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French cities’ urban freight surveys
1st Scientific and Technical WorkshopBologna
05/11/2013
Presented by:Adrien Beziat, PhD, Paris,
France
Freight Surveys in France
Three kinds of surveys in France:
• Occasional surveys, organized by public actors
• Regular surveys administered by the SESP
• Research studies (ECHO, Chargeurs…)
Interesting surveys, but very limited, not specific to urban freight
Urban Freight Surveys: two objectives
Two survey campaigns: 1994-1997 (Bordeaux, Marseille and Dijon), then 2010-2013 (Paris, Bordeaux), administered by the Laboratory of
Transport Economics
•1. Understanding the complexity of urban freight (the organizational and quantitative aspects of deliveries and pickups)
•2. Providing a tool for local decision-makers interested in urban freight that does not require costly data collection (the FRETURB model)
Three categories of urban freight trips
• Flows generated by deliveries and pickups between urban establishments (shops, manufacturing, services) the main focus of the survey
• Freight flows to the final consumer, including car-based shopping trips
• Flows related to city management and services: construction sites, public works (urban utilities, construction), garbage collection, postal services, movings and hospitals to be integrated to the Urban Freight Model
Source: Jean-Louis Routhier, Laboratoire d’Economie des
Transports, Lyon
How does the UFS work?
The focus of the study is to measure the social costs of urban freight• Studied variable: the use of the road network• A relevant unit of observation: the movement of goods, defined as
the delivery or the reception of the cargo• Source of data: urban establishments, or transport operators
Essential information for explaining the formation of flows and their impact
Logistics organization of establishments
Urban environment
The best unit is the delivery (or pickup) operation serving an establishment, by use of a vehicle
Transport system Source: Jean-Louis Routhier, Laboratoire d’Economie des
Transports, Lyon
Three surveys administered
• To urban establishments
• To truck drivers
• To major transport operators
Sample size:
• 1500 establishment questionnaires / 6000 deliveries and pickups over 1 week and 8000 product types (weight, packaging,…)
• 1000 driver questionnaires (6000 stops)• 100 main truck companies and large wholesalers
Source: Jean-Louis Routhier, Laboratoire d’Economie des
Transports, Lyon
Implementation: on board survey
Source: Jean-Louis Routhier, Laboratoire d’Economie des
Transports, Lyon
Expension of sampling to the urban area• Method : sampling per strata on the French register of establishments.
Three criterias:Activity of establishments (45 main groups identified), The size of the establishment (no employee, 1 to 5, 6 to 9 etc...)The location of the premise (according to a zoning of the study area)
• Then a typology of municipalities (1301) according to land use
Source: Jean-Louis Routhier, Laboratoire d’Economie des
Transports, Lyon
Weakness and difficulties
A complex and costly survey• More and more difficult to make contact with store-keepers,
business owners• Poorly motivated respondents• Two visits with self-administered questionnaire left for one
week
… which requires• A preliminary information and promotion campaign• A competent contractor to ensure the recruitment and management of
experienced pollsters• Thorough training of the pollsters• Paying for each survey completed (incentives)
Source: Jean-Louis Routhier, Laboratoire d’Economie des
Transports, Lyon
How much does the UFS cost?• Three types of costs
• knowledge base (scientific support)• data collection (field surveys)• operational and scientific data processing
• Total budget : 1.2 million euros
• Three sources• French Environment Agency (ADEME)• Ministry of Transport• Local authorities (cities, metropolitan authorities, regions)
Source: Jean-Louis Routhier, Laboratoire d’Economie des
Transports, Lyon
Robustness and main results of the survey
• Large size of the sample, quality of face-to-face responses : good estimation of the number of movements generated
• Very detailed stratification of activities
Three types of results
• A detailed description of the current situation: Standard data and Indicators
• Consistant and stable relationships• A generation model
Source: Jean-Louis Routhier, Laboratoire d’Economie des
Transports, Lyon
Indicators
• Number of deliveries/pick-ups per job each week• Share of own account vs third party transport according to the
type of activity• Average distance between two stops according to the
organisation (size of the tour, single trips)• Speed average according to the vehicle and density of activity • Time for delivering goods according to the size of the round• On road parking time according to density• Speed average according to vehicle and density • Length of the trips according to the organisation (size of the
round, single trip, type of vehicle) and the density of activity
Source: Jean-Louis Routhier, Laboratoire d’Economie des
Transports, Lyon
Standard Data
• In average 1 delivery/pick-up each week, per job (with high standard deviation according to type of activity)
• 50% light vehicles (vans) and 50% truck• 50% own account and 50% for hire• 75% deliveries and pick-ups carried out by rounds• 80% deliveries <10 minutes, pick-ups 30 min in average• 13 deliveries or pick-ups in a round in average (19 for hire,
11 in own account)• Peak hours (9-11 am) different from car traffic PH (7-9 am)• 25% energy consumption, 25% GHG, 35% NOx, 50% PM
emissions (all freight flows incl. shopping trips)
Source: Jean-Louis Routhier, Laboratoire d’Economie des
Transports, Lyon
Relationships
• Between activity, number of employees and movement generation
• Between management mode and organization mode• Between type of vehicle and management mode• Between distances covered, management mode and
organization modes• Between stop timing and size of the delivery tour• Between distance covered between 2 stops and size of delivery
tour.
Source: Jean-Louis Routhier, Laboratoire d’Economie des
Transports, Lyon
Thank you for your attention
http://www.ifsttar.fr/[email protected]
http://www.let.fr/http://freturb.let.fr/
Laboratoire d'Economie des Transports, Lyon - SIG Geoconcept 03/1999
Type of vehiclesUnder 3.5TTrucksheavy trucks
Traffic all vehicles
1 564,68 20 575,66
MARSEILLES
MARSEILLES
Laboratoire d'Economie des Transports, Lyon - SIG Geoconcept 03/1999
0 10 km
Types of vehiclesServed by heavy trucks
Through-traffic by heavy trucksServed by medium trucks
Through-traffic by medium trucksServed by light veh
Through-traffic by light vehWeekly service and traffic
Operations per week per employeeas a function of the type of activity
- 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
Agricu
lture
Crafts
men
-ser
vices
Retail
Trad
e
Shops
-Wh-
sales
-W-h
ouse
s
Larg
e st
ores
Indu
stry
Servic
e se
ctor
Tota
l
nu
mb
er o
f m
ove
men
ts/w
eek
Marseille
Bordeaux
Dijon
Number of weekly number of deliveries/pick-ups as a function of the number of employees
(example of retail)
Retail trade in the three cities
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10
20
30
40
50
60
- 1 3 6 10 20 50
taskforce (nb of employees)
nu
mb
er o
f m
ove
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ts/w
eek
Dijon
Bordeaux
Marseille
Durée d'un arrêt selon le type de véhicule et la taille de la tournée
0
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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
<3,5T
Artic
CPort
Puissance (Artic)
Puissance (CPort)
Puissance (<3,5T)
Duration of a stop as a function of type of vehicle and size of round
Semi-trailer
Rigid truck
number of stops
Dur
atio
n of
sto
p (m
n)
Durée d'un arrêt selon le type de véhicule et la taille de la tournée
0
10
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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
<3,5T
Artic
CPort
Puissance (Artic)
Puissance (CPort)
Puissance (<3,5T)
Duration of a stop as a function of type of vehicle and size of round
Semi-trailer
Rigid truck
number of stops
Dur
atio
n of
sto
p (m
n)
Durée d'un arrêt selon le type de véhicule et la taille de la tournée
0
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0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
<3,5T
Artic
CPort
Puissance (Artic)
Puissance (CPort)
Puissance (<3,5T)
Duration of a stop as a function of type of vehicle and size of round
Semi-trailer
Rigid truck
number of stops
Dur
atio
n of
sto
p (m
n)
Duration of parking as a function of the number of stops and of the type of vehicle
The distance between two stops depends on the size (total number of stops) of a delivery tour
Distance entre deux arrêts d'un parcours
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Nombre d'arrêts dans un parcours
Dis
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oyen
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ntr
e d
eux
arr
êts
(km
)
DIJON
MARSEILLE
BORDEAUX
Hourly rhythms of Urban Freight movements
Rythmes horaires des livraisons/enlèvements et des déplacements de personnes dans l'agglomération de Bordeaux
0%
1%
1%
2%
2%
3%
3%
4%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Heure d'un jour ordinaire
Rép
arti
tion
au
quar
t d'
heur
e de
s liv
rais
ons
et
enlè
vem
ents
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
Rép
arti
tio
n h
ora
ire
des
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épla
cem
ents
de
per
son
nes
Urban freight transport
Individual car