Formative Review Material

Science Grade 8

Test taking strategies The information that we will cover is all review. You have seen it before. Today we are working on answering higher level thinking questions from

past material. Things you need to do. You should be able to answer the questions and

provide a justification. Showing justification shows true mastery.

1. Read the question and determine what is it really asking you? Look for key vocabulary words and context clues for words you don’t know.

2. Anticipate an answer prior to reading your selections. 3. Process of elimination. You should be able to cross out of at least 1

This will increase your chances of selecting the correct response.4. For the correct answer you should be able to justify your answer. 5. If you can’t answer the question skip it and move on to the next.6. When you are done go back and answer the question you did not. 7. DO NOT LEAVE ANY BLANKS!!!!!

Spectral Analysis

• Remote sensing images are pictures that are taken from space. They can take BIG pictures from a global perspective. They are used to monitor things like erosion, vegetation, temperature.

• Aerial Photos are from an air plane.• Ground truthing verifies information from the

ground for images taken in remote sensing.• Spectral Analysis is the color that is seen on an

image. This is also called the reflectance curve.

This drawing represents an airplane fly over the ocean, carrying equipment that measures characteristics of the ocean. The equipment produces two kinds of laser beams that react differently when they come into contact with the ocean’s surface and the ocean floor.

What does this form of technology measure?

A Water depth

B Water temperature

C pH levels of water

D dissolved oxygen in water

Spectral analysis of forest shows a change. Which would best help scientists to determine what has caused this change?

A. Ground truthing

B. pH testing of soil

C. satellite images

D. topographic

What method can scientists in the United States use to monitor land use in the Amazon rainforest over time?

A. ground truthingB. Topographic mapsC. Remote Sensing D. GPS

Scientific Method

• Hypothesis is an educated guess to a problem.• Experiment is what you do to test your hypothesis.• Graduated cylinder measures the volume of water.

We measure at the meniscus. The meniscus is where there is surface tension.

• Density is mass/volume (amount of material/space it takes up)

• Most important thing to do after an experiment is to wash your hands.

Which question would least likely be testable through scientific investigation?

A. Does fertilizer affect plant growth?

B. How many plants are there on Earth?

C. Does salt water affect seed germination?

D. How much light is required for plant growth?

A student is conducting an experiment to determine the density of several solid cubes of different metals. Which items would the student most likely use to gather information?

A. A graduated cylinder and a thermometer

B. A thermometer and a balance

C. A balance and a ruler

D. A ruler and a graduated cylinder

A student has been asked to measure the liquid volume in a bottle. Which tool and units are appropriate for this task?

A. A scale to record the value in grams

B. A stop watch to record the value in seconds

C. A graduated cylinder to record the value in milliliters

D. A thermometer to record the value in degrees Celsius

Students were asked to design an experiment to find out if

temperature affects how fast sugar dissolves in water. Which is the best procedure for conducting this experiment?

A. Time how long it takes sugar to dissolve in boiling water.

B. Time how long it takes for different amounts of sugar to dissolve in hot water.

C. Time how long it takes a tablespoon of sugar to dissolve in different amounts of water.

D. Time how long it takes a tablespoon of sugar to dissolve in different temperatures of water.

A. 40.0 mLB. 42.5 mLC. 43.0 mLD. 43.5 mL

What is the volume of the liquid in the graduated cylinder?

Below is a diagram which shows the relative densities of some liquids and solids at room temperature.

Which substance in the diagram is the most dense?

A . mercury C. iron B. water D. wood

Use the table and formula to answer the questions.

Density = Mass volumeWhich statement is true?A. B is more dense than A.B. A is more dense that C. C. B and C have equal densities.D. A and C have equal densities.

Sample A B C

Mass (g) 4 6 8

Volume (cm3) 2 6 4

A student is conducting an experiment to determine the density of several solid cubes of different metals. Which items would the student most likely use to gather information.

A. a graduated cylinder and a thermometer.B. a thermometer and a balanceC. a balance and a rulerD. a ruler and a graduated cylinder

A scientist used a thermometer, a balance and a stopwatch to.

A. Design an experiment.B. Gather dataC. Test a hypothesisD. Make a conclusion

Law of Superposition

Law of superposition states that the older layer is on the bottom and the younger on is on top.

Unconformity- a layer of missing rock caused by erosion (if it takes place) or deposition (if it is not taking place).

Deposition- addition/accumulation of new materialErosion – the wearing away of material

According to the Law of Superposition at which dept in a multi-layered rock formation will the oldest rock likely be found?

A. 10 mB. 50 mC. 300mD. 500m

Which type of dating method can be used on rock layers by applying the law of superposition?

A. Relative datingB. Absolute datingC. Radioactive datingD. Radiometic dating

Which of the following uses layered sedimentary rock to tell which events on Earth occurred before

other events?

A. Absolute AgeB. UnconformityC. Relative Age D. Plate Tectonics

The diagram below shows fossils in sedimentary rocks.

Which layers most likely would provide fossil evidence of anancestor common to the organisms found in both layers 2and 3?A. Layer 1 C. Layer 3B. Layer 2 D. Layer 4

Continental Drift

Evidence : 1. Continents fit like puzzle pieces 2. Identical fossils found on different

continents 3. Identical rock sequence (geology) 4. Ancient climate (example topical

fossils found on Antarctica)

Continents spread apart this theory didn’t explain the forces that moved it but The Theory of Plate tectonics did!! Convention currents in the mantle.

A scientist finds fossils from the same organism in both India and Africa. What is a possible

explanation for the presence of these fossils on two different continents?

• A. Adaptation • B. Continental Drift • C. Climate Change • D. Law of superposition

Some of the same species of plants are found in Africa and Australia. Which best explains this discovery?

A. Land bridgeB. Continental driftC. Climate changesD. Species extinction

Which is evidence of the separation of a supercontinent?

A. continents located in tropical regionsB. tracing human ancestry to several original

groupsC. mountains ranges that begin on one continent

and continue on anotherD. animals that develop differently depending on

which continent they live

If identical fossil remains of plants and animals thatlived 175 million years ago were found in Iceland,Europe, Africa and Brazil, what would be the bestconclusion?

A. Iceland, Europe, Africa, and Brazil were all once part of the mid-Atlantic ridge.B. The breakup of an ancient supercontinent occurred less than 175 million years ago.C. The breakup of an ancient supercontinent occurred

more that 175 million years ago.D. Iceland, Europe, Africa, and Brazil currently have the

sane animals inhabiting them.

Which statement best explains why fossils of both ocean animals, such as starfish, and land animals, such as insects, are found inland in Australia?

A. Not all former life was preserved as fossils.B. Ocean animals migrated several miles inland.C. Ocean water covered the land millions of

years ago.D. Volcanoes erupted, and the animals were

preserved in the lava

Evolution (means to change)

The geologic time scale is a record of earth’s history which is categorized by major events (example 1st form of life).

Mass extinction- large amount of organisms die example of events that can cause this are volcanoes and asteroids.

Natural selection/adaptation- organism change in response to their environment.(Darwin’s finches their beaks matched what they ate)

Which best explains why some species of animalsare found living only in certain groups of islandsand nowhere else in the world?

A. The islands have similar climates.B. The islands are geographically isolatedC. There are few natural predators found there.D. The food these animals eat is only found there.

Atomic StructureElements are made up of atoms. Elements can be found on the

periodic table (YOU WILL HAVE ONE FOR THE EOG/FORMATIVES)

FormulasAtomic # (TOP #/smaller#) = # protons# protons = #electronsMass#(bottom#/larger#)= # protons + # neutrons*** to calculate # neutrons = Mass# - Atomic #

Subatomic Particle Charge LocationProton Positive charge Located inside of the

nucleusNeutron No charge/neutral Located inside of the

nucleusElectron Negative charge Outside the nucleus

Periodic Table review • Elements in the same groups(vertical column) react and behave similarly. • Elements are given a symbol including a capital letter and sometimes a

lower case letter. EXAMPLE C –Carbon and Co-Cobalt • Important groups: 1- alkali metal most reactive,2 alkaline metals,17-

halogens,18-noble gases (inert not to react).

• Most of the elements are metals.• Elements are :natural (occur in nature) or synthetic (man-

made) synthetic elements are the group at the bottom.

Group 1 Alkali Metals Most reactive Group 2 Alkaline Metals ReactiveGroup 17 Halogens Example ClGroup 18 Noble gas Inert (not to

react)

Which is true for any element?

A. Atomic number = number of protons + number of electrons

B. Atomic number = number of protonsC. Atomic number = number of protons +

number of neutrons D. Atomic number = number of protons,

electrons, and neutrons

Which is true of all elements?

A. They have no physical properties.B. They are solids at room temperature.C. They break down during chemical reactions.D. They are each composed of only kind of

atom.

What are the basic materials that form all living and nonliving substances through different

combinations?

A. ChemicalsB. CompoundsC. ElementsD. Gases

What are electrons?

a. positively charged particlesb. negatively charged particlesc. particles with no charged. particles whose charge can change

What does the nucleus of an atom contain?

A.protons, neutrons, and electronsB.only electronsC. protons and neutronsD.electrons and protons

Which element represents an atom of sodium?

A.1B.2C.3D.4

Element Protons Neutrons Electrons

1 11 11 11

2 22 22 22

3 11 23 11

4 11 12 11

According to the periodic table, which one represents a carbon atom?

A

C

B

D

Metals MetalloidsMost common silicon

Non-Metals

Shiny Yes Sometimes No- Dull

Malleable(Easily

Shaped)

Yes- example

Aluminum foil

Sometimes No

Conducts Electricity

Yes SometimesSemi- conductors used in computer

chips

No

Location Left Staircase Right

NASA is developing easily compacted materials that will be stores in the International Space Station. What

characteristics should be materials have?

A. Electrical conductivity B. MagnetismC. Solubility D. malleability

• In a sample of the element potassium, each atom has

A. 19 protonsB. 20 neutronsC. 39 protons and neutronsD. 39 neutrons

Element, Compound, Mixture

Physical vs Chemical changePhysical Change Chemical change

Density Gas-bubbles produced

Melting Point Temperature change

Boiling Point Color change

Phase change (solid to liquid) Precipitate – solid forms

Specific Heat is a unique temperature for a specific substance example water freezes at 0⁰ Celsius.

Water H2O

• Water is the Universal Solvent because it will dissolve many different substances.

• It is a compound • Made with 2 Hydrogen + 1 Oxygen

Law of Conservation of Mass

• Matter nor mass is created or destroyed, it can only change.

• In a chemical equation the total mass in the reactants must equal the total mass in the product

Which substance cannot be decomposed by a chemical change?

a) NH3

b) C c) CH4

d) H2O

How many atoms are there in one molecule of the compound 2Al2O3?

a) 4 atoms of aluminum and 3 atoms of oxygen

b) 5 atoms of aluminum and 3 atoms of oxygen

c) 2 atoms of aluminum and 3 atoms of oxygen

d) 4 atoms of aluminum and 6 atoms of oxygen