Dr. Sameer Gopal ChebbiDr. Sameer Gopal ChebbiDept. of ZoologyDept. of Zoology

Industrial fish and fisheries divisionIndustrial fish and fisheries divisionKarnatak Science College, DharwadKarnatak Science College, Dharwad

Fresh water, brackish and Fresh water, brackish and marine water fish culture in marine water fish culture in

IndiaIndia

Freshwater fish culture in IndiaFreshwater fish culture in India Fish is considered as one of the God Vishnu’s first Fish is considered as one of the God Vishnu’s first

incarnation in Indian mythology as in incarnation in Indian mythology as in “Mastyas “Mastyas Awatara”Awatara” mentioned in mentioned in puranaspuranas and and upanisadsupanisads..

In early Indian art, symbol and motifs derived from In early Indian art, symbol and motifs derived from water cosmology depicts the fish as beautiful and water cosmology depicts the fish as beautiful and attractive animal.attractive animal.

The knowledge of the occurrence of fish in India The knowledge of the occurrence of fish in India dates back to three million BC.dates back to three million BC.

Fish remains as cut marks, indicative of their used Fish remains as cut marks, indicative of their used as food have been proved by as food have been proved by Mohenjodaro and Mohenjodaro and Harapppa of Indus Valley civilization (2500 to Harapppa of Indus Valley civilization (2500 to 1500 BC).1500 BC).

Matsya avatar and Kautilya's ArthashastraMatsya avatar and Kautilya's Arthashastra

Aquaculture in India has a long history, with Aquaculture in India has a long history, with references to fish culture in references to fish culture in Kautilya's Kautilya's Arthashastra (321–300 B.C.) Arthashastra (321–300 B.C.) andand King King Someswara's Manasoltara (1127 A.D.). Someswara's Manasoltara (1127 A.D.).

Day (1878)Day (1878) provided more impetus the study provided more impetus the study of of IchthyologyIchthyology (Brach of Zoology which deals (Brach of Zoology which deals with fisheswith fishes) of Indian fishes he wrote a book ) of Indian fishes he wrote a book ““Fishes of India and Fauna of British IndiaFishes of India and Fauna of British India”.”.

Harappa and Mohenjodaro and fish catching Harappa and Mohenjodaro and fish catching in India in India

Fishes of India and Fauna of British India” by Fishes of India and Fauna of British India” by Day (1878)Day (1878)

The traditional practice of fish culture in small The traditional practice of fish culture in small ponds in eastern India is known to have existed for ponds in eastern India is known to have existed for hundreds of years; hundreds of years;

Significant advances were made in the State of Significant advances were made in the State of West BengalWest Bengal in the early in the early nineteenth centurynineteenth century with with the controlled the controlled breeding of carpbreeding of carp in in bundhs bundhs (tanks or (tanks or impoundments where riverine conditions are impoundments where riverine conditions are imitation). imitation).

Fish culture received notable attention in the state Fish culture received notable attention in the state of Tamil Nadu (formerly Madras) as early as 1911, of Tamil Nadu (formerly Madras) as early as 1911, and subsequently, states such as Bengal, Punjab, and subsequently, states such as Bengal, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Baroda, Mysore and Hyderabad Uttar Pradesh, Baroda, Mysore and Hyderabad initiated fish culture through the establishment of initiated fish culture through the establishment of Fisheries Departments and support to fishers and Fisheries Departments and support to fishers and farmers for expansion of the sector. farmers for expansion of the sector.

Freshwater Resources of IndiaFreshwater Resources of IndiaIndia is blessed with different types of freshwater resources, India is blessed with different types of freshwater resources, some of which can be utilized for fish culture. some of which can be utilized for fish culture.

Following are the types of water bodies found India and their Following are the types of water bodies found India and their extent.extent.

S.NoS.No Type of water bodyType of water body AreaArea

11 Rivers and canalsRivers and canals 1,97,204 kms1,97,204 kms22 Ponds and tanksPonds and tanks 2.25 2.25 million ha.million ha.

33 Lakes and ReservoirsLakes and Reservoirs 2.09 2.09 million ha.million ha.

44 Bheels and wetlandBheels and wetland 1.30 1.30 million ha.million ha.

55 Paddy fieldsPaddy fields 2.30 2.30 million ha.million ha.

66 Irrigation canalsIrrigation canals 0.12 0.12 million ha.million ha.

India is also blessed with great biodiversity of India is also blessed with great biodiversity of fish. fish.

Only a few of the fish found in India have been Only a few of the fish found in India have been used for fish culture or are suitable for fish used for fish culture or are suitable for fish culture. culture.

The following species of fish are either used for The following species of fish are either used for fish culture or can be used for fish culture.fish culture or can be used for fish culture.

a) Carps a) Carps  India is basically a carp countryIndia is basically a carp country Freshwater farming is mainly focused on carpsFreshwater farming is mainly focused on carps Three Three Indian major carpsIndian major carps viz., viz., Catla, RohuCatla, Rohu and and

Mrigal Mrigal are the main species cultivated.are the main species cultivated. The three The three Chinese carpsChinese carps – – silver carp, grass silver carp, grass

carp carp andand common carp common carp are also used in the are also used in the composite fish culture.composite fish culture.

Catla catlaCatla catla (Catla) (Catla)

Labeo rohitaLabeo rohita (Rohu) (Rohu)

Cirrhinus mrigalaCirrhinus mrigala (Mrigala) (Mrigala)

Cyprinus carpioCyprinus carpio (Common carp) (Common carp)

Ctenopharyngodon idellaCtenopharyngodon idella (Grass carp) (Grass carp)

Hypophthalmichthys molitrixHypophthalmichthys molitrix (Silver carp) (Silver carp)

b) Air breathing fishesb) Air breathing fishes

Giant murrel, striped murrel, spotted Giant murrel, striped murrel, spotted murrel, Magur and Singhi murrel, Magur and Singhi are the air are the air breathing fish available for culture.breathing fish available for culture.

Air breathing fish are the Air breathing fish are the secondsecond most most popular group of fish cultured in popular group of fish cultured in freshwaters.freshwaters.

Giant MurrelGiant Murrel, (, (Channa maruliusChanna marulius) )

Striped MurrelStriped Murrel, (, (Channa striatusChanna striatus) )

Spotted Murrel, (Spotted Murrel, (Channa punctatusChanna punctatus) )

Magur or Indian cat fish (Magur or Indian cat fish (Clarias batrachusClarias batrachus))

Singi, (Singi, (HeteropneustesHeteropneustes fossilisfossilis) )

Barali or freshwater shark fishBarali or freshwater shark fish ( (Wallago attuWallago attu))

c) Crustaceans c) Crustaceans (Prawns)(Prawns) Giant freshwater prawnGiant freshwater prawn ( (  Macrobrachium Macrobrachium

rosenbergiirosenbergii)) and the and the Indian River prawnIndian River prawn ( (MacrobrachiumMacrobrachium malcolmsoniimalcolmsonii) are the two ) are the two species of crustaceans suitable for culture.species of crustaceans suitable for culture.

They are highly priced, fast growing species They are highly priced, fast growing species suitable for exportsuitable for export

Giant freshwater prawnGiant freshwater prawn ( (  Macrobrachium Macrobrachium rosenbergiirosenbergii))

Indian river prawn (Indian river prawn (MacrobrachiumMacrobrachium malcolmsoniimalcolmsonii))

e) Coldwater fish e) Coldwater fish 

The The MahseersMahseers and the and the exotic troutsexotic trouts are are species available for cold water fish culturespecies available for cold water fish culture

Species Mahseers suitable for culture are Species Mahseers suitable for culture are Tor putitoraTor putitora; ; T. torT. tor, , T. khudreeT. khudree, , T. mosalT. mosal and and T. malabaricusT. malabaricus

The The snow trout snow trout SchizothoraxSchizothorax sp and minor sp and minor carps such as carps such as Labeo deroLabeo dero and and L. dyocheilusL. dyocheilus are also suitable coldwater species.are also suitable coldwater species.

As carp culture forms the backbone to As carp culture forms the backbone to freshwater aquaculture practice in India. freshwater aquaculture practice in India.

Carp culture in India was restricted to as Carp culture in India was restricted to as homestead backyard pond activity in West homestead backyard pond activity in West Bengal and Orissa until late 1950s, with seed Bengal and Orissa until late 1950s, with seed from riverine sources as the only input resulting from riverine sources as the only input resulting in low level of production. in low level of production.

Importance of fish culture as an economically Importance of fish culture as an economically promising enterprise was gradually promising enterprise was gradually implemented in India. implemented in India.

By then, non-availability of quality fish seed and By then, non-availability of quality fish seed and lack of scientific culture know-how constrained lack of scientific culture know-how constrained the growth and further development of carp the growth and further development of carp culture. culture. 

The technological breakthrough in The technological breakthrough in induced breeding of carps through induced breeding of carps through hypophysationhypophysation in in 19571957 revolutionalized revolutionalized freshwater aquaculture of the country. freshwater aquaculture of the country.

With assured supply of quality seed, the With assured supply of quality seed, the techniques of seed rearing and grow-out techniques of seed rearing and grow-out culture of carps had undergone faster culture of carps had undergone faster development and refinement through development and refinement through research and development made by the research and development made by the Pond Culture Division of the Pond Culture Division of the CIFRICIFRI and and Government of India respectively. Government of India respectively.

Project on Project on 'Composite Culture of Indian and 'Composite Culture of Indian and Exotic Fishes'Exotic Fishes' initiated by the CIFRI during 1971 initiated by the CIFRI during 1971 virtually laid the foundation for scientific carp virtually laid the foundation for scientific carp farming in the country by demonstrating high farming in the country by demonstrating high production levels of production levels of 8–10 tonnes/ha/yr8–10 tonnes/ha/yr. .

Subsequently, three more on 'Spawn Subsequently, three more on 'Spawn Prospecting', Prospecting', 'Air-breathing Fish Culture'Air-breathing Fish Culture' and ' and 'Brackish water Fish Culture' were launched. 'Brackish water Fish Culture' were launched.

With the ready availability of hormone With the ready availability of hormone formulations, the production of carp seed formulations, the production of carp seed through induced breeding led to a tremendous through induced breeding led to a tremendous boost and subsequently, boost and subsequently, riverine seed riverine seed collection and bundh breedingcollection and bundh breeding became out of became out of date. date.

Carp culture, thereupon, during the late Carp culture, thereupon, during the late 1980s has expanded its dimensions in 1980s has expanded its dimensions in terms of area coverage and intensity of terms of area coverage and intensity of operation, with operation, with Andhra Pradesh, Punjab, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Maharashtra, and other part of Haryana, Maharashtra, and other part of country etc.,country etc., taking up fish culture as a taking up fish culture as a commercial farming enterprise. commercial farming enterprise.

The research and development efforts The research and development efforts during the last six decades have placed during the last six decades have placed carp farming as an important economic carp farming as an important economic enterprise as a enterprise as a fast growing industryfast growing industry. .

The culture systems adopted in the country vary The culture systems adopted in the country vary greatly depending on the input available in any greatly depending on the input available in any particular region as well as on the investment particular region as well as on the investment capabilities of the farmer. capabilities of the farmer.

With the understanding of the biological basis of With the understanding of the biological basis of fish production, a series of systems are fish production, a series of systems are available with varying levels of inputs and available with varying levels of inputs and outputs, and these can be categorized as outputs, and these can be categorized as

low, low, medium and medium and high input technologies. high input technologies. 

In addition, in India, the other types of fish In addition, in India, the other types of fish culture also includes culture also includes Sewage-fed fish cultureSewage-fed fish culture which is not new as far as India is concerned. which is not new as far as India is concerned. It is estimated that at present there are more It is estimated that at present there are more than than 130 wastewater aquaculture units in 130 wastewater aquaculture units in India covering about 10 000 haIndia covering about 10 000 ha. .

Almost 80 percent of these are located in Almost 80 percent of these are located in West Bengal, where sewage is extensively West Bengal, where sewage is extensively used as a fertilizer for fish pond. used as a fertilizer for fish pond.

In this culture practice, before stocking, In this culture practice, before stocking, bheries bheries are dried up and sewage is allowed are dried up and sewage is allowed to enter to enter bheri.bheri.

After stabilization of effluents and after After stabilization of effluents and after observing the plankton population, the observing the plankton population, the bheries are stocked with advanced fingerlings bheries are stocked with advanced fingerlings @ 7 000–10 000/hectare@ 7 000–10 000/hectare. .

Normally, multiple stocking and multiple Normally, multiple stocking and multiple harvesting is adopted in bheries and fish are harvesting is adopted in bheries and fish are reared for reared for 3–5 months3–5 months, depending on the , depending on the growth of the fish to reach a marketable size growth of the fish to reach a marketable size of of 250–400 grams250–400 grams. .

In addition there is In addition there is running water fish running water fish cultureculture, wherein, the water from h, wherein, the water from hill-ill-streams/riversstreams/rivers are made to flow through a are made to flow through a series of dug-out embankment ponds series of dug-out embankment ponds constructed along the course of the constructed along the course of the stream/river using diversion canals/pipes. stream/river using diversion canals/pipes.

This helps maintain a mild water flow This helps maintain a mild water flow through the culture ponds. through the culture ponds.

Screens of fine meshed nets are erected Screens of fine meshed nets are erected at the inlet and outlet of the ponds to at the inlet and outlet of the ponds to prevent the entry and escape of prevent the entry and escape of organisms to and from the ponds such organisms to and from the ponds such culture is called culture is called race way culturerace way culture..

Carp production in India: Present status and prospectsCarp production in India: Present status and prospects World freshwater fish farming produced a total of about 55 World freshwater fish farming produced a total of about 55

million tonnes in 2014-15. million tonnes in 2014-15.  The main fish family in production was the Cyprinidae (carp The main fish family in production was the Cyprinidae (carp

family). family). India is the second largest producer in the world, a long way India is the second largest producer in the world, a long way

behind to China.behind to China.

As the second largest country in aquacultureAs the second largest country in aquaculture production, the share of inland fisheries and production, the share of inland fisheries and aquaculture has gone up from aquaculture has gone up from 46 percent46 percent in in the 1980s to over the 1980s to over 85 percent85 percent in recent years in recent years in total fish production. in total fish production.

Freshwater aquaculture showed an Freshwater aquaculture showed an overwhelming ten-fold growth from overwhelming ten-fold growth from 0.37 0.37 million tonnes in 1980million tonnes in 1980 to to 4.03 million tonnes 4.03 million tonnes in 2010;in 2010; with a mean annual growth rate of with a mean annual growth rate of over 6 percent. over 6 percent.

Freshwater aquaculture contributes to over Freshwater aquaculture contributes to over 95 percent95 percent of the total aquaculture of the total aquaculture production. production.

Brackish water aquacultureBrackish water aquacultureBrackish water aquaculture in India, though a Brackish water aquaculture in India, though a traditional practice in traditional practice in “bheries”“bheries” (manmade (manmade impoundments in coastal wetlands) of impoundments in coastal wetlands) of West West Bengal Bengal

““PokkaliPokkali” (salt resistant deepwater paddy) ” (salt resistant deepwater paddy) fields along the fields along the Kerala coastKerala coast, the scientific , the scientific farming in the country has been initiated only farming in the country has been initiated only in early 1990s. in early 1990s.

In the traditional system of culture, tidal water In the traditional system of culture, tidal water is impounded in the inter-tidal mudflats by is impounded in the inter-tidal mudflats by raising bunds. raising bunds.

Tidal water with all assorted fish and shrimp Tidal water with all assorted fish and shrimp seed is allowed to enter through sluice-gates seed is allowed to enter through sluice-gates during spring tides. during spring tides.

Harvesting of marketable sized fish and Harvesting of marketable sized fish and shrimp is done regularly during spring tides shrimp is done regularly during spring tides through traps placed near the sluice gates. through traps placed near the sluice gates. There is no manuring and feeding. There is no manuring and feeding.

The significance of the country's The significance of the country's extensive brackish water ecological extensive brackish water ecological system, consisting of the system, consisting of the various various swamps, inland bays, lagoons, lakes, swamps, inland bays, lagoons, lakes, backwaters and estuaries along the entire backwaters and estuaries along the entire coastline of India. coastline of India.

The brackish waters are areas of The brackish waters are areas of confluence of fresh water and sea water confluence of fresh water and sea water and the salinity ranges from and the salinity ranges from 5 to 27 ppt5 to 27 ppt. . The Brackish water aquaculture is also The Brackish water aquaculture is also known as Coastal Aqua cultureknown as Coastal Aqua culture. .

Brackishwater Resources of IndiaBrackishwater Resources of India        a. a. EstuariesEstuaries    b. Coast Line    b. Coast Line    c. Backwater    c. Backwater    d. Mangroves    d. Mangroves    e. Lagoons    e. Lagoons    

There are about There are about 3.9 million ha of estuaries3.9 million ha of estuaries and and 3.5 million ha of brackishwater areas3.5 million ha of brackishwater areas available in the country. available in the country.

It is estimated that about It is estimated that about 1.2 million ha 1.2 million ha coastal areacoastal area suitable for development of suitable for development of brackishwater aquaculturebrackishwater aquaculture is available. is available.

In addition to this, around In addition to this, around 8.58.5 million ha salt million ha salt affected areas are available in the countryaffected areas are available in the country. .

Out of this, about Out of this, about 2.6 million ha area which 2.6 million ha area which are unsuitable or marginally suitable for are unsuitable or marginally suitable for agriculture can be utilized for, brackishwater agriculture can be utilized for, brackishwater aquaculture. aquaculture.

The The coastal mangrove areas is estimated coastal mangrove areas is estimated around 0.5 million ha.around 0.5 million ha. Out of 1.2 million ha Out of 1.2 million ha potential area available for brackishwater potential area available for brackishwater farmingfarming, , around 1, 94,010 ha were under around 1, 94,010 ha were under culture. culture.

These brackishwater are highly productive These brackishwater are highly productive areas, but most of them are unused. areas, but most of them are unused.

Brackishwater fin fishes and shell fishesBrackishwater fin fishes and shell fishes FishesFishes Asian Seabass - Asian Seabass - Lates calcariferLates calcarifer Milk Fish - Milk Fish - Chanos chanosChanos chanos Grey Mullet - Grey Mullet - Mugil cephalusMugil cephalus Pearl Spot - Pearl Spot - Etroplus suratensisEtroplus suratensis Cobia / Black king fish - Cobia / Black king fish - Rachycentron Rachycentron

canadum canadum 

Shell fishesShell fishes Tiger shrimpTiger shrimp - Penaeus monodon - Penaeus monodon Indian white shrimpIndian white shrimp - Fenneropenaeus  - Fenneropenaeus

indicusindicus Banana shrimpBanana shrimp - Fenneropenaeus  - Fenneropenaeus

merguiensismerguiensis White leg shrimpWhite leg shrimp -Litopenaeus vannamei -Litopenaeus vannamei Red tail shrimpRed tail shrimp - Fenneropenaeus  - Fenneropenaeus

penicillatuspenicillatus Kuruma shrimpKuruma shrimp - Marsupenaeus japonicus - Marsupenaeus japonicus Mud crabMud crab - Scylla serrata - Scylla serrata Mud crabMud crab - Scylla tranquebarica - Scylla tranquebarica  

The prawn fishery of the country is supported The prawn fishery of the country is supported by genera like by genera like Penaeus, Metapenaeus, Penaeus, Metapenaeus, Parapenaeopsis and Solenocra.Parapenaeopsis and Solenocra.

All these prawns are suitable for culture. All these prawns are suitable for culture. The following 8 species are used mostly for The following 8 species are used mostly for

prawn culture. These are prawn culture. These are Penaeus monodon, Penaeus monodon, P. indicus, P. merguiensis, P. semisulcatus, P. indicus, P. merguiensis, P. semisulcatus, Metapenaeus dobsoni, M.monoceros, M. Metapenaeus dobsoni, M.monoceros, M. affinis and M. brevicornis. affinis and M. brevicornis.

This prawn seed is available in plenty on both This prawn seed is available in plenty on both east and west coasts. east and west coasts. The seed comes along The seed comes along with high tides and is trapped in mangrove with high tides and is trapped in mangrove areas and mud flats of brackishwatersareas and mud flats of brackishwaters

StatesStates Total B\W area (ha)Total B\W area (ha) Area under culture Area under culture (ha)(ha)

Production live weight Production live weight (t)(t)

Andhra Andhra PradeshPradesh

1,50,0001,50,000 66,20066,200 34,07534,075

GoaGoa 18,50018,500 650650 500500

GujaratGujarat 3,76,0003,76,000 997997 235235

KarnatakaKarnataka 8,0008,000 3,5403,540 2,6402,640

KeralaKerala 65,00065,000 14,59514,595 7,2907,290

MaharashtraMaharashtra 80,00080,000 970970 700700

OrissaOrissa 31,60031,600 11,33211,332 5,0005,000

PondicherryPondicherry 800800 2222 2020

Tamil NaduTamil Nadu 56,00056,000 670670 1,1971,197

West BengalWest Bengal 4,05,0004,05,000 42,52542,525 15,12115,121

TotalTotal 11,90,90011,90,900 1,415011,41501 66,77866,778

State-wise details in brackishwater area available under culture and production for the year 2010

MaricultureMariculture Since the last decade, considerable changes have taken Since the last decade, considerable changes have taken

place in the diversification and production of mariculture in place in the diversification and production of mariculture in India. India.

Most significant is the emergence of oyster and mussel Most significant is the emergence of oyster and mussel farming as a commercial aquaculture programme, and the farming as a commercial aquaculture programme, and the production estimate in 2007 was 10 044 tonnes. production estimate in 2007 was 10 044 tonnes.

Apart from increased production, India has several new Apart from increased production, India has several new technological developments like tissue culture of marine technological developments like tissue culture of marine pearls, hatchery techniques for lobsters and ornamental pearls, hatchery techniques for lobsters and ornamental fishes that have potential to make an impact on the country’s fishes that have potential to make an impact on the country’s economical development. economical development.

In India, two species of marine mussels, namely, the green In India, two species of marine mussels, namely, the green mussel (mussel (Perna viridisPerna viridis) and the Indian brown mussel () and the Indian brown mussel (P. P. indicaindica) are found in rocky coastal areas. ) are found in rocky coastal areas.

In addition, commercial production of oysters in In addition, commercial production of oysters in India started during the late nineties and increased India started during the late nineties and increased to 2 400 tonnes in 2008. to 2 400 tonnes in 2008.

The available main oyster species in India The available main oyster species in India include include Crassostrea madrasensis Crassostrea madrasensis (Indian backwater (Indian backwater oyster), oyster), C. gryphoides, C. rivularisC. gryphoides, C. rivularis and  and Saccostrea Saccostrea cucullatacucullata and of these, the Indian backwater oyster,  and of these, the Indian backwater oyster, is the most preferred one for farming. is the most preferred one for farming.

Experiments were conducted in India to farm clam Experiments were conducted in India to farm clam species and results have indicated feasibility of species and results have indicated feasibility of farming them in pen and on bottom methods. farming them in pen and on bottom methods.

However, there is no commercial culture of clams, However, there is no commercial culture of clams, following strict farming practices, but a method of following strict farming practices, but a method of semi-culture, whereby fishers stock seed clams, semi-culture, whereby fishers stock seed clams, which occur in the fishery in certain areas to be which occur in the fishery in certain areas to be harvested later, is followed in some regions. harvested later, is followed in some regions. 

As far as marine fish farming is concerned, culture As far as marine fish farming is concerned, culture of of EpinephelusEpinephelus, , MugilMugil cephaluscephalus, , Chanos chanosChanos chanos, , and and Etroplus suratensisEtroplus suratensis has been tried, either in  has been tried, either in monoculture or in the integrated systems. monoculture or in the integrated systems.

Pen and cage culture of finfish has been tried, but Pen and cage culture of finfish has been tried, but commercial semi-intensive and intensive farming is commercial semi-intensive and intensive farming is not yet practiced. not yet practiced.

Success has been achieved in the broodstock Success has been achieved in the broodstock development and spawning of greasy development and spawning of greasy grouper, grouper, Epinephelus tauvina, Lates Epinephelus tauvina, Lates calcarifercalcarifer and  and M.cephalusM.cephalus. .

Out of three, larval rearing technology of Out of three, larval rearing technology of Lates Lates calcarifercalcarifer has been commercialized.  has been commercialized. 

ProductionProduction Aquaculture contributed over one third of the Aquaculture contributed over one third of the

country's total fish production of country's total fish production of 9.06 million 9.06 million tonnes during 2012–2013. tonnes during 2012–2013.

The total aquaculture production of The total aquaculture production of 4.43 4.43 million tonnes was valued at US$ 3.5 billion million tonnes was valued at US$ 3.5 billion of which carp alone was responsible for as of which carp alone was responsible for as much as 4.18 million tonnes. much as 4.18 million tonnes. 

Top five fish producing States in order during Top five fish producing States in order during 2011-12, 2012-13, 2013-14 & 2014-152011-12, 2012-13, 2013-14 & 2014-15

YearYear Andhra Andhra PradesPrades

hh

West West BengaBenga

ll

GujarGujaratat

KeralaKerala Tamil Tamil NaduNadu

2011-12 2011-12 1603.171603.17 1472.041472.04 783.72783.72 693.21693.21 611.49611.49

2012-132012-13 1675.441675.44 1490.011490.01 848.79848.79 677.78677.78 620.40620.40

2013-142013-14 2018.422018.42 1580.651580.65 793.42793.42 708.65708.65 624.30624.30

2014-152014-15 1964.431964.43 1617.3191617.319 809.93809.93 632.25632.2566

697.61697.61

Name of Name of CountryCountry CaptureCapture CultureCulture Total Total

ProductionProduction % Share% Share

Total worldTotal world 8,89,18,0408,89,18,040 5,56,80,7385,56,80,738 14,45,98,77814,45,98,778 53.4353.43

ChinaChina 1,49,19,5961,49,19,596 3,47,79,8703,47,79,870 4,96,99,4664,96,99,466 34.3734.37

IndiaIndia 40,53,24140,53,241 37,91,92037,91,920 78,45,16178,45,161 5.435.43

PeruPeru 69,14,45269,14,452 -- 69,14,45269,14,452 4.784.78

IndonesiaIndonesia 50,99,35550,99,355 17,33,43417,33,434 68,32,78968,32,789 4.734.73

VietnamVietnam 22,43,10022,43,100 25,56,20025,56,200 47,99,30047,99,300 3.323.32

Epinephelus sppe (Grouper fish)Epinephelus sppe (Grouper fish)

Latus clarifer (Sea bass fish)Latus clarifer (Sea bass fish)

Mugil cephalus (Mullet fish)Mugil cephalus (Mullet fish)

Chanos chanos (Milk fish)Chanos chanos (Milk fish)

Etroplus surtensis (Pearlspot fish)Etroplus surtensis (Pearlspot fish)

Trachinotus blochiiTrachinotus blochii ( (Silver Pompano) Silver Pompano)

Rachycentron canadumRachycentron canadum (Cobia) (Cobia)

Crassostrea madrasensisCrassostrea madrasensis

Crassostrea cucullata Crassostrea cucullata

Meretrix meretrix Meretrix meretrix

Meretrix casta Meretrix casta

Perna viridis Perna viridis

Perna indica Perna indica

Scylla serrata (Scylla serrata (Mud crab) Mud crab)

Scylla Scylla tranquebarica tranquebarica

Sea Bass fish open Sea Bass fish open sea cage culturesea cage culture

Open mussel cultureOpen mussel culture

Clam cultureClam culture

Oyster cultureOyster culture

Tiger shrimpTiger shrimp - Penaeus monodon - Penaeus monodon

Indian white shrimpIndian white shrimp - Fenneropenaeus indicus - Fenneropenaeus indicus

Banana shrimpBanana shrimp - Fenneropenaeus merguiensis - Fenneropenaeus merguiensis

White leg shrimpWhite leg shrimp -Litopenaeus vannamei -Litopenaeus vannamei

““Fish for all Fish for all and and

forever”forever”