Friday 6 September 2002(c) 2002 The Authors. All Rights Reserved.1 A Framework for Testing Wireless...

Friday 6 September 2002

(c) 2002 The Authors. All Rights Reserved. 1

A Framework for Testing Wireless Applications

Ibrahim K. El-Far Roussi Roussev Nattawut Sridranop

Florida Institute of TechnologyMelbourne, Florida, United States

Friday 6 September 2002 (c) 2002 The Authors. All Rights Reserved. 2

Agenda

A word about the project A quick background on WAP An introduction to model-driven

testing A report on project activities and

status A discussion of future work Summary and conclusions


About the Project

History – contract, initial problems Staff – abilities, skills, assignments Scope – extent of activities Requirements – deliverables,

demonstrations Approach – planning, solutions, tools Status – achievements, remainder of work


Handheld Wireless Devices

Low power requirements Low and variable bandwidth High latency Ephemeral network connectivity Weak processing power Typically small displays Limited user input


Wireless Application Protocol Consists of a collection of specifications

of wireless solutions Solutions are claimed to address the

aforementioned constraints of handheld wireless devices

Proposed by the WAP Forum (now Open Mobile Alliance)

Possesses backing of various major industry players


WAP: The Big Picture

WAPgateway

cellphone

pager

Web

WirelessNetwork

Internet

TCP/IP request

TCP/IP reply

WAPrequest

WAPreply


Architecture: WAP vs. Internet

HTMLJavaScript

Transport Control Protocol / Internet Protocol

Hypertext Transfer Protocol

Transport Layer Security - Secure Sockets Layer

Application layer(Wireless Application Environment)

Session layer(Wireless Session Protocol)

Security layer(Wireless Transport Layer Security)

Transport layer(Wireless Datagram Protocol)

Underlying Bearer Service

Transaction layer(Wireless Transaction Protocol)


Wireless Session Protocol

A binary hypermedia transfer protocol

Provides both connection-oriented and connectionless modes of service

Provides a Push mechanism


continued

Wireless Session Protocol Connection-oriented mode

Reliable transfer of packets Transient network connectivity is addressed

Connectionless mode Unreliable transfer of packets Stateless

Provides a Push mechanism Initiated by server Intended for software updates and

provisioning


Wireless Markup Language A markup language that extends

XHTML Provided for backward compatibility Earlier versions were extensions of

XML We were asked to consider WML 1 WAP 2 requires XHTML Mobile Profile Addresses the peculiar needs of

narrowband wireless devices


WML 1.3

Information is organized into decks and cards

A card specifies units of interaction Cards are grouped into decks A deck is analogous to an HTML

page


WML 1 Sample<?xml version="1.0"?>

<!DOCTYPE wml PUBLIC "-//WAPFORUM//DTD WML 1.1//EN""http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/wml_1.1.xml">

<wml><card id="card1" title="WML test page">

<p>Content</p>

</card>

</wml>


Model-Driven Testing

Understanding of Application

Understanding of Application Build &

Validate Model

Modelof

Application Generate TestsTest Suites

&Scripts

Ru

n S

cripts

ApplicationUnderTest

TestOracle

Get expected result

Get actual resultTest Pass& Failure

DataAnalyze

Data

Decide whether to• Generate more tests• Modify the model• Stop testing

Estimate• Reliability & other

quality measures

Test Objectives &Stopping Criteria


Grammars A grammar is a formal system of an

alphabet and a number of rules The rules describe how to form words

and or sentences based on the alphabet A grammar defines a language or the

collection of all words and or sentences that can be formed using its rules

ISO 14977 standard defines a notation that can be used to express grammars


Grammars: ExampleSentence = Noun Phrase, Verb Phrase;

Noun Phrase = Proper Noun | Determiner, Common Noun;

Proper Noun = “John” | “Jill”;

Common Noun = “car” | “hamburger”

Determiner = “a” | “the”

Verb Phrase = Verb, Adverb | Verb;

Verb = “drives” | “eats”;

Adverb = “slowly” | frequently”;

(Example taken almost verbatim from Thomas Sudkamp’s“Languages and Machines: An Introduction to the Theory of Computer Science,” published by Addison-Wesley, 1997)


Example Generated Sentences

John eats slowly

The car drives frequently

Jill drives slowly

.

.

.

.


Project Deliverables

Test design Test automation framework Test suites used Problem reports


Scenario 1

WML Test Environment Set Up

Web

WirelessNetwork

Internet

WAPrequest

WAPreply

WAPgateway

TCP/IP request

TCP/IP reply

WebServer

DeveloperMachine

WMLtests

WMLParser

WMLmodel-basedtest generatorWML tests

HTT

PCEPC

WA

P


Scenario 2

WSP Test Environment Set Up

WirelessNetwork

WAPrequest

WAPreply

WAPServer

DeveloperMachine

WSP tests

ProtocolParser

WSPmodel-basedtest generator

WSP Tests

CEPC

WA

P

Test Lab LAN


Modeling the WSP Get

Fields in every PDU TID (associates requests with replies) Type (identifies PDU type; 0x40 for Get)

Fields of the Get PDU URILen (length of the URI Field) URI (Universal Resource Identifier) Headers (headers associated with

request)


continued

Modeling the WSP Get

General PDU = TID, Specific Type PDU;

Specific Type PDU = Get PDU | … other PDUs …;

Get PDU = Get Type, URILen, URI, Headers;

Get Type = “0x40”;

URILen = uintvar; (* unsigned variable-length integer*)

URI = (* list of test URI’s *)

Headers = (* Extracted from grammar in specifications *)


Modeling WML 1.3Verbatim from DTD:



<!ENTITY % flow "%text; | %layout; | img | anchor |a |table">

<!ENTITY % task "go | prev | noop | refresh">


continued

Modeling WML 1.3Equivalent rules in grammar:

(* ENTITY flow *)

flow = text | layout | img | anchor | a | table;

(* ENTITY task *)

task = go | prev | noop | refresh;


continued

Modeling WML 1.3Verbatim from DTD:

<!ELEMENT wml ( head?, template?, card+ )>

Rule in grammar:

wml element = "<wml", wmlAttr, ">", [head], [template], card, {card}, "</wml>";



Demo

Or What Kind of Tool is Needed to Model Applications

and Generate Tests


Future Work Model other components of WAP Improve collecting & evaluating

results Automate model building for certain

types of systems Develop better techniques for

generating interesting tests Enhance existing tools to help users

better visualize models



Questions and Comments


Contact Information

You can reach Ibrahim K. El-Far byEmail: [email protected]: http://www.testingresearch.com/

You can reach Roussi Roussev byEmail: [email protected]

You can reach Nattawut Sridranop byEmail: [email protected]

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