Francisco Gírio Head of Bioenergy Unit at LNEG

Coordinator of SIADEB

National representative on the European Industrial Initiative in Bioenergy

National representative on the EC Committe on Sustainability of Biofuels and Bioliquids

Advanced Biofuel Biorefineries: How much are they complex ?

PRIMER  FORO  IBEROAMERICANO  DE  CIENCIA  PARA  LA  ENERGÍA  Quito,  Equador,  11-­‐13  Junho  2012  

SIADEB – Sociedad Iberoamericana para el Desarollo de las Biorefinerias

Quieres ser miembro ?

Registo: www.siadeb.org

(created  under  the  auspices  of  Red  Cyted  310RT0397  “SIADEB”)  

Biochemical   Pla9orm   –   Biomass   fracEonaEon   through   physico-­‐chemical   and  biological   conversion  processes  of  biomass  elemental   components   in  order   to  produce  biofuels,  chemicals  or  intermediary  building  blocks;    

Thermochemical   Pla9orm   -­‐   Biomass   thermal   treatment   processes   that  envisages   the   producEon   of   syngas   or   bio-­‐oil   as   a   building   brick   to   their  conversion  in  bioenergy  (electricity  and  heat),  biofuels  and  chemicals;    

Biomass

BiochemicalPlataform

ThermochemicalPlatform

Thermal and/or electrical energy

Biofuels

Bioenergy

Bioproducts

Sugars, Lignin, ...

CO, H2, Bio-oil, ...

Residues

By-products

Biomass

BiochemicalPlataform

ThermochemicalPlatform

Thermal and/or electrical energy

Biofuels

Bioenergy

Bioproducts

Sugars, Lignin, ...

CO, H2, Bio-oil, ...

Residues

By-products

Adapted  from:  Sousa,  G.  (2010),  Workshop  de  Biorrefinarias,  LNEG,  Alfragide,  29  Set.  

BIORREFINERY CONCEPT

Vegetable  Animal  Microbial  

Oleaginous  Biorefinery   Starch  Biorefinery  

Source:  Joint  European  Biorefinery  Vision  for  2030  –  Project  Star-­‐COLIBRI  

CONVENTIONAL BIORREFINERIES

Green  Biorefinery  

ADVANCED BIORREFINERIES

Source:  Joint  European  Biorefinery  Vision  for  2030    –  Project  Star-­‐COLIBRI  

AquaQc  (Marine)  or  Algae  Biorefinery  

ADVANCED BIORREFINERIES

Source:  Joint  European  Biorefinery  Vision  for  2030    –  Project  Star-­‐COLIBRI  

8

EUROPEAN SET PLAN FOR BIOREFINERIES

supporQng  DEMO  and  FLAGSHIP  plants  up  to  2020  

9

EUROPEAN SET PLAN FOR BIOREFINERIES

supporQng  DEMO  and  FLAGSHIP  plants  up  to  2020  

Advanced  Biorefineries:  How  much  are  they  complex  in  the  future  (or  the  challenges  to  overcome  during  next  10  yrs)  

10

Non-food biomass supply chain: Sustainable feedstock

What will be the role of algae ?

Competition for lignocellulosic biomass uses

Same type of biofuels or novel molecules take the lead ?

How to better integrate different technologies ?

Consumer acceptance

Economic barriers (eg. high CaPEX, high risk)

Dedicated versus mixed 1G/2G biorefineries

Trade barriers (subsidies, etc)

Lignocellulose recalcitrance

Lignocellulosic Biomass as a commodity

Multi-product Bioeconomy

Demo and flagship Units

Feedstock prices

Advanced  Biorefineries:  How  much  are  they  complex  in  the  future  (or  the  challenges  to  overcome  during  next  10  yrs)  

11

Non-food biomass supply chain: Sustainable feedstock

What will be the role of algae ?

Competition for lignocellulosic biomass uses

Same type of biofuels or novel molecules take the lead ?

How to better integrate different technologies ?

Consumer acceptance

Economic barriers (eg. high CaPEX, high risk)

Dedicated versus mixed 1G/2G biorefineries

Trade barriers (subsidies, etc)

Lignocellulose recalcitrance

Lignocellulosic Biomass as a commodity

Multi-product Bioeconomy

Demo and flagship Units

Feedstock prices

Source:    Savage,  N.  (2011)  Nature,  vol.  474,  23  June.  

Feedstock  for  ConvenQonal  and  Advanced  Biofuel-­‐based  Biorefineries  

13

2007/2008:  Biofuels  too  much  dependence  from  vegetable  oils  and  cereals  led  to  generalised  criQcisms  by  media    

Influence  of  the  feedstock  price  on  biofuels  producQon  cost  

Source:  Lurgi  biodiesel  technology  from  rapeseed    

14

Abengoa, Babilafuente, Salamanca

STOP IN 2008 DUE TO FEEDSTOCK PRICES

set07 apr08 set07 apr08 Prices: FOB Creil

Source:    Graham-­‐Rowe,  D.  (2011)  Nature,  vol.  474,  23  June.  

World  PopulaQon  will  increase  more  than  9  Billion  people  before  2050  (+34%)  

…and  world  energy  demand  will  increase  49%  unQl  2035    

Source:  hXp://www.eia.gov/oiaf/ieo/highlights.html  

84%

14%

49%

ü Environmentals  (biodiversity,  excessive  water  consumpEon;  GHG  emissions  savings,…)  

ü Land  Uses  (direct  and  indirect  effects)  -­‐à  compeEEon  food  vs  energy  

 ü Socials  (respect  for  human  rights,  work  internaEonal  convenEons,  ….)    

   

Sustainability  “hot  issues”  about  Biomass  for  Energy  

1st generation

Fossil fuels

50%  saving  

90%  

saving  

2nd generation

Environmental  impact  of  the  biofuel  different  generaQons  

18  

LCA  well-­‐to-­‐wheel  (not  considering  LUC  and  ILUC)  

Example: Tropical forest accumulates carbon stocks above soil of 235 ton/ha whereas palm trees only fix 48 ton/ha

This means that the deforestation of a tropical forest for the cultivation of palm tree to produce the equivalent of 60 000 FAME biodiesel tons

will requires 59-years of palm tree plantation in a 12 000 ha to compensate the carbon stock losses due to the previous deforestation

Land Use Changes (LUC)

RED  DIRECTIVE  (28/2009/EC),  for  purposes  of  use  in  EU  market,  Biofuels  shall  not  be  made  from  raw  material  obtained  from  :    Ø    Land  with  high  biodiversity  value  

   (e.g.  primary  forest,    protecEve  lands,  grasslands);  Ø    Land  with  high  carbon  stock    

   (e.g.  wetlands,  conEnuously  forested  areas)  and      Ø    Peatlands.  

Source:  Hoefnagels  et  al  (2010)  Renew.  Sust.  Ener.  Rev.,  14:1661  

NET  GHG  EMMISSIONS  DUE  TO  LAND  USE  CHANGES  

Brasil Sugar cane dos not directly deforest Amazon neither….. however, ILUC can occurs due to soy field displacement from South to North (eg. Amazon region)

Indirect  Land  Use  Changes  (ILUC)    

Advanced  Biorefineries:  How  much  are  they  complex  in  the  future  (or  the  challenges  to  overcome  during  next  10  yrs)  

22

Non-food biomass supply chain: Sustainable feedstock

What will be the role of algae ?

Competition for lignocellulosic biomass uses

Same type of biofuels or novel molecules take the lead ?

How to better integrate different technologies ?

Consumer acceptance

Economic barriers (eg. high CaPEX, high risk)

Dedicated versus mixed 1G/2G biorefineries

Trade barriers (subsidies, etc)

Lignocellulose recalcitrance

Lignocellulosic Biomass as a commodity

Multi-product Bioeconomy

Demo and flagship Units

Feedstock prices

Zhang YHP (2008) Reviving the carbohydrate economy via multi-product lignocellulose biorefineries. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 35:367-375

Lignocellulosic  biomass:  recalcitrance  &  heterogeneity  

MULTIPRODUCTS IS THE KEY

source:  IEA  Bioenergy:  Task  42-­‐  Biorefineries  

Furfural  

Kamm, et al. 2006

Great  potenQal:  •  Polymers  •  Solvents  •  AddiEves  for  fuels  

(diesel),  •  Composite  materials  •  ...  

ü     The  heterogeneity  of  lignocellulosic  material  allows  to  produce  a  range  of  products  as  broad  as  the  exisQng  in  petrochemical  industry;  

ü   there  are  few  chemical  products  with  markets  large  enough  to  absorb  the  producEon  of  a  massive  biorefinery;    

 

ü What  is  the  opQmal  scale  for  each  Biorefinery….How  small/large  should  be  a  biorefinery  ?    

ü E.g.  Small/medium  scale  for  rural  areas  

ü E.g.  Large  for  installaEons  located  near  ports  or  industrial  sites  

Main  product=  Biofuels  (Bioethanol,  Biodiesel,  others)  

By-­‐Products=  Bioproducts  ,  Electricity,  Heat  

MULTIPRODUCT BIOREFINERY (How size is the Market ?)

E.g.  Energy-­‐based  Biorefineries  

Advanced  Biorefineries:  How  much  are  they  complex  in  the  future  (or  the  challenges  to  overcome  during  next  10  yrs)  

27

Non-food biomass supply chain: Sustainable feedstock

What will be the role of algae ?

Competition for lignocellulosic biomass uses

Same type of biofuels or novel molecules take the lead ?

How to better integrate different technologies ?

Consumer acceptance

Economic barriers (eg. high CaPEX, high risk)

Dedicated versus mixed 1G/2G biorefineries

Trade barriers (subsidies, etc)

Lignocellulose recalcitrance

Lignocellulosic Biomass as a commodity

Multi-product Bioeconomy

Demo and flagship Units

Feedstock prices

20 Mtoe 227 TWh

45 Mtoe 80 Mtoe

Source:  AEBIOM  

BIOMASS  IS  RENEWABLE….BUT  NOT  ENDLESS  !!  

FONTE:  Joint  European  Biorefinery  Vision  for  2030  Star-­‐colibri  -­‐  Strategic  Targets  for  2020  –  CollaboraEon  IniEaEve  on  Biorefineries  

BIOMASS  AVAILABILITY  

Advanced  Biorefineries:  How  much  are  they  complex  in  the  future  (or  the  challenges  to  overcome  during  next  10  yrs)  

30

Non-food biomass supply chain: Sustainable feedstock

What will be the role of algae ?

Competition for lignocellulosic biomass uses

Same type of biofuels or novel molecules take the lead ?

How to better integrate different technologies ?

Consumer acceptance

Economic barriers (eg. high CaPEX, high risk)

Dedicated versus mixed 1G/2G biorefineries

Trade barriers (subsidies, etc)

Lignocellulose recalcitrance

Lignocellulosic Biomass as a commodity

Multi-product Bioeconomy

Demo and flagship Units

No  

No  

Non-­‐OpEon  

No  

Valid  OpEon  Yes  

InteracQon

s  

Opportunity  Yes  

No  

Market  ApracQveness:  Can  you  sell  it?  •   Market  distribuEon  control  

•   Market  dimension  

Yes  

Biomass  Sustainability:  Can  you  obtained  it  in  a  sustainable  way  ?    

Economic:  Can  you  make  money  out  of  it?  

•   ProducEon  costs  vs  selling  price  

•   CaPEX,  investment  risk  

Yes  

CompeQQve  Advantage:  Can  you  do  beper?  •   Strategic  Partnerships  

•   Process  IntegraEon    

Adapted  from:  Sousa,  G.  (2010),  Workshop  de  Biorrefinarias,  LNEG,  Alfragide,  29  Set.  

How to Invest in Biorefineries

•   know-­‐how  availability    

•   technological  barriers  

Technological  Development:  Can  you  produce  it  (product)  ?  No  

Yes  

Advanced  Biorefineries:  How  much  are  they  complex  in  the  future  (or  the  challenges  to  overcome  during  next  10  yrs)  

32

Non-food biomass supply chain: Sustainable feedstock

What will be the role of algae ?

Competition for lignocellulosic biomass uses

Same type of biofuels or novel molecules take the lead ?

How to better integrate different technologies ?

Consumer acceptance

Economic barriers (eg. high CaPEX, high risk)

Dedicated versus mixed 1G/2G biorefineries

Trade barriers (subsidies, etc)

Lignocellulose recalcitrance

Lignocellulosic Biomass as a commodity

Multi-product Bioeconomy

Demo and flagship Units

Demo  Plants  for  Advanced  Bioethanol-­‐based  Biorefineries  

The  First  Demo  Advanced  Biorefinery  in  Europe  

Inbicon – Unidade de Demonstração, Kalundborg, Dinamarca

Input:        30,000  t  wheat  straw        

Output:  5.4  mill.  liters  ethanol  13,100  t  lignin  pellets  11,250  t  C5-­‐molasses  Enzyme  suppliers:  

Genencor,  Novozymes    Investment:  EUR  ~  60  mill.,  EUR  ~  10  mill.  DK  gov't  support    Supported  with  mEUR  9,1  by  EU  7th  FP  –  KACELLE  project    

Kalundborg  DemonstraEon  Plant  

Lignin Outlet

Receiving Fermentation Ethanol Outlet

Enzymatic Liquefaction Pretreatment Distillation Molasses Outlet

Straw Handling

Thermal Pretreatment

Liquefaction

Fermentation & Distillation

Input:        30,000  t  wheat  straw      

Output:  5.4  mill.  liters  ethanol  13,100  t  lignin  pellets  11,250  t  C5-­‐molasses  

Enzyme  suppliers:  Genencor,  Novozymes    Investment:  EUR  ~  60  mill.,  EUR  ~  10  mill.  DK  gov't  support    Supported  with  mEUR  9,1  by  EU  7th  FP  –  KACELLE  project    

Kalundborg  DemonstraEon  Plant  

Lignin Outlet

Receiving Fermentation Ethanol Outlet

Enzymatic Liquefaction Pretreatment Distillation Molasses Outlet

Bioetanol  2G  is  actually  sold  in  Denmark  !  STATOIL sells Bio95 2G (Petrol 95% + 5% Bioethanol 2G)

Inbicon  Process   Input:  30  000  ton  wheat  straw  

42  

Pretreatment  Separação  S/L  

DesEl.  &    RecEf.  

BIOETHANOL    99,8%  

ENZIMAS  

HE   Ferm.  C6  

FEED  

LIQUIDOS  C5  

MELAÇOS  C5  

-­‐ Non-­‐sterile  -­‐ Near-­‐zero  effluents  -­‐ IntegraEon  (key  technology)  

LENHINA  

Concentração  

Power  Plant  

steam  

ENZIMAS  

LEVEDURA  

WHEAT  STRAW  

Yield  of  ethanol  >  180  l  EtOH/ton  straw  (86%  DM)  

High  dry  maper  in  pretreatment  (35%)  and  hydrolysis  (25%  WIS)  

ConQnuous  operaQon  unQl  final  of  fermentaQon  process  

Up to 25% of carbohydrate content remains unconverted !

C5-­‐rich  fracQon  Other biorefinery products  More ethanol  

INBICON  –  Integrated  bioethanol  biorefinery  

However….this  is  sQll  the  Bioethanol  Biorefinery  Current  Stage  (Inbicon  Proces)  

www.proethanol2g.org

PROETHANOL2G Integration of Biology and Engineering

into an Economical and Energy-Efficient 2G Bioethanol Biorefinery

Project  Overview  Francisco  Gírio  

EU  Project  Coordinator  

Inbicon  DemonstraQon  Plant,  Kalundborg,  Denmark  

The  EU  Project  overview  for  a    full  integrated  bioethanol  biorefinery  

46  

INBICON  –  A  future  integrated  biofuel  biorefinery  

Pentoses  Technology  

INBICON  –  A  future  integrated  biofuel  biorefinery  

SSCF  Technology  

CBP  Technology  

INBICON  –  A  future  integrated  biofuel  biorefinery  

Palha  de  Trigo  ou  

Bagaço/Palha  de  Cana  

Pré-­‐tratamento  

DesElação  (a  baixa  temperatura)  

Caldo  FermentaEvo  

Biomassa  pré-­‐tratada  

SS(C)F  

Hidrólise  EnzimáEca  

Fermentação  

Bioetanol  2G  

Águas  Residuais  

Sólidos  Residuais  (incl.  Lenhina)  

Recuperação/Purificação  de  Lenhina  

Pilhas  de  Combus|veis   Gasificação  

Gás  de  síntese  

Fermentação  

Produtos  à  base  de  Lenhina  Electricidade  

PROETHANOL2G  –  IntegraQng  the  wastewaters  

Microbial  Fuel  Cells  

 

ü   Convertem  a  energia  química  disponível  nos  substratos  orgânicos  diretamente  em  eletricidade.    ü   Conceito  mais  comum:  1º   Ox idação   dos   compos tos  orgânicos   no   ânodo,   com   produção  de  eletrões  e  protões;    2º  No   cátodo,   o   oxigénio   reage   com  os   protões   transportados   através   da  membrana   e   com   os   eletrões  provenientes   do   circuito   externo  para  produzir  água.    

(Lovley,  2006)  

A   aplicação  mais   estudada   e   consensual   para  MFCs  está   no   tratamento   energeQcamente   eficiente   de  águas  residuais.  

(LNEG  2010)  

(Instalação  Piloto    Advanced  Water  Management  Centre  Foster's  brewery,  Queensland  (Australia))  

Implementação  à  escala  industrial,  ainda  sujeita  a  limitações  económicas  e  técnicas.  

Microbial  Fuel  Cells  

Palha  de  Trigo  ou  

Bagaço/Palha  de  Cana  

Pré-­‐tratamento  

DesElação  (a  baixa  temperatura)  

Caldo  FermentaEvo  

Biomassa  pré-­‐tratada  

SS(C)F  

Hidrólise  EnzimáEca  

Fermentação  

Bioetanol  2G  

Águas  Residuais  

Sólidos  Residuais  (incl.  Lenhina)  

Recuperação/Purificação  de  Lenhina  

Pilhas  de  Combus|veis   Gasificação  

Gás  de  síntese  

Fermentação  

Produtos  à  base  de  Lenhina  Electricidade  

PROETHANOL2G:  IntegraQng  spent  lignins  

Obrigado/Gracias  /Thank  you                francisco.girio@lneg.pt