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From Vibration to From Vibration to SoundSound
HEARINGHEARING
Main ObjectiveMain Objective
Describe the auditory sensation that results Describe the auditory sensation that results when sound waves are collected in the when sound waves are collected in the outer ear, amplified in the middle ear, and outer ear, amplified in the middle ear, and converted to neural messages in the ear.converted to neural messages in the ear.
Key QuestionsKey Questions
How do sound waves produce different How do sound waves produce different auditory sensations?auditory sensations?
What are the key structures of the ear and What are the key structures of the ear and their functions?their functions?
SoundSound
Sound, like light, comes in wavesSound, like light, comes in waves Sound is vibrationSound is vibration Features of sound include:Features of sound include:
PitchPitch TimbreTimbre DecibelsDecibels LoudnessLoudness FrequencyFrequency AmplitudeAmplitude
AuditionAudition
The sense of hearing.The sense of hearing. Makes you capable of responding to a Makes you capable of responding to a
wide range of sounds, from faint to blaring, wide range of sounds, from faint to blaring, simple to complex, harmonious to simple to complex, harmonious to discordant. discordant.
LoudnessLoudness The intensity (or amplitude) of a sound The intensity (or amplitude) of a sound
wave, measured in decibels. wave, measured in decibels.
AmplitudeAmplitude The The
intensity intensity or amount or amount of energy of energy of a wave, of a wave, reflected reflected in the in the height of height of the wave.the wave.
Healthy Amplitude (volume)?Healthy Amplitude (volume)?
What volume do you think is What volume do you think is okay?okay?
Not good, not bad?Not good, not bad?Handout Handout (slide 15)(slide 15)
Components of a Sound WaveComponents of a Sound Wave
Decibels (dB)Decibels (dB)
The unit of The unit of measurement measurement for loudness.for loudness.
PitchPitch A sound’s A sound’s
highness or highness or lownesslowness
Dependent on Dependent on the frequency the frequency of the sound of the sound wavewave
Is measured as Is measured as hertz (Hz)hertz (Hz)
FrequencyFrequency
Timbre (TAM-ber)Timbre (TAM-ber)
The distinctive The distinctive quality of a sound, quality of a sound, determined by the determined by the complexity of the complexity of the sound wave. sound wave.
Every human voice Every human voice had a distinct, had a distinct, unique timbre.unique timbre.
Did you know that aniPod at peak volumeIs 115 dB?
HEARING: HEARING: How We How We
Hear.Hear.The Path of SoundThe Path of Sound
Break It DownBreak It Down
Sound waves Sound waves are are collectedcollected in in the outer ear, the outer ear, amplifiedamplified in the in the middle ear, and middle ear, and transducedtransduced, , in in the inner ear.the inner ear.
Divisions of the EarDivisions of the Ear
The Outer EarThe Outer Ear
The part of the The part of the ear that collects ear that collects sound waves.sound waves.
Consists of the Consists of the pinnapinna, the , the ear ear canalcanal, and the , and the eardrumeardrum..
PINNAPINNA
It collects sound and directs it into It collects sound and directs it into the outer ear canal.the outer ear canal.
The visible part of the outer
ear.
Parts of the Ear – Auditory CanalParts of the Ear – Auditory Canal
Localization of SoundLocalization of Sound
Locating where sound is originating Locating where sound is originating fromfrom
Done through two cues:Done through two cues:Which ear hears the sound first?Which ear hears the sound first?Which ear hears the louder sound?Which ear hears the louder sound?
Localization of SoundLocalization of Sound
The opening The opening through through which sound which sound waves travel waves travel as they as they move into move into the ear for the ear for processingprocessing
Ends at the Ends at the eardrumeardrum
Auditory CanalAuditory Canal
EardrumEardrum
Also called the Also called the tympanictympanic membranemembrane. A thin membrane . A thin membrane that vibrates when sound waves that vibrates when sound waves reach it.reach it.
it transfers sound vibration from it transfers sound vibration from the air to the tiny bones of the the air to the tiny bones of the middle earmiddle ear
Can be damaged by objects in Can be damaged by objects in the ear or exceptionally loud the ear or exceptionally loud noisesnoises
The Middle EarThe Middle Ear The part of the ear that amplifies the sound The part of the ear that amplifies the sound
waves.waves. Consists of three small bones, the hammer, Consists of three small bones, the hammer,
the anvil (incus), and the stirrup (stapes).the anvil (incus), and the stirrup (stapes).
OssiclesOssicles
Three tiny bones that Three tiny bones that transfer sound waves from transfer sound waves from the eardrum to the cochleathe eardrum to the cochlea
Hammer, anvil and stirrupHammer, anvil and stirrup Fun fact: the stirrup is the Fun fact: the stirrup is the
smallest bone in the human smallest bone in the human body – only .25 cmbody – only .25 cm
THE MIDDLE EARTHE MIDDLE EAR
The Inner EarThe Inner Ear
The part of the The part of the ear where ear where sound is sound is transduced into transduced into neural impulses.neural impulses.
Consists of the Consists of the cochlea and the cochlea and the semicircular semicircular canals. canals.
CochleaCochlea
A fluid filled tube A fluid filled tube that is coiled in a that is coiled in a spiral. spiral.
Greek for Greek for snail.snail. Complex Complex
structure that is structure that is smaller than a smaller than a pea.pea.
Semicircular CanalsSemicircular Canals
Organs in the inner ear Organs in the inner ear used in sensing body used in sensing body orientation and orientation and balance (vestibular balance (vestibular sense)sense)
Relies on fluid in the Relies on fluid in the canalscanals
Spinning in circles Spinning in circles disrupts the fluid.disrupts the fluid.
Oval WindowOval Window
The point on the surface of The point on the surface of the cochlea which receives the cochlea which receives the sound vibration from the the sound vibration from the ossiclesossicles
As the oval window vibrates, As the oval window vibrates, the fluid in the cochlea the fluid in the cochlea vibrates.vibrates.
Parts of the Ear – Oval WindowParts of the Ear – Oval Window
Basilar MembraneBasilar Membrane
The membrane within the cochlea of the The membrane within the cochlea of the ear that contains the hair cells. ear that contains the hair cells.
Hair CellsHair Cells The hairlike sensory receptors for The hairlike sensory receptors for
sound, which are embedded in the sound, which are embedded in the basilar membrane in the cochlea. basilar membrane in the cochlea.
Parts of the Ear - Hair CellsParts of the Ear - Hair Cells
Auditory NerveAuditory Nerve The nerve that carries sound information The nerve that carries sound information
from the ears to the temporal lobes of the from the ears to the temporal lobes of the brainbrain
Divisions of the EarDivisions of the Ear
Review ~ What is Review ~ What is included in each included in each section?section? The outer earThe outer ear The middle earThe middle ear The inner earThe inner ear
HearingHearing
Sound comes into the ear. Sound comes into the ear. Goes through the ear Goes through the ear
canal to the eardrum.canal to the eardrum.Ear drum changes sound Ear drum changes sound
into vibrations.into vibrations.Vibrations go through Vibrations go through
middle ear to the inner ear. middle ear to the inner ear.
YOU Break It Down This Time.YOU Break It Down This Time.
Sound waves Sound waves are are ____________ in in the outer ear, the outer ear, ______________ in the in the middle ear, and middle ear, and ________________, , in in the inner ear.the inner ear.
Quiz Time!Quiz Time!