Proc. 10th Int. Sympo. on City Plann. and Environ. Management in Asian Countries 1

From Colonial Site to Contemporary Political Tension: Colonial Urban Planning Legacy upon The Formation of Socio-Political Identity in Manado,

North Sulawesi

Marly Valenti Patandianan*1, Nono S. A. Sumampouw**2

1 Lecturer, Department of Architecture, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia 2 Lecturer, Department of Anthropology, Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Manado, Indonesia

Abstract:

Urban planning has two-direct relationship with socio-cultural aspect even history. It is defined as interrelated relationship. Urban planning as physical form already contributed to describe and analyze socio-cultural phenomenon such as: poverty, social structure, demographical composition including artistic flavor. Those facts also happened in Manado, North Sulawesi. In colonial period, the developing of settlement which based on wijkenstelsel or ethnicity and geo-territorial separation into two main area: South and North, not only categorized Manado society into different ethnic and religious entities, but also implicated to the formation of identity, social structure and of course with cultural tensions within. This segregation becomes legacy, still happening in contemporary Manado and feels more political. This article aims to show relationship between urban planning of Manado which built in colonial period and its impact and legacy upon the formation of identity and contemporary political phenomenon. Data were collected through extended field observations supported by interviews, treasure of colonial references, and documentations. Samples were chosen through purposive sampling (samples with specific feature) that were in North Manado. Descriptive and comparative analysis were used in this research. Result shows that residents of North Manado, socially known as Sabla Aer, literally means “over the water” become inferior comparing with residents in South Manado. Keywords: Manado; colonial period; urban planning; identity; Sabla Aer 1. Introduction

The rapidly development of spatial science has brought significant awareness of intersection between physical aspects management and regional development with the unique socio-cultural the particular society (Newman and Thornley, 2004). Hence, it becomes highly important to identify aspects of socio-cultural, history, politics, economics, policy and even symbolic issues such as ethnicity and religion to assess and develop the effectiveness of the development area (Basiago, 1999: 145-148). The dynamics of relationship between physical development regions and socio-cultural phenomenon becomes not just the establishment of preference or identity of the socio-political in society but could even lead to unbalance of economic development in a region, which could be found in a study on this, like in China (Jiang, 2012).

This case also happened in Indonesia, especially in Manado, one of the main cities on the island of Sulawesi. The reality of spatial planning and physical development showed two-direct link with the socio-political, cultural and even historical reality. Currently, as the city built since the colonial period, a legacy of spatial planning policies can be assumed that the impact is still perceived until today. Unfortunately, this case is completely

unnoticed by the urban and regional planning academicians, so until now we have not found any publication pertaining on the relation of regional planning with socio-cultural phenomenon in the city of Manado. Therefore, by using field observations and treasure study of colonial literatures, this article wrote as a pilot study of the locus on the issues referred.

2. The case of Manado: dialectic relationship between

urban planning and formation of socio-political identity The Colonial period known Manado as a city in the northern

of Sulawesi is one of the most beautiful cities in the archipelago with a magnificent landscape (Wallace, 2008 [1869]: 183; Nas, 1995: 59). Spatial planning of Manado has a continuation or adaptation of what has been achieved in the colonial period. Precisely may be referred to as heritage.

The town is physically divided into two major parts: South and North and also eventually dichotomies society in these two categories: South area inhabited mostly by Minahasan ethnic-Christian has been seen as the dominant category (superior), North occupied by residents Sangihe-Christian background and/or Muslim-comers (inferior). Northern region realized since the colonial era by the term geographical suggestive: sabla aer or literally means across the river, because landscape of Manado naturally splits the city of Manado into north and south. Physical aspects of the relations with the social dimension are not only noticeable from the socio-political-economic but also physical development or urban spatial itself. There is a dialogical relation that urban planning has a major impact on establishment of certain identity and social tendencies and vice versa. So that the existence of urban planning and social aspects are never separated from each other. In the following sections, the arguments of influenced

*Contact Author: Marly Valenti Patandianan, Lecturer,

Department of Architecture Universitas Hasanuddin, Kampus Tamalanrea Makassar, 90245, Sulawesi Selatan, Telp. (0411) 586265, and fax (0411) 587707 Tel: +6281242249333 e-mail: marlymks@yahoo.com ** Contact author: Nono S. A. Sumampouw, Lecturer, Department of Anthropology Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Jl. Kampus Bahu Manado 95115, Telp. and Fax. (0431) 824102, email: nono_yoi@yahoo.co.id

2 AURG 2016 Marly Valenti Patandianan, Nono S. A. Sumampouw

spatial planning in colonial period are shown. Spatial planning in colonial period has effected formation of physical spatial planning and urban development in a particular area, but also to have an impact to formation of socio-political identity in communities, especially for communities who live in Nothern Manado. 2.1. Root 1: Colonial Urban Planning and The Rise of Sabla

Aer As Geographical and Social Meaning As it common in many places, boundaries of the region

naturally divided by its characteristics landscape. This also applies in Manado since the colonial period. Tondano River is the largest river that runs through the city and empties into Manado Bay. Near this river estuary was built Niuew Amsterdam fort and the port is still in service until today. The river finally geographically and administratively also is a marker for government and local residents to divides residential in Manado into two main areas: North and South. Both of these areas are connected by a bridge, which in colonial times was named Singkil Bridge. Now, the bridge was named the Megawati Bridge after undergone several restoration.

Since colonial times, the spatial structures is not merely divides the city in physical spatial aspect but also social space or “place”. There is no special name for the embedded southern regions. Local residents themselves called the North region as sabla aer, which is literally across the river (water). The term is still debatable dialectically because in this area of the river are actually facing each other, so that each area can call other area as sabla aer, but the citizens has been taken for granted that only the northern area are being called sabla aer.

According to the history, the term of Sabla Aer initially used by the resident secretary of Manado Ph. E. L. Sigar in 1923 to extent of geographical identity markers to peoples of Sangir who actually live in the north of the city as the flattery on the seriousness and their great passion for developing economic progress in Manado (Sylado, 2007: 5).

This division applies in determining the housing (kampong/ negeri) or villages that stand in each region of the south or the north. Under colonial policy would be spatial planning, housing compiled based on the similarity of social categories that can be based on the area of origin or certain ethnic groups, the policy known as wijkenstelsel. (Nas, 1995: 68).

From this urban planning will greatly attached to the typical social aspects, especially when comparing the last quote and map above (Fig. 1). The northern area of city known as residential ethnic backgrounds of Sangihe-Talaud or Bantik. A strong possibility, in addition to the historical record explains that the residents of Manado Tua/Bobontehu/Bantik -which had bound relative to the Sangir (Sylado 2007: 5; Graafland, 1868) - migrated to this area because of plague in his native island. The residents chosen to stay in the northern city area, at first motivated by their strong maritime tradition. The settlement concentrations in the coastal areas are right alongside the beach. These conditions make them easily worked as a fisherman as their hereditary occupation. A further feature, housings built, locates Muslims residents in the north side of the city. Even the Arab villages are geographic exclusion, but socially they remain known as Sabla Aer because living next to Tondano River.

The physical condition of settlement in the village, both south and north, socially has created a dichotomy civilized-

uncivilized and even since colonial times when the term sabla aer was not even appeared. This dichotomy followed by attachment of ethnic group and religions. For example Christian-Europe-Minahasan-civilized vs Sangihe-Bantik -Islam-uncivilized. Missionary journey records since the 19th century has shown this. The missionary journey also recorded housing conditions in the South, around the Kampung Belanda (fort) (Graafland, 1991 [1869]: 13).

Fig. 1. Map of Settlement in Manado from Colonial Period (Source: scanned from Parengkuan, dkk, 1983 via Makkelo,

2010: 46) A similar thing of Minahasan residential area in the

southern city which is around village area of Tondano, Kampung Tomohon, Kampung Kakas that are areas known as Titiwungen (Graafland, 1991 [1869]: 38).

There are contrary civilized conditions in the southern region faced with the northern side. The social dimension, especially religious and ethnic group attached to each other with the condition of the physical space housing itself. For example, the following quotations can reveal the condition of Bantik residential area. (Nas, 1995:63) & (Graafland,1991 [1869]:503).

Meanwhile, the clear patches that capture the physical aspects of the slums with religious and specific ethnic-groups can be seen from the travel records of Kampung Ternate (Graafland, 1991 [1869]: 17-18).

From these descriptions, it appears the roots of relation between physical condition and treatment of spatial housing from the government and local residents have given effect to the tendencies of certain social awakened in the middle of citizens, and connected with religious, ethnic and even patches of social civilized or uncivilized.

It means since the colonial period and the handling of spatial housing has been helped shape the social identities related to the physical conditions referred. Instead of this kind of social conditions influence in managing urban planning both in the North and the South.

In the case of Manado, the situation is cannot be denied ultimately affect the future of contemporary urban development.

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Table 1. Distribution of Settlement Area Based on Religion and Ethnic Groups/Nation

No Village (Kampung) Religion Ethnic/

nation Geographical (South/North)

1 Kampung Belanda Christian Eropa

South

2 Kampung Tondano Christian Minahasa

3 Kampung Tomohon Christian Minahasa

4 Kampung Kakas Christian Minahasa

5 Kampung Cina

Budha/ Kong Hu Cu Cina

6 Kampung Arab Moslem Arab

7 Kampung Bantik

Alifuru/ Christian

Bantik/ Sangihe

North

8 Kampung Sindulang Christian Sangihe

9 Kampung Ternate Islam Ternate

10 Kampung Islam Islam

Ternate, Gorontalo, Bugis, etc.

2.2. Root 2: Contemporary Urban Planning and Physical

Development in South and North Manado At present, an outline of Manado remains an area which is

divided by the division of the colonial era, South and North. Nevertheless, since independence until now there has been an adjustment mainly administrative district areas, especially in terms of the expansion. Now, the southern part of Manado represented six districts and the north by the five districts.

The southern part inhabited by Christian majority and Minahasan, where this ethnic regarded and claimed the area, and by customary, they are the owners of Manado and widely accepted as the "original". From this point of view created a view that the other residents, of course, are immigrants. While North Manado known as slums and shelter of the newcomers’ area, include people’s diaspora from Sangihe-Talaud islands and Muslims inhabitants.

These kind of social prejudice not consciously aware of having a major impact in terms of policy, or rather the omission spatial planning and physical development in the North area. It clearly different if they see conditions in the south of the city that can be said to be more active in terms of physical development, good schools, shopping centers and entertainment and settlement arrangement more organized and planned. This is, one that encourages particular social prejudices that citizens of sabla aer, i.e. they are not only physically living in the northern part of the city, but also those who once Muslim or diaspora Sangihe are not civilized, unhygienic or uneducated.

The impression is apparent as a kind of social reality through a field related to the precise structuring the area with visualization housing arrangement. In the southern part of the city is not found Mosques besides Masjid Raya that is government-sponsored located on the main street. It is different in the North. When entering this area from Megawati bridge (Bridge of Singkil), from the direction of the city center (south) towards the north, right at the right end of the bridge, standing Mosque of Al-Misbah who symbolically as if saying "welcome to the center of Muslims housing in the Christian town”.

As mentioned above, the impression shown from housing organizing in southern region better visually and "healthier" compare in the northern city. The photos below could show that, where the northern region, the residence of the urban Muslim and their ethnic backgrounds Sangihe (left) grow irregularly and appear shabby. Meanwhile, the South area of the city inhabited mostly by Christian and Minahasan built more symmetrical housing (Fig. 2). Fig. 2. Housing condition in south Manado (source: author’s collection)

The fact that structuring and physical development of the city has neglected the "balance" quality of public services between the south and north of the city is undeniable. The location of largest shopping and entertainment center or mall in the city is in South region stretching from the area Wenang to Sario-Titiwungen up Malalayang areas, namely Mega Mall, shop houses and Manado Town Square up to Bahu Mall (Fig 3.). Then, this area is being pointed and symbolic for the city residents to the entertainment and shopping center least high class in the city of Manado. While, on the contrary we do not find this kind of shopping centers in the North.

Fig.3. A shopping and entertainment centre in south

Manado (source: author’s collection) Even in the case of structuring and physical construction of

main facility or basic public services running very imbalanced between South and North. Government General Hospital either

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Fig.5. Middle school at south Manado (source: author’s collection)

Fig.6. A hotel at north Manado (source: author’s collection)

owned by the province and the city all in the South, including the Private Hospital with the best facilities and capacity. While in the North, there is only a hospital belonging to the Islamic foundation named RS. Siti Maryam the capacity and the quality are very limited (fig. 4).

Fig.4. Siti Maryam Muslim Hospital in North Manado (source:

author’s collection)

This imbalance also happened in structuring and developing education facilities. Excellent schools at all levels are placed on the southern part of the city (Fig. 5), not only the public schools, and even private institutions included in it. Meanwhile, the schools in the northern part of the city tend to be regarded as an educational institution "fringe" or "outcasts" by the townspeople, who seem not only because of their physical appearance, but also because of the quality and capacity of educational facilities referred.

In addition, buildings and facilities star executive hotel for business purposes as well become a good example to show the difference in treatment development and structuring region. Presence of executive-star hotel that is used for MICE activities only in residential areas of the south. Meanwhile, the northern region there is no hotel of this kind (Fig. 6). Despite several hotels being built, but only as the budget hotels or away from the direction of residential with the tourist destinations like cottages. In this case, the difference of unequal treatment,

showed a strong indication that the policy of the city spatial planning and physical development for economic purposes are more directed to the south of the city so that this area becomes more developed and organized.

Or, in another perspective, the "omission" of the policy spatial planning and physical development of the North so that public facilities like education, health, entertainment and shopping, and even for the sake of economic development needs growing region only by "status quo", without any improvement, innovation or handling and better organized restructuring for development.

Facts as described above, not only demonstrates the existence of inequality of treatment in the arrangement and physical development in the two areas are different but in the same city. But more than that, aspects of human movement which of course gives the opportunity from having this physical aspect of the socio-political tendencies and even particular culture. This is not only limited to the economic development or education residents simply for example. But further than that, through certain interpretations on the reality of physical development can promote the development tendencies of socio-political-cultural in the case of Manado able to graze on the issue of religion and ethnic group that highly symbolic. movements. Relational matters between the physical aspects of structuring and development of the city with the establishment of socio-political identity in the midst of residents, foremost between the North and South will be discussed in the next section. 2.3. (Re)Formation of socio-political identity: Impacts of

Colonial-Contemporary Urban Planning and Physical Development to The Political Tension between The North (Sabla Aer) and South

As an issue that seemed concealed, reality of sabla aer as a discourse and practice of structuring region, physical development and socio-political tendencies as follows seem not opened by the government and newspaper. Likely, this discourse has realized the potential of disintegration that had been desperately avoided. Such conditions as well encourage the formation of socio-political identity that separates the residents into the north to south.

As explained from the spatial perspective, North Manado region far left in the aspect of development of the South. It is not just about the physical, which symbolizes progress through the city shopping center the existence of everything was set in

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the South of the city. Again, none Mall or integrated business district is in North Manado. In fact, hotels and public entertainment centers like pubs and cafés are located in the northern region, often sarcastic categorized as a “truck driver class”.

From a political perspective-development, this would encourage not only the formation of a identity and political entities can deliver resistance towards the "neglected" conditions of this kind. Examples such as word Markho Tampi, members of the city council in reportage in the newspaper titled "North Manado Need Attention". He stated that during this development tends to South Manado (Manado Post, 2 November 2012: 14). Such statements have long sounded even faintly. In fact, feeling less attention has tended to promote the values and political potential to split the northern Manado into the town which has its own government. This is something that has long been known to the crowd and become coffee house chatter. One was seen from the passage of this information (Berita Manado, 9 Agustus 2012).

The potential and political resistance posed by NGO activists and academics are based on structuring region and the construction of the North stagnant Manado district. However, from the last sentence "requested to not publish his name", an indication of this sensitive issue and might lead to the more political matter of disintegration, foremost North and South dichotomization. Hence, the informant be seen reluctant to appear and request his identity to remain private.

Sabla aer, in this case the the people of Sangihe and urban Muslim considered to have political potential value as quantity should be noted. In 2005, the political potential quantity typical city's Muslims are seen at the election as a Deputy Mayor Abdi Buchari paired with Jimmy Rimba Rogi. He is a bureaucrat, city respected Muslim leaders, alumni of the Himpunan Mahasiswa Islam (HMI) Manado and when it became the chairman of the Korps Alumni Himpunan Mahasiswa Islam (KAHMI). There was a rumor among the young politicians, activists and public chatting at the coffee house, the election of Jimmy Rimba Rogi was no other because the dominance votes of Abdi voters. If want to think of it, this is true, because the majority of candidates came from the church, the voices of Christians is relatively fragmented into more than one candidate. This argument, be suitable when seeing a trend turnout based on religion, at least until the year of 2010 that was never been

published or exposed to the public (see table 2). If you pay attention to data on the number of voters based

districts and religion from Office of population affair with the addition of territory in the categories above, then there are 345.890 mandatory choose, 30,50% (105.515) of whom are Muslims. While, there are three districts that Muslim voters was higher than non-Muslims, namely: Bunaken (50%); Tuminting (48.79%); Singkil (55.51%). All districts are located in the region of North Manado (sabla aer) with the exception of Mapanget as an expansion area of the city which until the late 1980s as part of the Minahasa.

From here we see the tendency that was originally based on the geographic position simply had moved into mainstream socio-political associated with ethnic and religious differences, foremost bad stereotypes against the sabla aer, that time not only in the geographical sense but as well symbolic (religious and ethnic). Symbolic relation is seen from the way the Mayor during the 2004-2009 administration. Soon after Jimmy Rimba Rogi dealing with the problem of corruption and was being accused, Abdi Buchari rose to the status of Acting Mayor (Plt.). It immediately invites a reaction of many Christians-Minahasan foremost those living in the area south of the city because they feel not willing led by religious leaders of Islam and not a native Minahasan. Many of them suspected of Islam will be stronger and the maintenance activities of a church on a large scale will have difficulty. Immediately raised a lot of pressure to quickly depose Abdi Buchari. Indeed, he finally stepped down due to tripping of corruption cases which be seen purely a matter of law without any political intervention. However, the issue has grown far and make this issue touched by sentiments of ethnic-religious-political. Soon after Abdi became a suspect, Governor becomes Acting Mayor. Followed by the appointment of the Provincial Secretary Robby Mamuaja as a Daily Executive Mayor, who is also a prominent GMIM Church, considered a native of Minahasan and once again reside in the South area.

Awareness of the political potential of the sabla aer within the Sangihe also apparent in the governor election in 2009. Djouhari Kansil, elected a deputy governor. He is the representation of the sabla aer region who has Siau-Sangihe descendent and indeed lived in North Manado. However, as can be predicted, the position only until the second or a "deputy".

The establishment of consciousnesses of socio-political

Table 2. Constituents Based on Religion, Districts & Region in 2010 Mayor Election

No. Kecamatan Islam % Kristen % Kathol

ik % Hindu % Budha %

Kon

ghu

cu

% Local

religion % Total Wilayah

1 Bunaken 11,310 50,00 11,101 49,08 202 0,89 4 0,02 3 0,01 - 0,00 - 0,00 22,620

Utara 2 Tuminting 20,454 48,79 19,984 47,67 1,150 2,74 26 0,06 281 0,67 29 0,07 - 0,00 41,924

3 Singkil 22,753 55,51 16,910 41,25 661 1,61 35 0,09 604 1,47 23 0,06 6 0,01 40,992

4 Wenang 8,334 28,44 17,398 59,38 2,419 3,26 53 0,18 1,011 3,45 85 0,29 - 0,00 29,301

Selatan 5 Tikala 18,921 31,30 36,493 60,39 4,183 6,92 186 0,31 604 1,00 44 0,07 4 0,01 60,425

6 Sario 4,120 20,07 14,319 69,76 1,874 9,13 34 0,17 169 0,82 9 0,04 - 0,00 20,525

7 Wanea 6,629 13,76 38,732 80,38 2,501 5,19 175 0,36 144 0,30 4 0,01 - 0,00 48,185

8 Mapanget 6,580 18,27 26,017 72,26 3,194 8,87 76 0,21 127 0,35 9 0,02 4 0,01 36,007 Utara

9 Malalayang 6,414 13,97 36,008 78,43 3,123 6,80 142 0,31 192 0,42 29 0,06 3 0,01 45,911 Selatan

Total 105,515 30,50 216,962 62,73 19,307 5,58 731 0,21 3,135 0,91 233 0,07 17 0,00 345,890

Sumber: Office of population affair, 2010

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and identity will and from the sabla aer such, can be seen as a one of social good which essential, not only in the political aspects-building or structuring areas of the city between the North vis a vis the South, but as well completely from the standpoint of power itself. Where an inferior position is in urban Muslim population and Sangihe people, namely the sabla aer. At some point, these commodities potentially built into an effective political force. However (intentionally) not constrained to pass through the dominance of Minahasan- Christians should be "maintained" the number one. In the case of spatial development of the city, symbolically North Manado which is the concentration of the majority population of Sangihe ethnic and Islamic seems "guarded" for not passing dominance South Manado which is the concentration of Minahasan- Christian population.

Inside the arenas which blend aspects of spatial planning-socio-political, inescapable exclusion of opponents which play on one stage. In the case of Manado, a tendency to exclude competitors or to add political power are often based on the sentiments of religion and ethnicity are built and refined on the basis of the conditions structuring the geographical city regions, North and South. So far, as a marginalized identity and entities, does not be seen sabla aer systematically manifested as a "massive" social movement which able to undermine the dominance of South Manado. Where aspects of the most obvious disadvantage politically is access to resources, in this case the public service for the citizens of northern manado limited because the issue of spatial planning relation and socio-cultural.

Related to the contemporary tendencies and identity, socio-political tension root of this kind can even be traced back to the colonial period through the summary journey records of the character of Minahasan that are considered as The Native of Manado (Nas, 1995: 62). While on the contrast, the people of sabla aer in this case the Sangihe precisely described as unskilled laborers(Hamerster 1916 via Nas, 1995: 61).

Such conditions ultimately lead to the impression which until now remain attached that Minahasans-Christians (non sabla aer) have a character ambtenaar means does not want to do rough work or to be "subordinate" (white collar). While on the same side of the Sangihe is a laborer (blue collar). So it becomes very symbolic and political current with the tendency that the Christian Minahasan does not want to (be) led by the people from sabla aer.

Description above gives us an explanation, that the relation symbolic formation of identity and the tendency towards socio-political these days, which seems foremost from the stereotypes to be religious community or ethnic as well has a close relationship with the structuring and development of the physical space and even historical reality whose roots can be traced up to the colonial period.

3. Conclusion and history-empirical reflection

This study show case of the people of Manado, where spatial planning since the colonial era which divides city into two main areas, namely North and South have contributed to the formation of the contemporary socio-political identity. Residential divisions based on ethnicity and religion still feels its effects on spatial planning and physical development to this

day. North Manado residents which tend to have a background in a mix between the Islamic religion for ethnic categories outside of North Sulawesi and Christians for ethnic Sangihe from the North Sulawesi and in local terms is called sabla aer, tends not to evolve in terms of settlement arrangement and the provision of basic public facilities. While, in the southern regions representing the people Minahasan-Christian or indigenous has the advantage of being more organized in terms of residential and development of as well as providing the best public facilities in the city.

The condition of city arrangement like this has been an impact on the establishment of tension, identity and particular socio-political stereotypes among residents in the north (sabla aer) and south. The identities and social roles of people in the south area earn a higher place in the structure of society. Meanwhile, the people of northern areas or sabla aer are likely to be in an inferior position in this matter. Thus, relation between structuring residential and residents the south and the northern city, symbolically has dichotomous meaning: the superior and inferior

Reflectively, this study shows evidence and historical field that there is a close relation between the city planning with the formation of an identity and even distinct socio-political force. Where on the other hand, we can also see that the spatial planning in an urban area in North and South is as well linked to the identity or socio-political forces in society. So that we can see the relation of dialogue or two-direct relation here, that the physical-material reality really has an integral relation with the phenomena and socio-political identity in society. References 1) Basiago, A. D. (1999). Economic Social and

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4) Jiang, Di. (2012). Relation between economic inequality and political dynamics in contemporary China: an urban development planning perspective with evidence from housing sector. DPU Working Paper No. 148. London: The Bartlet Development Planning Unit, University College London  

5) Nas, Peter. (1995). Miniature of Manado: Images of Peripheral Settlement. In Reimar Schefold (ed.). Minahasa Past and Present Tradition and Transition in Outer Island Region of Indonesia. Leiden: Research School CNWS. pp. 58-71

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