.V., Sastry, G. and Patnaik, V.S. 1990. Watershed

management. ICAR Publication, New Delhi. 176 p.

Morgan. 1984. Soil conservation. Natraj Publication, Dehradun.

Murty, J.V.S. 1995. Watershed management in India. Wiley Eastern, New Delhi.198 p.Verma. 1985. Development of hill Area. Natraj Publication, Dehradun.7. RANGE M A N A G E M E N T 2+0

Grass lands and ranges of India and of the State. Sources gap betweenoptimal requirement and present availability. Principles and practices of range

land management. Improvement of range productivity by vegetationmanipulation - control of undesirable vegetation, burning, fertilization, soil andwater conservation and protection. Grazing system and rotational, nomadic,trans-humans, pad locks, closure cycle, cut and carry cycle, and carryingcapacity. Range improvement and livestock management. Role of joint forestmanagement in range management. Feeding habits and grazing behaviour ofrange live-stock. Optimal livestock and range use. Resources - input - outputflows and system sustainability. Fodder from trees/shrubs and their nutritivevalues. Fodder banks - community lands, private holdings supply of cut fodderand legumes. Bioenergetics and production dynamics.Suggested Readings

Breymeryer, A.I. 1980. Grassland systems analysis and man. Suman BookHouse, Delhi.

Chatterjee. 1989. Forage crop production, Suman Book House, Delhi.

Pokhriyal, T.C., Kumar, A ., Nautiyal, S. andNaithani, H.B. 1992. Fodder from


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forests, ICFRE Publication, Dehradun. 426 p.Shankaranarayan 85 Kumar, V. 1984. Grasses and legumes for forage and soil

conservation. ICAR Publication, New Delhi.Singh, R.V. 1978. Fodder trees of India, Natraj Publisher, Dehradun.

8. REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES IN FORESTRY 2+1

Aerial photography - historical background. Types and quality of aerialphotographs. Specification, procurement of aerial photographs and storage.Elementary photogrammetry. Geometry of aerial photographs and basicmeasurement. Principles and techniques of photo - interpretation and mapping.

Application of photo-interpretation in forestry. Types of maps. Map projection

and map numbering. Satellite imageries - techniques, uses and limitations.

Practical

Use of various photogrammetry instruments, basic exercises in orientation,

transfer, construction of principle points, recognition and identification ofobjects on photographs. Compilation of maps and their interpretation.

Suggested ReadingsBurrough, P.A. 1990. Principles ofCIS for land resource assessment - Oxford

Publication.

Lillsend, T.M. 1989. Remote sensing and image interpretation. John WileyPublishers.

Narayan, L.R.A. 1999. Remote sensing and its applications. Universities Press(India) Ltd. Orient Longman Ltd.

Patel, A . N . Remote sensing: principles and applications. Scientific Publishers,Jodhpur.

Sharma, M.K. 1986. Remote sensing and forest survey. International BookDistributor, Dehradun. 210 p.


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B. SUPPORTING COURSES1. COMPUTER APPLICATIONS AND INFORMATION 0+1

TECHNOLOGY

Hardware: History and development of computers - Organisation and componentparts of computer system - input/output devices - Keyboard, mouse, digitiser,soundcard, videocard - Monitor - Printers - Modem - Scanner.

Memory systems - Main, Auxiliary memory - RAM, ROM - Secondarystorage - hard disks - floppy disk drive - CD ROM.

Operating System: DOS - Internal and external commands, Windows,Windows NT, UNIX and LINUX - Navigating the desktop - Working with Windows- Windows Explorer - Creating and deleting files and folders - Copying andmoving - Printing with Windows - Control panel features - Working withmultimedia.

SoftwareApplicationsWord Processing: MS word basics - Formatting text and documents -

Headers, footers and tabs - Tables - Sorting, Spelling and grammar checks -Mail merge features - Print controls.

Spreadsheet facilities: Excel basics - Cell concepts - Building upworksheets - Functions and formulae - Statistical operations using Excel -Creating charts and graphs - Working with database - Playing, what if.

SPSS Statistical Package: Features of SPSS - Data handling and Datamanagement - Statistical functions - Distribution function, File handling and

transformation - discriminant analysis - Valuability analysis - Regression andvariate analysis - statistical graphics - Forestry related applications.Features of Information Technology: Introduction to information

Technology - Basics of computer networking - LAN, WAN - Bus - Tokening -star- internet, intranet - Basics of E-mail - Exposure to Web browsing - Structure ofURL - Types of web sites - internet Service Provider - Using internet news - Scopeof IT in forestry."

Computer Hands on Practice:

Suggested ReadingsCRAW FORD, ABCs of Windows 98, BPB Publications.

JOHNSON, Learning Guide to internet, BPB Publications.

MOSELEY, Mastering MS Office, BPB Publications.Working with Windows, A hands on Tutorial, Tata McGraw Hill.

18


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2. REMOTE SENSING AND GIS 1+0Introduction to Remote Sensing - electromagnetic spectrum - Physics of

remote sensing - Effects of atmosphere - Spectral reflections of earth objects.Various platforms for data acquisitions - Aerial photography - Satellite

sensors - Optical, Thermal and Microwave - Different types of data products andtheir characteristics - Satellite data - Acquisition, storage and retrieval - Visualinterpretations - Digital image processing.

GPS : introduction - Basic principles - Definition of map - ComputerAssisted Cartography - Hardware requirements - Types of data - Spatial andnonspatial data - Raster and Vector data Conversion - GIS analysis andmodeling - Digital contour modeling - Errors and elimination of them.

Remote Sensing, GIS and GPS applications - Management of naturalresources - Land use/vegetation cover mapping - Agricultural use - Forestry -Environmental impact analysis - Ocean studies - Human settlement studies -Case Studies.

Introduction of GIS software packages - Capabilities - Creating base maps-

Raster vector conversion - Digitising - Linking data files - Tools for mapping andGIS - Carrying out GIS analysis - Selection of a suitable real life problem relatedto the field of forestry - Developing GIS data with relevant information - Decisionmaking using GIS -Hands on practice.

Suggested Readings

B U R R O U G H , P.A. (1990), Principles of GIS for Land Resources Assessment,Oxford Publications.

LILLSEND, T.M. et.at. (1989), Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation, JohnWiely Publishers.N A R A Y A N , L.R.A. (1999), Remote Sensing and its Application, Universities Press

(India) Ltd, Orient Longman Ltd.

NICHOLAS CHRISMAN, Exploring Geographical information Systems.

PATEL , A . N . et.al., Remote Sensing Principles and Applications, ScientificPublishers, Jodhpur.

3. FOREST PLICY AND LAW 1+0Forest Policy

Evaluation of Forestry Policies - National Forest Policy Statements of 1894,1952 and 1988 - salient features - comparison and analysis - implication forforest development and utilization.

Report of National Commission on Agriculture, 1976.


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ForestLaw

Study of the salient feature of the following acts:

The Indian Forest Act. 1927 (Act N o 1 . 16 of 1927).The Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 as amended from time to time.The Forest (Conservation) Act. 1980 as amended from time to time.

Suggested ReadingsFERNANDES, W. & KULKARNI (1986), - Towards a new Forest Policy. Natral

Publishers, Dehra Dun.

Forest Policy (1988), Government of India Publication, Delhi.

Indian Forest Acts with short Notes (1975), Allahabad Law Agency, Allahabad.

JHA, L.K. (1994), Analysis and Appraisal of India's Forest Policy , AshishPublishing House, Delhi.

KHANNA, L.S., Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 as amended upto date withcommentary, Khanna Bandu, Dehra Dun.

NEG I , S.S. (1985), Forest Law, Natraj Publication, Dehra Dun.PATIL, H.M. (1986), Policy for National Conservations, Natraj Publication, Dehra

D u n .

SAHARIA, V.B (1989), Wildlife Law in India, Natraj Publication,Dehra Dun.Handbook of Environment, Forest Wildlife Protection Laws in India, Natraj

Publishers, Dehra Dun.

4. WORKING PLANS l+ ODefinition

Reconnaissance survey and preparation of Reconnaissance Report

Field WorkEnumerationGrowth measurements

Yield regulationField work, Stock mapping

Contents of a Working PlanPart - I Summary of facts on which proposals are made

Chapter I to VIII - the tract dealt with - the forests - utilization of theproduce - staff and labour - past systems of management - statisticsof growth and yield - wildlife, roads, buildings, wells and otherfacilities.


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Part - II Future management and prescriptionsChapter - IChapter - IIChapter - III

Chapter - IVChapter - VChapter - VIChapter - VII

Chapter - VIIIChapter - IXChapter - X

Basics of proposalsOne chapter each for every main working circleOne chapter each for every overlapping workingcircleMiscellaneous regulations/wildlifeEstablishment and labourControl and recordsFinancial forecasts

Summary of prescriptionsMarking rulesExpenditure on working plan

Appendices

MapsGlossary of common local termsGlossary of local and scientific names of plants and animals.

Suggested Reading

N E G I (1998) , Forest Working Plan, Bishen Singh and Mahendra Pal Singh,Dehra Dun.

5. STATISTICAL METHODS, DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS 2+1AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Basic Statistical Methods in Experimentation

Need for statistics in forestry experimentation and planning - populationand sample presentation of data - tabulation. Frequency distribution - Measure

of control tendency - arithmatic mean, median and mode. Measure of dispersion- Standard deviation - Variance and coefficient variation - Skewness etc:correlation and regression; correlation coefficient/coefficient of determination,simple regression analysis; examples of multiple regression. Normal distributionand its application in forestry - properties of normal distribution - Distributionof errors, Confidence limits - Types of abnormality. Expected value of mean andstandard error - Tests of significance - Test for means in one sample and twosample cases (Z and t tests). Z-test for proportion, Chi square test of variancein one sample case. F test of variance in two sample cases. Test of equality ofK- means (one way and two way classification), Application of experiments. Testof equality of K variance. Examples of linear regression and its fitting by leastsquare method. Examples of multiple regression. Random variable, probability,basic laws of probability. Cumulative distribution function - density function,expectation - special invariable distribution - discrete and continuous, joint andconditional distribution function, independence. Sampling distribution - sampleand composite hypothesis. Test of significance - single sample mean, two samplemeans: single sample variance and two sample variances.


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Sampling Techniques in Forestry

Need for sampling in forestry. Complete enumeration Vs partialenumeration. Principal steps in sample surveys, population, sampling unit, sizeof sample, (sample intensity) bias, accuracy and precision. Sampling, variation.and estimation of sampling error. Determination of sample size for a given level.Classified sampling design used in forest surveys. Simple random sampling -stratified random sampling. Systematic sampling - Point sampling and use ofwedge prism.

Planning of Experiments

Principles of experimental design. Randomization. Layout and analysis ofdata of Completely Randomized Design (CRD), Randomized Block Design (RBD),Latin Square Design (LSD), Split Plot and Strip-plot Designs.

Research Methodology

Selection of research problem considering National Forestry Policy - Writingproject proposal. Generation of research questions - Stating objectives ofresearch study - Proposing hypothesis - Planning for literature survey - Use ofcomputer - based literature - Planning for field work - Data collection- StatisticalAnalysis. Interpretation and deriving inference and conclusions - Preparationof thesis/dissertation/research project report - Development of scientific articlesfor publication.

Practical

Laying out of designs in the filedi) ABBA,ii) Latin Square,iii) Replicated and Randomized design,

iv) Split plot designv) Scattered block.

Analysis of results of the above design,

Sampling and Enumeration exercises in the field and recording of the data.

Suggested Readings

CHADDA (1989), Agricultural Statistics in India, Suman Book House, Delhi.

DEAR, K.B.G MEAD, R. & RILAY, J. (1987), Statistical Tools for AgroforestryResearch - Bivariate Analysis for Intercropping Experiments, I C R A F ,K E N Y A .


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DOS PE KHOV, C.A. (1984), Field Experimentation Statistical Procedures, M.I .R.Publishers, Moscow.

MATIN , J. (1976), Principles of Database Management, Prentice Hall, New York.6. FOREST EXTENSION, TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER 1+1

AND LINKAGES

Forest Extension in India

Framework for forestry extension - Organisational setting, extension models-Research - Development - Diffusion - Adoption model (RDDA) - Problem solvingmodel - Linkage model - Social interaction model - Strategies for extension -Empirical - Rational Strategies - Power - Coercive strategies - Normative - Re-educative strategies. Problems in extension - Successful strategies in IndianAgriculture - Framework for Forestry Extension in various states.

Technology assessment - Technology selection for extension. Evaluating theuser agencies - Enumerating the obstacles for technology transfer - preparing

people for adoption - Knowledge transfer- identification of leaders - Formation oflocal association - Introducing technology - Transfer problems - Extensioncommunication process - Mass media - Television - Radio - Posters - Groupdiscussions - Tree farmers excursion - hand books - Reference books - Linkagemechanism. Personnel for village extension - Training methods - Demonstration.

Innovating Forestry Extension Programs

Extension strategies for updating technology - Planning and implementingextension campaigns - Technology transfer centers - Solving individual and

group extension methods - Open for a - Tree Farmers Day.

Developing Forestry Extension

Developments at district level - Organisational design and extensionadministration - Evaluating extension programs - Inservice training of extensionpersonnel - Planned staff development and demonstration plots in forestry.

Followup of extension - Consultancy - Evaluation of quality and assessmentof returns - Marketing the products - Case studies in extension.

Practical

Visit to project tribal village, meeting the villagers for a specific task,practicing the use of Black boards, Flip Charts, O.K.P. , Slide Projectors, andVCR.

Preparing skits for A . I .R . broadcast/TV broadcast on specific issues,Organising field demonstration on Nursery, Plantation, Harvesting, Processing,

Problem solving through question and answer sessions, laying filed trials


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for technology transfer, analysing the reasons for success/failure stories.

SuggestedReadingsBELD, J.A. (1987), Guidelines for Training in Rapid Appraisal for Agro-forestry

Research and Extension, Common Wealth Science Council, London, U.K.

DESAI, R.C. (1989), Farmers Societies and Agricultural Development. NatrajPublication, Dehra Dun.

FAO (1986), Forestry Extension Organisation, Sl.No.68, FAO Publication, Rome,Italy.

FAO (1987), Forestry Extension Methods, SLNo. 80, FAO Publication, Caracall,Rome, Italy.

FAO, Planning Forestry Extension Programs, FAO, Bangkok, Thailand.

International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, Agro forestry TechnologyInformation Kit, International Institute of Rural Reconstruction, Silong,Philippines.

JHA, L.K. & SEN SARMA, P.K. (Eds)(1996), A manual of Forestry ExtensionEducation, APH Publishing Corporation, New Delhi.

HAL PERN, J.M. (1967), The Changing village community, Prentice Hall, NewDelhi.

Ministry of Food and Agriculture, (1961), Extension Education in CommunityDevelopment MFA, Government of India, New Delhi.

RAINTREE, J.B. & HESKINS, M.W. (1988), Approved R & D Support for ForestryExtension, FAO Planning Forestry Extension Program Report of RegionalExpert Consultation, Bangkok, IR-65.

RANA, M.S. (1990), Forest Extension, Bishen Singh and Mehand Pal Singh,Dehra Dun.

ROY, F.G. KIVLIN, J.E. and SEN, L.K. (1968), Agricultural Innovation AmongIndian Farmers, National Institute of Community Development, Hyderabad.

7. WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 2+1

Introduction

Definition and concept of wildlife in India - Distribution of wildlife in India

- Status of wildlife conservation in India - Essentials of wildlife environment -Need for wildlife protection - Development and Management - Faunal zones inIndia - Survey of important fauna and flora in India.


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Wildlife as a Natural Resource and Land Use

Multiple land use concept. Classification of area used for wildlife purpose -Biosphere reserve - National Parks - Sanctuaries - Gene reserve and closedareas - Classification of wildlife values - Consumptive and non-consumptive usesof wildlife. Wildlife as productive reserve - Wildlife as landed capital - As genepool.

Wildlife Values

Classification of economic values of wildlife, positive values - Usefulproducts, useful activities, Income from wildlife - Wildlife as tourist attraction.

Biological Base of Wildlife Management

Food : Quantity, quality, food chain, niches, size of food, pinch,period, carrying Capacity, predation.

Shelter : Basic requirements, territory, home range.

Animal Population : Biological surplus, breeding potential, internaladjustment factors, gregariousness and flocking, densityand saturation point, population dynamics.

Wildlife Management

Concept - Practice - Habitat relationship - Selection Factors - The nicheconcept - Influence of fire on wildlife and its habitat - Predation theory -Management ofpredator/prey relationship - Predation on domestic livestock -Population biology.

Ecology ofWildlifeDistribution and behavior of animals, birds, raptiles as affected by various

environmental and instinctive factors.

Zoo - geographical regions of India.

Important animals of India, their distribution and importantcharacteristics, Rare, threatened and endangered species.

Wildlife Studies

Census and estimates, Track and trails, Recognizing kill evidence andMarking

National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries and Biosphere Reserves

National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries and Biosphere Reserves explained -Safari management - Jungle lodges and tourism - Safety management -


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Principles of animal behavior - Endangered flora and fauna - Management ofsanctuaries during severe drought - Vaccination of the domestic cattle in thehuman settlement of the sanctuary against diseases - Water supply duringdrought - Resettlement of families living inside the sanctuaries.

Special Protection and Development Projects for Endangered Species

Project Tiger - Gir lion sanctuary project - Crocodile breeding project -Project Hangal, ecology and conservation of Himalayan musk deer - Manipuribrown antlered deer - Wildlife protection Act - Wildlife Education through specifictelevision channels available - The role of animals on forest decompositionprocesses - Influence of animals on productivity of ecosystem.

Major Wildlife Management Problems in India

Major wildlife management problems in India and their probable solutions.Habitat evaluation and mapping - Objectives of captive breeding andrehabilitation - Problems and appropriate solutions.

Practical

Enumeration ofwildlife, Study of pug marks of wild animals, Preparationof plaster casts of pug marks, Census of herbivores, Observing feeding pattern,food preference of selected herbivores, Visit one National Park or WildlifeSanctuary in the region and study the wildlife management, Case studies ofmajor wildlife projects in India, and their impact on wildlife, impact of projecttiger, and Status of major Zoological Parks in India.

Suggested Readings

HOSETTI, B.B. (1997), Concepts in Wildlife Management, Daya Publishing House,Delhi.

MAHESH R A N G A R A J A N (1999), Hunting and Shooting, Vol.1., The OxfordAnthology of Indian Wildlife.

Watching and Conserving, Vol.11., Oxford Anthology of Indian Wildlife; OxfordUniversity Press, New Delhi.

SAMAR SINGH (1987), Conserving India's Natural Heritage, Natraj Publication,Dehra Dun.

S H A R M A , B.D. (1999), Indian Wildlife Resources Ecology and Development, DayaPublishing House, Delhi

SINHA, P.C. (1998), Wildlife and Forest Conservation, Anmol Publishing Pvt. Ltd.,New Delhi.

SINH, P.C. (1998), Wildlife, Anmol Publishing Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.


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8. JOINT FOREST MANAGEMENT 2+1Concept of Joint Forest Management

Forests as common property resource - Relationship between abuttingcommunities and forests - Abutting communities as stake holders - Involvementof local communities in upgradation, protection and management of R.Fs. -Sharing of benefit flows.

Evolution of Joint Forest Management in IndiaCommunity rights and responsibilities as delineated in Indian Forest Act.

1927 - access to forests, nistar, usufruct rights, community obligation to reportthefts and help suppress fires - Fire reward system

Arabari (West Bengal) experiment - Sukomajri (Punjab) experiment -Interface forestry of Tamil Nadu.

People's participation as envisaged in National Forest Policy, 1988 -Guidelines on joint forest management issues by Government of India.

Comparison of Traditional and Joint Forest Management Systems

Strategy, planning and management - Participation of local communitiesin "knowledge sharing, products emphasis, institution, approach, transparency,species, central concepts and results.

Creating Stakes for Communities

Local level user groupsState level user groups

Factors Favorable for Initiating Joint Forest Management

Homogeneity of user community - Dependence on forests - Stakes inprotection and upgradation - Presence of adequate root - Stock - Forestland/man ratio - Attitude of forest staff and local leadership - Presence of NGO -Tenurial and settlement relationship.People's Participation

Organising local villagers around forest resources - Need for group efforts -Phases in organizing joint forest management groups preparatory phase, groupformation phase and stablisation phase.

Organising village forest councils and Joint Forest Management groups.

Planning Process

Baseline survey - Rural social analysis - Natural resources analysis -Planning process - Drafting the micro - plan.


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Implementation

Diagnostic reconnaissance - Initiating dialogues - Participatory learningand action exercises - Formation of village forest councils - Preparation ofparticipatory micro - plan for the watershed - Memorandum of understanding -Liaison with line departments/ organizations - Involving NGOs - Villagedevelopment activities - Providing alternate sources of employment - Training of

staff and local leaders.

Anticipated ImpedimentsConflicts among different groups - Conflicts among different villages -

Conflicts between VFC and Panchayats - Political interference - Apathy ofimplementing officials and local leaders - Conflicts in benefits sharing -Government rules and regulations - Paucity of funds.

Contributory Factors for the Success of Joint Forest ManagementSustained efforts - Sustainable employment opportunities - Adequate

benefit flows - Empowerment of VFCs - Augmenting water resources - Fire control- Augmenting fuel and fodder supplies - Organising self help groups.

Human Resource DevelopmentConcept as applicable to forestry programs - Social and human relationship

model - Leadership - Organisational behaviour - Motivation - Communication -Training, development of training programs, planning, implementation andevaluation. Human Resources Development in forestry sector - Strategicplanning - job and job description - Job and Task analysis. Grievances andconflicts and solving them - Settlement of disputes. Labour management inplantations.

Practical

Visit to a target village in a proposed JFM Watershed and carryout P R A /RDA/PLA Exercises.Study of the activities of JFM watershed under implementation.

Study the obligation of the forest department and villagers.

Study of benefit sharing mechanism.

Study the formation and composition and functions of village forest council.

Evaluate the JFM practices.

Study the motivational methods adopted for forest staff and village forestcouncil leaders.


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uggested Readings

R. (1999), Participatory Learning and Action and Micro Planningfor JFM, Dean, SFRC, Coimbatore - 641002, Tamil Nadu.

oint Forest Management : Concept and Opportunities (1992), Society forpromotion of Wasteland Development, Copernicus Marg, New Delhi -

110001.H I N A G A R A N , M. (1999), Joint Forest Management in Tamil Nadu, Tamil Nadu

Forest Department, Chiennai - 600015.FOREST MICROBIOLOGY 2+1

Litterfall - greatest loss of net primary production - greatest in moist,warm. Fertile, high productivity sites - accounts for bulk of N, Cs, Mg. and P. -

n important parameter of energy flow to microfauna and flora and influenceet primary production - greater turnover of organic matter below ground due

o mortality of fine roots, mycorrhial fungi than above ground.Decomposition of litter and release ofnutrients slow or fast - thicker

tter and undesirable soil properties - fast decomposition 6 to 10 times fastern tropical than in temperate forests - decomposition and release of nutrients -ritical link in biogeochemical cycle.

Decomposition and combined action of soil fauna, flora and microbes -oil mesofauna reducing leaves into tiny bits and improving it as a goodubstitute for bacteria and fungi - chemical composition of litter, acidity,lkalinity and C/N ratio effect on rate of decomposition - soil microclimate andertility status ofsoil effect on litter decomposition- end products CO2. , water,norganic ions and organic materials.

Soil organic matter - Litter layer (L), intermediate layer (F) and humusayer (M) horizontal layer of forest floor - mor, moder and mull.Soil Biology

Microflora: bacteria (autotropic, heterotropic and symbiotic),ctinomycetes, fungi, Mycorrhizae - ectropic and endotropic, algae, Macroflora -

plant roots rhizosphere.Factors affecting depth of root penetration: physical properties of soil,

oil moisture and aeration, soil temperature, nutrition, root competition withother roots, soil chemistry.

Soil fauna: Diverse group from large burrowing animals to microscopicmites, nematodes, protozos.


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Macrofauna (soil vertebrates, mollusks, earthworms, larger arthropods)influences soil aeration and structure, soil drainage and soil development.

Mesofauna (ants, mites, springtalls, potworms, nematodes) influence bulkdensity, predation on bacteria and fungi and parasitism of nematodes.

Microfauna (small mites, nematodes) major role in promoting friable crumbstructure.

In the final stage, the black amorphous humus as mixture of faecal pelletsin all stages of disintegration, fragments of leaf tissue, hyphae, exoskeletons and


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Pelear, M.J., Chan, E.C.S., and Krieg, N.R. (1993), Microbiology, Tata McgrawHill Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi

Subba Rao, N.S. (1989), Soil Micro Organisms and Plant Growth, Oxford and IBHPublishing Co. Ltd. New Delhi.

Suba Rao, N.S. (1997), Bio-fertilizers in Agriculture and Forestry, Oxford and

IBH Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi.Tauro, P., Kapoor, K.K. and Yadav, K.S. (1989), An Introduction to Micro-biology,

Wiley Eastern Pub., New Delhi.

31


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Agro forestry and EcologyA.MajorCoursesA 1. CoraCourses 12 Credits1. Silviculture 1+12. Forest Mensuration and Inventory Preparation 1+13. Agroforestry 2+04 Tree Breeding 2+15. Forest Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation 1+16. Forest Based Industries 1+0

Seminar 0+1 1 CreditA 2. Optional Courses 12 Credits1. Social Forestry 2+12. Plantation Forestry 2+03. Productivity of Agroforestry Systems 2+14. Agroforestry for Animal Production 2+05. Designing and Modeling in Agroforestry 2+06. Forest Ecosystem Dynamics 2+17. Watershed Ecology 2+18. Forest Fire Ecology 2+19. Wildlife Ecology 2+110. Ecology of Forest Farming 2+1

B. Supporting Courses 10 Credits1. Computer Applications and Information Technology 0+12. Remote Sensing and CIS 1+03. Forest Policy and Law 1+04. Working Plans 1+05. Statistical Methods, Design of Experiments 2+1

and Research Methodology6. Forestry Extension, Technology Transfer and Linkage 1+1

7. Wildlife Management 2+18. Joint Forest Management 2+19. Forest Microbiology 2+1

Any other course(s) as recommended by the studentAdvisory Committee

Total 35 credits


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A. MAJOR

A.1 CORE COURSESDetails as given in section on Silviculture and Forest

A. 2 OPTIONAL COURSES

1. SOCIAL FORESTRY 2+1Social and community forestry - concepts, variations, and their role inrural, tribal and urban development. National forest policy : strategy and

objectives of social forestry. Fuel, fodder and timber crisis in developingcountries. Choice of species and management of social forestry plantations :energy blocks, wood lots, green belts, sound barriers, smoke and smog reducers,silvi-pastoral, parks and recreational sites. Management of community lands,wastelands and marginal lands. People nurseries-village forest/communityforest development (VFD/CFD) nurseries. Tree and land tenure issue conflicts.Ecological and land use constraints. Employment potential and distribution ofbenefits. Joint forest management - principles and application. Ruraldevelopment projects - D&D exercise, preparation and operation, peoples'participation, role of voluntary organizations and N.G.Os, and national andinternational agencies.

Practical

Methods of plantation on wastelands. D & D exercises. Visit to socialforestry plantations. Visit to forest nurseries.Suggested Readings

Annamala i , R. 1999. Participatory learning and action and micro planning forJFM . Dean, SFRC, Coimbatore - 641 002. Tamil Nadu.F.A.O. 1978. Forestry for local community development, FAOPublication, Rome,

Italy.

F.A.O. Forestry and Rural Development. Sl.No.26, F.A.O. Publication, Rome, Italy.

Prasad, V.N. 1985. Principle and practice ofsocial-cum-community forestry.International Book Distributor, Dehradun.

Shah, S.A. 1988. Forestry for people ICAR Publication, New Delhi. 147 p.Singh, M.P. , Chinnamani, S. and Trivedi , R.N. 1993. Social forestry and

environment. Iternational Suggested Readings and periodicals, Delhi.313 p.Tiwari, K.M. 1985. Social forestry in India. Natraj Publication, Dehradun.


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Tiwari, K.M. 1988. Social forestry and rural development. International BookDistributor, Dehradun. 108 p.

Vyas, G.P.D. 1999. Community forestry. Agrobios Jodhpur 206 p.2. PLANTATION FORESTRY 2+0

Need for man made forests in the tropics. Plantation silviculture-native vs

exotics. Single species plantations vs mixed plantations Vs multiple purposeJMPTJ^Dlantations- Selection onlaDisp .stack. Pnx&jjqp - J O / Z F J } . Jiaai r J J ^ S J K J S J ^and economics. Rotations and regeneration. Failure ofplantations - reasons,unsuitable species, non-application of standard techniques. Impact assessmentand integration of plantation forestry. Ecological factors and long termproductivity - case studies of Eucalyptus, Casuarina, poplar, acacias, pine,silver oak, Gmelina, teak, bamboo, etc.Suggested ReadingsF.A.O. 1978. Establishment techniques for plantations, F.A.O. Publications,

Rome, Italy.

Kumar, V. 1999. Nursery and plantation practices in Forestry. Scientificpublication. Jodhpur. 531 p.

Luna, R. K. 1989. Plantation forestry in India. International Book Distributors,

Luna, R. K. 1996. Plantation trees. International Book Distributors, Dehradun975p.

Ram Prakash, Chaudhari, D.C. and Negi, S.S. 1998. Plantation and nurserytechniques of forest trees. International Book Distributors, Dehradun452 p.

Ram Prakash. 1986. Nursery plantation techniques in forestry in India, SumanBook House, Delhi.

Willan, R.L. 1985. A guide to forest seed handling. FAO Rome. 379 p.

3. PRODUCTIVITY OF AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS 2+1

Concept of crop productivity. Productivity potential in relation to light, water

and nutrients. System complementarily, supplementary, competitiveness,sustainability and management techniques. Tree root architecture, reallocationof resources within the plant system. Biological yield and harvest index. Growthand yield functions. Land equivalent ratio. Water use efficiency, photosyntheticefficiency, radiation balance, canopy management, plant geometry and cropyield. Allelopathic effects. Strategies to improve the efficiency and productivityof different land use systems.


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Practical

Methods to estimate productivity ofherbs, shrubs and trees. To study thearchitecture of roots of trees. To measure the canopy of trees and leaf area index.To find out the allelopathic effect of trees.Suggested ReadingsAbrol , I.P. and Dhuruva Narayana, V.V. 1990. Technologies for wasteland

development, ICAR , New Delhi.Dwivedi , A.P. 1992. Agroforestry principles and practices. Oxford & IBH

Publication Co., New Delhi.

Huxley, P. 1999. Tropical agroforestry. Blackwell Science, Oxford. 371 p.Khosla, P.K. and Khurana, D.K. 1987. Agroforestry for rural needs . Vol. 1. and

II, ISTS, Solan, H.P.Nair, P.K.R. 1993. An introduction .to agroforestry, Kluwer Acaemic Publishers.499 p.Ong, C.K. and Huxley, P.K. 1996. Tree crop interactions - A physiological

approach. ICRAF Kenya. 386 p.Ramakrishnan P.S. 1992. Shifting agriculture and sustainable development.

Man and Biospheres series. The Parthenon Publishing Group. 424 p.

Sen Sarma, P.K., Jha, L.K. 1993. Agroforestry, Indian perspectives. AshishPublishers, Delhi.Singh, R.V. 1978. Fodder trees of India. Natraj Publishers, Dehradun.Tejwani, K.G. 1994. Agroforestry in India, Oxford & IBH Publ. Co. 233 p.Wojtkowski, P. 1998. The theory and practice of agroforestry design. Oxford and


Young, A. 1997. Agroforestry for soil management. CAB International Wellingford.320 p.4. AGROFORESTRY FOR ANIMAL PRODUCTION 2+0

Importance ofsilvi - pastoral system vis-a-vis cattle, sheep and goats. Feedand fodder resources in agroforestry systems. Nutrient analysis of foragesderived from fodder trees/shrubs. Nutrient requirement for various livestockand their ration computation with agroforestry forages and trees leaves. Forageand tree leaves preservation. Calendar for forage crop production in differentagroforesty systems including lopping schedules. Optimization of animalproduction. Animal products technology and marketing.


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Suggested ReadingsBreymeryer, A.I. 1980. Grassland systems analysis and man. Suman Book

House, Delhi.

Chatter]ee. 1989. Forage crop production, Suman Book House, Delhi.Pokhriyal, T.C., Kumar, A., Nautiyal, S. and Naithani, H.B. 1992. Fodder from

forests, ICFRE publication, Dehradun. 426 p.Shankaranarayan and Kumar, V. 1984. Grasses and legumes for forage and soil

conservation. I CAR Publication, New Delhi.Singh, R.V. 1978. Fodder trees of India, Natraj Publisher, Dehradun.

5. DESIGNING AND MODELING IN AGROFORESTRY 2+ODesigning of agroforestry systems experiments on hedgerow, live fences,

mixed intercropping, and alley cropping. Elements of modeling, model building,modeling philosophy, validation, sensitivity analysis, statistical decision theory,

statistical hypotheses. Introduction to various mathematical techniques formodeling, renewable resources and making management decisions, differencean differential equation models, Leslis matrix model of population growth andsimulation.

Suggested Readings

Hau, C.A.S. Ecosystem modelling in theory and practice, Wiley, New York.

Huxley, P. 1999. Tropical agroforestry. Blackwell Science, Oxford. 371 p.Jeffers, J.N.R. 1978. An introduction to system analysis with ecologicalapplication - Edward Arnold, London.Nair, P.K.R. 1993. An introduction to agroforestry, Kluwer Acaemic Publishers.

499 p.


Tejwani, K.G. 1994. Agroforestry in India, Oxford and IBH Publ. Co. 233 p.Wojtkowski, P. 1998. The theory and practice of agroforestry design. Oxford and

IBH Publication Co., New Delhi. 282 p.6. FOREST ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS 2+1

Nutrient sources and cation exchange. Nutrient requirements. Role ofmycorrhizae and Rhizobium. Fertilization offorests/plantations. Nutrient inputs,accumulation and return. Rainfall and dryfall. Factors affecting nutrientuptake. Decomposition of organic matter. Nitrogen and phosphorus cycles.Output of minerals. Mineral cycling and state of equilibrium.


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PracticalTo estimate litter on the forest floor. To analyze the litter for nitrogen. To

study decomposition of organic matter by litter bag method.

Hau, C.A.S. Ecosystem modelling in theory and practice , Wiley, New York.Jeffers , J.N.R. 1978. An introduction to system analysis with ecological

application - Edward Arnold, London.Kimmins, J.P.1987. Forestecology, Macmillan Publishing Company.Koop, H. 1989. Forest dynamics. Springer-Verlag, New York 229 p.Lai, J.B. 1992. Forest ecology. Natraj Publication, Dehradun. 322 p.Puri, G.S. 1960. Indian forest ecology. Vol. I and II. Oxford Book and Stationery

Co.,New Delhi.Spur, S.H. and Bams,B.V.1980. Forest ecology.John Wiley & Sons, New York.687 p.Spur, S.H. 1964. forestecology. Ronald Press Co., New York. 352 p.Waring, R.H. and Schlesinger, W.H. 1985. Forestegosystem - concepts and

management. Academic Press, New York. 340 p.

7. WATERSHED ECOLOGY 2+1Concept of watershed. Natural basis of resource development. Ecological

criteria for integrated watershed. Aspects of hydrological cycle. Deforestationand hydrologic changes. Role offorests/trees in watershed ecology. Livestock inwatershed. Watershed management techniques. Worked out case studies incontext with ecology of the area.

Practical

Visit to an important watershed project. To study watershed developmentand management techniques.

Suggested ReadingsBaumer. 1989. Agroforestry for watershed management, ICRAF, Kenya.Chopra. 1985. Approved practices of soil conservation. Natraj Publication,

Dehradun.

Dhuruva Narayana, V.V. 1993. Soil and water conservation research in India,ICAR, New Delhi.

(I?"


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Suggested Readings

Breymeryer, A.I. 1980. Grassland systems analysis and man. Suman BookHouse, Delhi.

Chatterjee. 1989. Forage crop production, Suman BookHouse, Delhi.Pokhriyal, T.C., Kumar, A ., Nautiyal, S. and Naithani, H.B. 1992. Fodder from

forests, ICFRE publication, Dehradun. 426 p.Shankaranarayan and Kumar, V. 1984. Grasses and legumesfor forage and soilconservation. ICAR Publication, New Delhi.

Singh, R.V. 1978. Fodder trees of India, Natraj Publisher, Dehradun.

5. DESIGNING AND MODELING INAGROFORESTRY 2+ODesigning ofagroforestry systems experiments on hedgerow, live fences,

mixed intercropping, and alley cropping. Elements of modeling, model building,modeling philosophy, validation, sensitivity analysis, statistical decision theory,statistical hypotheses. Introduction to various mathematical techniques formodeling, renewable resources and making management decisions, differencean differential equation models, Leslis matrix model of population growth andsimulation.

Suggested Readings

Hau, C.A.S . Ecosystem modelling in theory and practice, Wiley, New York.Huxley, P. 1999. Tropical agroforestry. Blackwell Science, Oxford. 371 p.Jeffers, J.N.R. 1978. An introduction to system analysis with ecological

application - Edward Arnold, London.

Nair, P.K.R. 1993. An introduction to agroforestry, Kluwer Acaemic Publishers.499 p.


Tejwani, K.G. 1994. Agroforestry in India, Oxford and IBH Publ. Co. 233 p.Wojtkowski, P. 1998. The theory and practice of agroforestry design. Oxford and


6. FOREST ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS 2+1

Nutrient sources and cation exchange. Nutrient requirements. Role ofmycorrhizae and Rhizobium. Fertilization of forests/plantations. Nutrient inputs,accumulation and return. Rainfall and dryfall. Factors affecting nutrientuptake. Decomposition of organic matter. Nitrogen and phosphorus cycles.Output of minerals. Mineral cycling and state of equilibrium.


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PracticalTo estimate litter on the forest floor. To analyze the litter for nitrogen. To

study decomposition of organic matter by litter bag method.

Hau, C.A.S. Ecosystem modelling in theory and practice, Wiley, New York.Jeffers, J.N.R. 1978. An introduction to system anaJysis with ecological

application - Edward Arnold, London.

Kimmins, J.P.I987. Forest ecology, Macmillan Publishing Company.Koop, H. 1989. Forest dynamics. Springer-Verlag, New York 229 p.Lai, J.B. 1992. Forest ecology. Natraj Publication, Dehradun. 322 p.Puri, G.S. 1960. Indian forest ecology. Vol. I and II. Oxford Book and Stationery

Co., New Delhi.Spur, S.H. and Barns, B.V.1980. Forest ecology. John Wiley & Sons, New York.687p.Spur, S.H. 1964. Forest ecology. Ronald Press Co., New York. 352 p.

Waring, R.H. and Schlesinger, W.H. 1985. Forestegosystem - concepts andmanagement. Academic Press, New York. 340 p.

7. WATERSHED ECOLOGY 2+1Concept of watershed. Natural basis of resource development. Ecological

criteria for integrated watershed. Aspects ofhydrological cycle. Deforestationand hydrologic changes. Role of forests/trees in watershed ecology. Livestock inwatershed. Watershed management techniques. Worked out case studies incontext with ecology of the area.

Practical

Visit to an important watershed project. To study watershed developmentand management techniques.

Suggested ReadingsBaumer. 1989. Agroforestry for watershed management, I C R A F , Kenya.Chopra. 1985. Approved practices of soil conservation. Natraj Publication,

Dehradun.

Dhuruva Narayana, V.V. 1993. Soil and water conservation research in India,I C A R , New Delhi.


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Dhuruva Narayana, V.V., Sastry, G. and Patnaik, V.S. 1990. Watershedmanagement. ICAR Publication, New Delhi. 176 p.

Morgan. 1984. Soil conservation. Natraj Publication, Dehradun.Murty, J.V.S. 1995. Watershed management in India. Wiley Eastern, New Delhi.

198 p.

Verma. 1985. Development of hill area. Natraj Publication, Dehradun.8. FOREST FIRE ECOLOGY 2+1

Fire related ecology of dominant species on forest range and habitats.Impact of fire on regeneration and vegetation succession. Effects of fire on soil,nutrient cycling, soil organisms, forest development and wildlife in forests andgrasslands. Prescribed burning. Development of fire danger rating systems. Firedetection system. Fire control and suppression procedures in India anddeveloped nations.

Practical

Effect of fire on regeneration of vegetation. Effect of fire on nutrient release.Methods of prescribed burning. Fire control methods.

Suggested ReadingsArtsybashev, E.S. 1983. Forest fire and their control. Oxonian Press Pvt. Ltd.

New Delhi 160 p.

Brown, A.A. and Davis K.P. 1973.Forest fire control and uses.McGraw-Hill BookCo. New York 686 p.

Garner, W.Y. and Harvey, J. 1984. Chemical and biological controls in forestry.American Chemical Society Washingon 406 p.

Negi , S.S. 1995. Hand book of forest protection. International Book DistributorDehradun, 274p.


9. WILDLIFE ECOLOGY 2+1Food chain, food webs and tropic system. Ecological nitche of wildlife.

Animal habitat interactions and patterns of habitat utilization. Energy flow ofherbivores and carnivores. Structure of animal population. Depletion of wildlife(inherent factors, environmental degradation, commercial exploitation).Ecological factors and influences (shelter, nourishment, procreation andfostering, self protection). Special projects for conservation of rare andthreatened species.


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Practical

Visit to wildlife parks and study the methods of animal counts, and theirhabitat.

Suggested ReadingsDhyani, S.N. 1994. Wildlife management. Rawat Publication, Jaipur. 258 p.

Hosetti, B.B. 1997. Concepts in wildlife management. Daya Publishing House,Delhi-110 035.Khanna, L.S. Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 as amended up to date with

commentary. Khanna Bandhu, Dehradun.

Krishnamurthy, A.V.R.G. 1983. Forests andwildlife in India. IIT Madras. 375p.Rangarajan, M . 1999. Hunting and shooting. Vol.1., The Oxford Anthology of

Indian Wildlife.

Saharia, V.B. 1989. Wildlife laws in India. Natraj Publication, Dehradun.Sharrna, B.D. 1999. Indian wildlife resources ecology and development. Daya

Publishing House, Delhi-110 035.Singh, S. 1987. Conserving India's natural heritage. Natraj Publication,

Dehradun.

Sinha, P.C. 1998. Wildlife and forest conservation. Anmol Publishing Pvt.Ltd.,New Delhi.

10. ECOLOGY OF FOREST FARMING 2+1

Objectives and background of forest farming. Ecological cultivation.Designing of forest farms. Site characteristics, choice and selection of species.Fast growth and energy potential in context with system sustainability. Ecologyof planting and cropping. Use of fertilizers (selection, method and timing). Energyflow (accumulation and budget). Ecology of different farm forestry models (agri-silvi - silvi-horti - and silvi-pastoral system, shifting agriculture, taungya,homestead, etc.). Monoculture versus mixed culture. Biofencing.

Practical

To visit important

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