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• Absolute monarchs (Kings) who didn’t share power with a counsel or parliament
• Obtained power through the idea of “Divine Right of Kings”
Absolutism
King James I of England
The Seigneurial System
• In the 1700’s France had a Feudal method of land ownership and organization known as Seigneurial System. Basically peasant labor
Receiving a seigneurial grant
• Ruled from 1643–1715• Reduced the power of
the nobility• Fought four wars• Greatly increased
France’s national debt
Louis XIV
• Louis XV• War fought in Europe, India, North America• France ends up losing some of its colonial possessions• Increases French national debt
The Seven Years’ WarLouis XV French and
English troops fight at the battle of Fort St. Philip on the island of Minorca
• First Estate: clergy• Second Estate:
nobility• Third Estate: the
rest of society• The Estates General
– a very weak congress
The Three Estates
Cartoon depicting the three Estates
• Brought new ideas about society and government
• The social contract – gov’t protected people and people allowed gov’t to exist
The Enlightenment
John Locke Jean-Jacques Rousseau
• France supported the colonists against Great Britain
• Revolutionary ideals brought to France.
The American Revolution
Marquis de Lafayette
• France helping America worsened their debt
• Jacques Necker – Called for a tax on property. All three estates would have to pay
• 1st and 2nd refused to pay any money
• Estates General ruled to require property tax
Financial Crisis
Finance Minister Jacques Necker
• Met in Versailles in May 1789
• One vote per estate
• 1st and 2nd or Clergy and nobility joined together to outvote the Third Estate or peasants
• Voting controversy
The Estates General
A meeting of the Estates General
• The Third Estate fed up and established National Assembly on June 17, 1789.
• Stated they were the true representation of France and the real governing body.
The National Assembly
Finish rest tomorrowWhere we left off1)France has been through two kings – both have raised the national debt.2)Peasants are pissed3)Estates General = 1 vote each estate4)Third Estate establishes National Assembly
• Louis XVI ordered the National Assembly be locked out of meeting hall
Artist Jacques Louis David’s depiction of the Tennis Court Oath
Confrontation With the King
Responded by meeting at a nearby tennis court. Wouldn’t leave until France had new constitution
Louis eventually backed down.
• Rumors began to spread that Louis was building up an army to put down the revolution.
• July 14th: a mob storms and takes the Bastille
• Guards refused to fight back and Bastille is overrun and destroyed.
Storming of the Bastille
• Rebellion spreads throughout the countryside.
• National Assembly made all men free in an effort to restore order
The Great Fear
• Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen was adopted by National Assembly on August 27th 1789
• Enlightenment ideals• Outlined basic freedoms held
by all• Asserted the sovereignty of the
people• “Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité”
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
• Peasants still unsatisfied; mainly because Louis XVI didn’t recognize anything.
• In October with food supplies running low a group of women and peasants marched to Versailles
The March of Women
• By the time they reached Versailles it had turned into an angry mob
• Attached the Palace and forced Louis back to Paris where he was held prisoner
• To deal with the Financial crisis National Assembly confiscates and sells church lands
• Church also secularized, reorganized
• Clergy oath of loyalty
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
Cartoon depicting the confiscation of Church lands
• Émigrés• Louis XVI and his
family attempted to flee France
• They were arrested at Varennes
Flight of the King
The capture of Louis XVI at Varennes
• Declaration of Pillnitz
• Possible foreign intervention
Reaction from Other CountriesIllustration
depicting Prussian King
Frederick William III,
Austrian Emperor
Leopold II, and the Comte
d’Artois, Louis XVI’s brother
New Constitution• Constitutional
monarchy• New Legislative
Assembly• Sans-culottes
Painting depicting the 1791 constitution
War With Austria• In retaliation of other
monarchs willing to intervene in France the National Assembly declared war on Austria
Painting of the Battle of Valmy, 1792
• Austria is joined by England, Spain and Holland to crush French Revolution.
• France institutes a Draft “Levee en Masse” of all men 18-25
• Paris mob stormed Tuileries
• Radical group takes control of government in 1792.
• Attack royal family and take Louis hostage
The Radicals Take Over
Paris crowds storm the Tuileries
• Louis and family seek aid of Legislative Assembly
• Arrested and deposed
• New government
• First met on September 21, 1792
• Abolish Monarchy; France officially becomes a republic
• Broke into Factions: Jacobins vs. Girondins
The National Convention
A Jacobin club
• Lawyer
• Leader of the Jacobin
• Leader of Committee of Public Safety
• Most controversial figure of the French Revolution
Robespierre
The Guillotine• Dr. Joseph Guillotin• Intended as a more humane
method of execution• Thousands guillotined during
the French Revolution
• On January 17, 1793, Louis XVI was convicted of treason
• He went to the guillotine four days later on January 21, 1793
Execution of the King
• Created to stop an internal rebellion in 1793
• Given broad powers• Eventually ruled France
like a dictator for nearly a year
The Committee of Public Safety
A citizen petitions the Committee of Public Safety
• July 1793–July 1794• Killed nearly 40,000
French people who Robespierre had labeled “enemies”
• Murdered anyone; clergy, nobles, even Maria Antoinette the wife of Louis XVI
The Reign of Terror
The execution of Marie Antoinette
Robspierre was eventually arrested in 1794 and sent to the guillotine himself.
• Robespierre overthrown on 9 Thermidor
• Committee of Public Safety dismantled
• Jacobin clubs disbanded• New constitution
adopted in August 1795• Executive branch known
as the Directory
The Thermidorean Reaction
9 Thermidor meeting of the National Convention
• Promoted middle class interests• Financial crisis• Food shortages
• Riots in Paris• Rise of Napoleon
The Directory
Cartoon depicting the
errors and bad judgment of
the Directory
• Popularity rises after victories over the Austrians
• Conflict with Britain• 1799 Coup d’etat• The Consulate
Napoleon Bonaparte