Formation of Western Formation of Western EuropeEuropeChapter 14Chapter 14

I. The Age of FaithI. The Age of Faith

Around 900sAround 900s

The church started massive rebuilding The church started massive rebuilding projects to restructure what invaders projects to restructure what invaders destroyed in Western Europedestroyed in Western Europe

Still considered Middle AgesStill considered Middle Ages

The Age of Faith (cont’d)The Age of Faith (cont’d)

A.A. Problems in the Problems in the ChurchChurch

Married priestsMarried priests SimonySimony: :

bishops sold bishops sold positions in the positions in the churchchurch

Lay InvestureLay Investure

The Age of Faith (cont’d)The Age of Faith (cont’d)

B.B. Reform and OrganizationReform and Organization Popes Leo IX and Gregory VII enforced Popes Leo IX and Gregory VII enforced

church laws and reorganized the churchchurch laws and reorganized the church Papal Curia:Papal Curia: Pope’s advisors (acted as a Pope’s advisors (acted as a

court)court) Tithes 1/10Tithes 1/10thth the yearly income the yearly income

The Age of Faith (cont’d)The Age of Faith (cont’d)

C.C. New Religious OrdersNew Religious Orders FriarsFriars: traveling preachers; vows of chastity, : traveling preachers; vows of chastity,

poverty, and obediencepoverty, and obedience DominicansDominicans: early order of friars; scholars: early order of friars; scholars Franciscans: Franciscans: St. Francis; treated all things like St. Francis; treated all things like

spiritual brothersspiritual brothers

The Age of Faith (cont’d)The Age of Faith (cont’d)

D.D. CathedralsCathedrals1.1. RomanesqueRomanesque: 800-1100: 800-1100

Round archesRound arches heavy roofheavy roof thick wallsthick walls tiny windowstiny windows

The Age of Faith (cont’d)The Age of Faith (cont’d)

2.2. GothicGothic: 1100s: 1100s Roofs thrust upward—reaching heavenRoofs thrust upward—reaching heaven Huge stained glass windowsHuge stained glass windows Notre Dame: most famousNotre Dame: most famous

II. The CrusadesII. The Crusades

When: started When: started around1096; lasted around1096; lasted approx 300 yearsapprox 300 years

What: What: Holy Wars Holy Wars between the between the Christians and Christians and Muslims over the Muslims over the holy landsholy lands

The Crusades (cont’d)The Crusades (cont’d) How it happened:How it happened:

1.1. Muslims threatened Muslims threatened ConstantinopleConstantinople

2.2. Byzantine Emperor sent Byzantine Emperor sent letter for helpletter for help

3.3. Pope Pope Urban II Urban II issued a call issued a call for a “holy war” or crusadefor a “holy war” or crusade

4.4. Over the next 300 years, Over the next 300 years, several crusades took placeseveral crusades took place

The Crusades (cont’d)The Crusades (cont’d)

A.A. CausesCauses1.1. ReligiousReligious: :

Muslims Muslims controlled controlled Palestine (Holy Palestine (Holy Land); threatened Land); threatened ConstantinopleConstantinople

Christians wanted Christians wanted to reunite to reunite Christian landsChristian lands

The Crusades (cont’d)The Crusades (cont’d)

2.2. SocialSocial: : Get rid of quarrelsome knights who threatened Get rid of quarrelsome knights who threatened

peacepeace Younger sons wanted land and position in Younger sons wanted land and position in

society as well as adventuresociety as well as adventure

The Crusades (cont’d)The Crusades (cont’d)

3.3. EconomicEconomic:: Merchants made $ by making loans to finance Merchants made $ by making loans to finance

the journey; wanted control of trade routes.the journey; wanted control of trade routes.

The Crusades (cont’d)The Crusades (cont’d)

B.B. Effects of the CrusadesEffects of the Crusades1.1. Showed the Power of the churchShowed the Power of the church

Thousands went to war b/c church said soThousands went to war b/c church said so Women had chance to operate affairs at homeWomen had chance to operate affairs at home

2.2. Increased Trade, cities, and UniversitiesIncreased Trade, cities, and Universities Trade expanded b/t Europe and SW AsiaTrade expanded b/t Europe and SW Asia Spices, fruits, cloth came from AsiaSpices, fruits, cloth came from Asia Benefited Christians and MuslimsBenefited Christians and Muslims

The Crusades (cont’d)The Crusades (cont’d)

3.3. Legacy of bitterness and hatred left for Legacy of bitterness and hatred left for MuslimsMuslims Continues todayContinues today Christians displayed hatred and bitterness to Christians displayed hatred and bitterness to

MuslimsMuslims Jews and Christians left in Muslim controlled Jews and Christians left in Muslim controlled

territory felt more persecutionterritory felt more persecution

The Crusades (cont’d)The Crusades (cont’d)

C.C. 11stst and 2 and 2ndnd Crusade Crusade1.1. 1097- three armies of knights and people 1097- three armies of knights and people

gathered outside Constantinople- not gathered outside Constantinople- not prepared for climate and had no plan, no prepared for climate and had no plan, no leaderleader

2.2. 1099- army of 12,000 managed to capture 1099- army of 12,000 managed to capture Jerusalem and a small strip of landJerusalem and a small strip of land

3.3. 1144- Muslims captured a key city- 21144- Muslims captured a key city- 2ndnd Crusade beganCrusade began

4.4. 1187-Jerusalem captured by Saladin1187-Jerusalem captured by Saladin

The Crusades (cont’d)The Crusades (cont’d)

D.D. 33rdrd Crusade Crusade1.1. Three Kings- Three Kings-

• Philip IIPhilip II (France) (France)• ““Barbarossa”Barbarossa” (German Emperor) (German Emperor) • Richard the LionheartedRichard the Lionhearted (England) (England) • --- arguments and death left Richard alone--- arguments and death left Richard alone

2.2. SaladinSaladin- Kurdish Warrior and Muslim leader- Kurdish Warrior and Muslim leader

3.3. Result-Truce in 1192 Jerusalem under Muslim Result-Truce in 1192 Jerusalem under Muslim control, but unarmed Christians could visit.control, but unarmed Christians could visit.

The Crusades (cont’d)The Crusades (cont’d)

• 44thth Crusade failed, looting of Constantinople by Crusade failed, looting of Constantinople by knights, religious spirit faded- most were out knights, religious spirit faded- most were out for their own gain.for their own gain.

• The Children’s CrusadeThe Children’s Crusade1.1. French-led by a 12 year old, 30,000 children French-led by a 12 year old, 30,000 children

2.2. Germany- 20,000 childrenGermany- 20,000 children

3.3. Results- many died from cold or starvation, lost at Results- many died from cold or starvation, lost at sea, sold into slavery- only 2,000 returned homesea, sold into slavery- only 2,000 returned home

The Crusades (cont’d)The Crusades (cont’d)

E.E. Spanish CrusadeSpanish Crusade1.1. 1100’s-Muslims (Moors) controlled much of 1100’s-Muslims (Moors) controlled much of

SpainSpain

2.2. ReconquistaReconquista- long effort to drive out Muslims- long effort to drive out Muslims

3.3. 1492- Ferdinand and Isabella gain control of 1492- Ferdinand and Isabella gain control of Grenada– the last Muslim controlled territoryGrenada– the last Muslim controlled territory

The Crusades (cont’d)The Crusades (cont’d)

44. Inquisition. Inquisitiona.a. To unify Spain and increase their powerTo unify Spain and increase their power

• Isabelle and Ferdinand used the court of the church to Isabelle and Ferdinand used the court of the church to suppress suppress heresyheresy (people who’s religious beliefs differed (people who’s religious beliefs differed from the Roman Catholic Church-Muslims and Jews)from the Roman Catholic Church-Muslims and Jews)

b.b. 1492- all Jews and Muslims were gone from 1492- all Jews and Muslims were gone from SpainSpain

III. Advances in AgricultureIII. Advances in Agriculture

A.A. Switch to HorsepowerSwitch to Horsepower In the past - farmers used oxen (not real fast)In the past - farmers used oxen (not real fast) Switched to horses that could do 3 times as Switched to horses that could do 3 times as

much work in the same amount of time.much work in the same amount of time.

B.B. Three Field SystemThree Field System In the past – used a two-field system, where they In the past – used a two-field system, where they

only used 50% (1/2) of their land.only used 50% (1/2) of their land. The three-field system allowed farmers to use The three-field system allowed farmers to use

67% (2/3)of their land, thereby producing more.67% (2/3)of their land, thereby producing more.

Advances in Ag. (cont’d)Advances in Ag. (cont’d)

C.C. GuildsGuilds organization of individuals in the same business organization of individuals in the same business

who work together to improve economic and who work together to improve economic and social conditions for it memberssocial conditions for it members

Functions of the GuildFunctions of the Guild1)1) Set standards of qualitySet standards of quality

2)2) Train ApprenticesTrain Apprentices

3)3) Carried goods to local regionsCarried goods to local regions• Examples: Examples: Bakers, Wine makers, Glass makers, Tailors, etcBakers, Wine makers, Glass makers, Tailors, etc

IV. Trade and FinanceIV. Trade and Finance

A.A. Commercial Revolution:Commercial Revolution: Expansion of trade and businessExpansion of trade and business

2 important effects:2 important effects:1.1. Careers changedCareers changed

2.2. Cities grewCities grew

Trade and Finance (cont’d)Trade and Finance (cont’d)

Fairs and TradeFairs and Trade1)1) Took place mainly in Took place mainly in

townstowns2)2) Peasants from manors Peasants from manors

would travel to buy, would travel to buy, sell, and tradesell, and trade

3)3) Items: cheese, bacon, Items: cheese, bacon, wine, glass, salt, wine, glass, salt, leather, dyes, knives, leather, dyes, knives, ropes, honeyropes, honey

4)4) Crusades opened up Crusades opened up trade routestrade routes

Business and BankingBusiness and Banking1)1) Due to the mass travel of Due to the mass travel of

merchants and traders, merchants and traders, checks and credit checks and credit became a means of became a means of moving money.moving money.

2)2) Lending also became Lending also became prevalentprevalent

Trade and Finance (cont’d)Trade and Finance (cont’d)

B.B. Urban Life FlourishesUrban Life Flourishes1.1. Populations increasePopulations increase

30 million to 42 million in 50 years30 million to 42 million in 50 years

2.2. BurghersBurghers Develop Develop New merchant class; town dwellersNew merchant class; town dwellers Resisted taxes of lords, organized themselves, Resisted taxes of lords, organized themselves,

and demanded privilegesand demanded privileges

V. Interest in LearningV. Interest in Learning

1.1. Old Greek philosophical works re-Old Greek philosophical works re-emerge during and after the crusadesemerge during and after the crusades

They were kept in Muslim libraries in SpainThey were kept in Muslim libraries in Spain Jewish scholars translated the Arabic Jewish scholars translated the Arabic

versions into Latinversions into Latin Europeans acquired a huge new body of Europeans acquired a huge new body of

knowledgeknowledge

2.2. Universities developUniversities develop Wanted govt. or church jobsWanted govt. or church jobs Took 5-7 yrs to get bachelor’s degreeTook 5-7 yrs to get bachelor’s degree

Interest in Learning (cont’d)Interest in Learning (cont’d)

3.3. Vernacular: Vernacular: everyday language of a everyday language of a person’s homelandperson’s homeland

a few poets started writing in a language a few poets started writing in a language different from Latindifferent from Latin Examples: Canterbury Tales, The Divine Examples: Canterbury Tales, The Divine

Comedy, The book of the City of Ladies.Comedy, The book of the City of Ladies.

VI. England Moves Toward VI. England Moves Toward DemocracyDemocracy

A.A. Early InvasionsEarly Invasions For Centuries: Anglos and Saxons invaded For Centuries: Anglos and Saxons invaded

England and stayed creating the England and stayed creating the Anglo-Saxon Anglo-Saxon cultureculture

800’s= Vikings were turned back by King Alfred 800’s= Vikings were turned back by King Alfred the Great who named the territory Englandthe Great who named the territory England

1016= Danish King united Vikings and Anglo-1016= Danish King united Vikings and Anglo-Saxons into one peopleSaxons into one people

1042- King Edward the Confessor took the throne1042- King Edward the Confessor took the throne 1066= Edward died without an heir1066= Edward died without an heir

England Moves Toward England Moves Toward Democracy (cont’d)Democracy (cont’d)

B.B. The Norman InvasionThe Norman Invasion William the ConquerorWilliam the Conqueror

Duke of NormandyDuke of Normandy

VS. Harold GodwinsonVS. Harold Godwinson Anglo-saxon that claimed the throneAnglo-saxon that claimed the throne

Battle of Hastings Battle of Hastings Oct. 14, 1066Oct. 14, 1066 William and the Normans win and take EnglandWilliam and the Normans win and take England (Harold is hit in the eye by an arrow)(Harold is hit in the eye by an arrow)

England Moves Toward England Moves Toward Democracy (cont’d)Democracy (cont’d)

C.C. Goals of English KingsGoals of English Kings1.1. Hold and add to their French landsHold and add to their French lands

Henry II married Eleanor of AquitaineHenry II married Eleanor of Aquitaine This added a large territory in FranceThis added a large territory in France

2.2. Strengthen power over the nobles and the Strengthen power over the nobles and the churchchurch Henry created courts and sent judges all over the Henry created courts and sent judges all over the

kingdom to collect taxes, settle lawsuits, and kingdom to collect taxes, settle lawsuits, and punish crimes; this became punish crimes; this became common law: unified common law: unified body of lawbody of law

England Moves Toward England Moves Toward Democracy (cont’d)Democracy (cont’d)

D.D. The The Magna CartaMagna Carta (Great Charter) (Great Charter) Guaranteed certain political rightsGuaranteed certain political rights

No taxation without representationNo taxation without representation A jury trialA jury trial Equal protection under the lawEqual protection under the law

Intended to defend the rights of NoblesIntended to defend the rights of Nobles In time extended to all citizensIn time extended to all citizens

England Moves Toward England Moves Toward Democracy (cont’d)Democracy (cont’d)

How it happened: How it happened: Henry II succeeded by son Richard the Lionhearted. Henry II succeeded by son Richard the Lionhearted.

Richard died; Left brother John in charge (aka-Richard died; Left brother John in charge (aka-softsword) 1199-1216softsword) 1199-1216

John lost Normandy and all lands in Northern France John lost Normandy and all lands in Northern France to Philip II (Augustus)to Philip II (Augustus)

John was cruel, alienated church, threatened to take John was cruel, alienated church, threatened to take away charters for self-government, and raised away charters for self-government, and raised taxes… taxes… taxation w/o representationtaxation w/o representation

Nobles revolt June 15, 1215; force him to sign Magna Nobles revolt June 15, 1215; force him to sign Magna CartaCarta

England Moves Toward England Moves Toward Democracy (cont’d)Democracy (cont’d)

E.E. ParliamentParliament Next king--Edward I needed more money- raised Next king--Edward I needed more money- raised

taxestaxes Called knights, lords, bishops, and burgesses Called knights, lords, bishops, and burgesses

(people with wealth) from all over England in (people with wealth) from all over England in November 1295 to form the Model November 1295 to form the Model Parliament Parliament (Legislative group)(Legislative group)

1300s-1400s- Parliament divided into two houses 1300s-1400s- Parliament divided into two houses ((Lords and House of CommonsLords and House of Commons) served to check ) served to check the king’s power and strengthen democracythe king’s power and strengthen democracy

VII. Capetian Dynasty rules VII. Capetian Dynasty rules FranceFrance

A.A. LeadersLeaders Capetian Dynasty began when the last Carolingian Capetian Dynasty began when the last Carolingian

(remember Charlemagne) died and (remember Charlemagne) died and Hugh CapetHugh Capet took over a small territory in France; included took over a small territory in France; included ParisParis

Capetian rulers secured French unity and Capetian rulers secured French unity and increased power over 300 years; 987-1328increased power over 300 years; 987-1328

Philip II (Remember the Crusader who fought with Philip II (Remember the Crusader who fought with Richard) – sought to weaken English Kings’ power Richard) – sought to weaken English Kings’ power in France- succeeded under John (remember the in France- succeeded under John (remember the Softsword)Softsword)

Capetian Dynasty rules France Capetian Dynasty rules France (cont’d)(cont’d)

B.B. Democracy beginsDemocracy begins Philip created courts in FrancePhilip created courts in France Henry IX (Philip’s grandson) created a French Henry IX (Philip’s grandson) created a French

appeals court- strengthened his powerappeals court- strengthened his power Philip IV- began to call members of society Philip IV- began to call members of society

(including commoners) together to make (including commoners) together to make decisions and gain support for his policies: decisions and gain support for his policies: forming the forming the Estates GeneralEstates General First Estate = Church LeadersFirst Estate = Church Leaders Second Estate = NoblesSecond Estate = Nobles Third Estate - commonersThird Estate - commoners

VIII. Problems of the ChurchVIII. Problems of the Church

The Great SchismThe Great Schism CAUSE: Thru a series of CAUSE: Thru a series of

situations the Roman situations the Roman Catholic Church ended up Catholic Church ended up with two popes. (One in with two popes. (One in Italy and the other in Italy and the other in France)France)

The division (or schism) The division (or schism) was over which one was over which one should be the pope.should be the pope.

This weakened the power This weakened the power of the church (Lost some of the church (Lost some of their credibility.of their credibility.

John WycliffJohn Wycliff Who – English Who – English

preacherpreacher Stated – “Jesus Christ Stated – “Jesus Christ

was the head of the was the head of the church, not the Pope.”church, not the Pope.”

His complaint – His complaint – Church was worldly, Church was worldly, and pope had too and pope had too much authority.much authority.

IX. Hundred Years’ WarIX. Hundred Years’ War

A.A. StatsStats Lasted from 1337 – 1453Lasted from 1337 – 1453 Fighting was off and on, not continuousFighting was off and on, not continuous Who: England v. FranceWho: England v. France Central Issue: The Throne of FranceCentral Issue: The Throne of France Weapon that altered everything was the Weapon that altered everything was the

longbowlongbow

Hundred Years’ War (cont’d)Hundred Years’ War (cont’d)B.B. WeaponsWeapons

Longbow – “The Machine Longbow – “The Machine Gun of the Middle Ages”Gun of the Middle Ages” English developed itEnglish developed it Description: about 6 feet tall, Description: about 6 feet tall,

cheap to make, easy to carrycheap to make, easy to carry Lethal Aspects: Accurate to Lethal Aspects: Accurate to

about 200 yards, average about 200 yards, average archer could shoot about 14 archer could shoot about 14 arrows per minutearrows per minute

The French were still using The French were still using crossbows, which made the crossbows, which made the battles even more lopsided.battles even more lopsided.

Hundred Years’ War (cont’d)Hundred Years’ War (cont’d)

C.C. French Heroine French Heroine Joan of Arc – French TeenagerJoan of Arc – French Teenager Background – Had visions thatBackground – Had visions that she should lead the she should lead the

French ArmyFrench Army

The Army followed her, and won several The Army followed her, and won several battles, and guided the French to victorybattles, and guided the French to victory

Condemned as a witch, and burned at the Condemned as a witch, and burned at the stake stake

Hundred Years’ War (cont’d)Hundred Years’ War (cont’d)

D.D. Impact of the Hundred Years’ WarImpact of the Hundred Years’ War

Nationalism emerged in the two countries --Nationalism emerged in the two countries --NATIONAL IDENTITIES WERE FORMEDNATIONAL IDENTITIES WERE FORMED

Power of the French monarch evolvedPower of the French monarch evolved

English suffered internal turmoilEnglish suffered internal turmoil

X. Bubonic PlagueX. Bubonic Plague

Began in Asia, arrived in Italy

70% died25 million Europeans

Town Populations fell

Jews Blamed

Church lost support