Front MatterSource: The Scientific Monthly, Vol. 55, No. 5 (Nov., 1942), pp. i-ivPublished by: American Association for the Advancement of ScienceStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/17890 .

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THE NOVEMBER

SCIENTIFIC M ON T HLY

Edited by J. MCKEEN CATrELL, F. R. MOULTON AND

WARE CATr1ELL

CONTENTS BIOLOGICAL ADAPTATION. PROFESSOR THEODOSIUS DOBZHANSKY 391 FOOD AND FIT'NESS. PROFESSOR A. J. CARLSON ..............I......................... 403 NAVAJO SOCIAL ORGANIZATION AND LAND USE ADJUST-

MENT. E. R. FRYER ........................... ....... .. 408 SOME GEOGRAPHIC ASPECTS OF LIMNOLOGY. DR. EDWARD S.

DEEVEY, JR ..423

CRYSTALLINITY IN CELLULOSE ESTERS. DR. W. 0. BAKER . 435 EDMOND HALL'EY, 1656-1742. DR. N. T. BOBROVNIKOFF .. ... 438 AVERAGE PRECIPITATION CONTRASTS IN THE UNITED

STATES. PROFESSOR STEPHEN S. VISHER ..... ... ...... .... 446 FOOD HABITS OF PRIMITIVE MAN. II. DR. MARK GRAUBARD . 453 DOES HISTORY SHOW LONG-TIME TRENDS T PAUL B. HORTON .461 BOOKS ON SCI:ENCE FOR LAYMEN:

New Paths in Genetics; Science for American Youth; The Tech- nology of Besins ........................................................... 471

THE PROGRESS OF SCIENCE: National Naval Medical Center; New RCA Laboratories at Prince- ton; Firearms Bxhibit at the U. S. National Museum; Walter Lowdermilk Called Again to China; Ersatz in 1942 .............................. .... 474

PUBLISHED BY THE SCIENCE PRESS LANCASTER, PENNSYLVANIA

FOR THE

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BUILDING, WASHINGTON, D. C.

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NEW BOOKS OF SCIENTIFIC INTEREST Astronomy, Maps, and Weather. C. C. WYLIE. The Pigeon. WV. M. LEVI. Illulstrated. xxxii+ Illustrated. x + 449 pp. 1942. Harper. 512 pp. $10.00. 1941. R. S. Bryan.

This book is designed primarily to meet the needs of The author presents for those who, like himself, find the Army Air Corps Flying Training Command. Dis- relaxation and stimulation in the hobby of pigeon-rais- cussed are such subjects as the celestial sphere, tele- ing, a book which covers such topics as the relation- scopes, the earth and its motions, clouds and weather ship of pigeon and man; breeding and care, anatomy, forecasting, maps, time, celestial navigation, the moon, physiology, genetical variations, behavior, etc. Over planets, comets, sun, stars, etc. 600 pictures and diagrams illustrate the text.

Strategic Materials and National Strength. H. Plain Words About Venereal Disease. T. PAR- N. HOLMES. Illustrated. v + 106 pp. $1.75. RAN, R. A. VONDERLEHR. xi + 226 pp. $2.00. 1942. Macmillan. 1941. Reynal and Hitchcock.

Dr. Holmes discusses every sort of material-from A straightforxvard presentation of the present-day metals to concentrated foods-as to their abundance, situation concerning venereal diseases is given in this substitutes now in use and what substitutes research book. The reader is told how the national program for venereal disease control made headway until war may discover in the future and how other nations conditions set the stage for wholesale spread of the coped with shortage problems similar to ours. diseases.

Sensation and Perception in the History of Ex- The Story of Everyday Things. A. TRAIN, JR. perimental Psychology. E. G. BORING. Illus- Illustrated. xii + 428 pp. $3.50. 1941. Harper. tinted. 644 pp. 1942. ID. Appleton Century. trated 644 p. 192. D.Appleon Cetury.

This is the story of houses, furniture, food, clothes, The background and evolution of modern psychology T i t s of sensation and perception is the subject of this transportation and communication. It is also, to a volume. Introductory material covers the general certain extent, the story of agriculture, handicraft, and theory of sensation and the physiology of sensation; i succeeding chapters take up individual sensibilities in industry, community life and the life of the intellect, greater detail. and amusements.

Scientists Face the World of 1942. K. T. COMP- Gardner's Handbook. L. H. BAILEY. Illustrated. TON and others. 80 pp. April, 1942. $1.25. 292 pp. $1.49. 1941. Macmillan. IRutgers.

The object of this gardening maniual is to provide a Dr. Compton discusses the various fields of science source of general information on flowers, shrubs, vege- in general as they exist today. Dr. Vannevar Bush's sourc fral inder frthe enlow e nt of te chapter is on biological engineering; Dr. R. W. Trul- tables and fruit, intended for the enlightenment of the linger discusses agricultural engineering. Commen- amateur gardener. The topics discussed are in alpha- taries on the three essays are contributed by three betical order, since the book is prepared as a reference other scientists, book for practical gardening.

We Need Vitamins. W. H. EDDY, G. G. HAWLEY. Doctor Wood. W. SEABROOK. Illustrated. xiv + 102 pp. $1.50. 1941. Reinhold. 335 pp. $3.75. 1941. Harcourt Brace.

This book attempts to give an understanding of the This is a biography of Dr. Robert W. Wood, professor vitamins-as to what they are, their chemical and of experimental physics at the Johns Hopkins Univer- physical properties, the determination and expression sity. It tells of his youth as well as his work as an of their potency, their effect on the human body and experimenter in the physics of light. It relates his how it is accomplished, the amount needed by man varied experiences, ilncluding his hobbies as a scien- daily, and the foods in which they can be found. tific criminologist and exposer of scientific frauds.

The Vertebrate Eye. G. L. WALLS. Illustrated. The Doctors Mayo. HI. B. CLAPESATTLE. Illus- xiv + 785 pp. $6.50. August, 1942. Cranbrook trated. xiv + 812 pp. $3.75. December, 1941. Institute of Science. Minnesota.

The vertebrate eye and its adaptive radiation are This is a biography of Dr. William Worrall Mayo and discussed in three main sections: the fundamental his soiis, Drs. WVilliam and Charles Mayo. It is a background informiiation, the environmental reasons for picture of a hundred years of medical progress, be- evolutionary changes, and the history of the eye traced ginning with a small-town practice on the American from the lowest living vertebrates to the highest. frontier anid ending with an international institution.

Biological Symposia. Vol. VIII. R. REDFIELD, Taboo. H. WEBSTER. xii + 393 pp. $4.00. 1942. ed. v + 240 pp. $2.50. 1942. Jaques Cattell. Stanford.

A discussion of the levels of integration in biological This treatment of the taboos of primitive societies and social systems form the basis of this symposium. includes their ethnographic, historical and psychologi- The transition from unicellular to multicellular indi- cal aspects, but the author's main concern has been to

show how important a place taboos hold in the cul- viduals; societies of insects, vertebrates as a whole, tural evolution of mankind. The customs considered monkeys, apes and man are among the aspects treated. here are mostly of uniknown origin and antiquity.

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THE SCIENTIFIC MONTHLY

~~~~~~~~/ ;\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~--- -----

Abandon hope ... all Germs who enter here SCIENTISTS HAVE LONG KNOWN

that certain wave lengths in the ultraviolet spectrum are true "death rays" to the world of bacteria.

The rays in the narrow region of 2500-2600 Angstrom units ... about 1/100,000 of an inch in length . were found to have the greatest bacteria-killing power.

The problem was to devise a practical and efficient device for transmitting selected ultraviolet radiations within a given bac- tericidal range.

The device must not generate a lot of heat. It should have long life. It should be inexpensive to install and operate. Most of its radiation must be in the region of peak bactericidal effectiveness.

It must produce limited amounts of ozone.

After extensive investigation and experiment, one of the scien- tists of the Westinghouse (Lamp Division) Research Laboratory, which is under the direction of Dr. Harvey C. Rentschler, pro- duced such an ultraviolet gen- erator . . . the Sterilamp*.

This new bactericidal lamp emits about 84% of its ultra- violet at 2537 Angstrom Units . . . operates efficiently only at about a few degrees above room temperature . . . and produces a small limited amount of ozone to correct odors and protect areas not directly irradiated.

In hospitals, the Sterilamp* stops air-borne infections from *Trade Mark Reg. U. S. Pat. Off.

entering wounds and incisions ... by providing a zone of sterile, bacteria-free air around the pa- tient on the operating table.

The commercial applications of the Sterilamp* are practically endless. It is used in the "Ten- deray" process for tenderizing meat . . . and in bakeries, brew- eries, wineries, canneries, res- taurants, biological laboratories, lavatories ... wherever air-borne bacteria must be killed or con- trolled.

In the Sterilamp*, Westing- house "know how" has scored a notable victory over the invisible enemies of mankind. Today, Westinghouse scientists are hard at work developing weapons that will score the same kind of vic- tory in our war against the Axis.

* Westingho use WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC: AND MANUFACTURING COMPANY, PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA

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ii THE SCIENTIFIC MONTHLY

Vol. LV, No. 5 NOVEMBER, 1942 Whole No. 326

THE SCIENTIFIC MONTHLY An Illustrated Magazine Devoted to the Diffusion of Science

Edited by J. McKEEN CATTELL, F. R. MOULTON and WARE CATTELL

PUBLISHED FOR THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE

Smithsonian Institution Building, Washington, D. C.

BY THE SCIENCE PRESS

LANCASTER, PENNSYLVANIA

Single Number, 50 cents Yearly Subscription, $5.00 COPYRIGHT 1942 BY THE SCIENCE PRESS

Entered as second-class matter at the post office at Lancaster, Pa., U. S. A., July 18, 1923, under the Act of March 3, 1879

RECENT BOOKS OF SCIENTIFIC INTEREST Between Physics and Philosophy. P. FRANK. The Social Life of a Modern Community. W. L. 238 pp. $2.75. 1941. Harvard. WARNER and P. S. LUNT. Illustrated. xx + 460

The author attempts to clarify the fundamental prin- pp. $4.00. 1941. Yale.

ciples underlying the factual findings of modern SC- The authors write of a class hierarchy in which the

ence. Some of the ideas considered are: The philoso- people of the American town are distributed through

phy of the Austrian physicist, Ernest Mach l the notion of "length" in Einstein's theory of relativity; Bohr's slx social strata, aith most of the social behavior in-

notion of "complementarity" in modern quantum fluenced by class factors. The volume is the first in

theory. the six-volume "Yankee City Series."

Life Science. M. W. DE LAUBENFELS. Illustrated. Motivation and Visual Factors. BENDER aild

i + 320 pp. $3.75. 1941. Laubenifels. others. xix + 367 pp. 1942. Dartmouth.

This book is designed to be a general survey of all The authors of this volume, through the study of

fields of biology. Each chapter covers one branch of psycho-portraits based upon tests, interviews, and an

the subject, emphasis being placed upon the interrela- autobiography, have arrived at the conclusion that

tionships between the various fields. One-thousalnd- and-twenty-two~~~~~~~~~~w ilutain acopn th e T.

i

visual factors, even extreme deviations, do not ill and aDd-twventy-twvo illustrations accoi-i-pany the textv. itL

is designed for those who do not intend to specialize of themselves cause maladjustment. The report lias

in biology. been drawnl from the study of twenty college students.

Benjamin Franklin's Experiments. Ed. by 1. On Growth and Form. D. W. THOMPSON. Illus- BERNARD COHEN. Illustrated. xv + 453 pp. $4.00. trated. 1116 pp. $12.50. August, 1]942. Mac-

Harvard. millan (Cambridge).

This work includes a new edition of Franklin's Ex- This volume covers biological problem-ls of growth

perimeints and Observations on Electricity together and form, and form anid function, in their relation to

with a four-chapter introduction by Mr. Cohen the physical principles and i-mathematical laws. The phys-

purpose of which is to prepare a scientific and bio- ics and mathematics used are elementary, but ad-

graphical background for the presentation of Frank- vanced enough to throw light on fundamental biologi-

lin's papers. cal problems.

Nutrition and the War. G. BOURNE. 2nd ed. Climate and Man. Illustrated. xii + 1243 pp. xii + 148 pp. $1.50. July, 1942. Macmillan (Cain- $1.75. 1941. U. S. Government.

bridge). Designied to aid farmers, a large part of this volumi-e

Dr. Bourne has the Eniglish housewife in mind in is devoted to a detailed discussion of the relation of

writing this book of information- on foodstuffs, the climate and weather to crops. The second half of the

principles of dietetics, and vitamins. Various foods book conitains maps and tables of data on climnate in

anid their relative values, nature and comiiposition are all parts of the Uniited States intended to assist farm

presented in table form at the end of the book. operations in agricultural communities.

Books previously announced will be given space six times on this page for $12.00

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THE SCIENTIFIC MONTHLY iii

One of the Finest Scien- tific Books of Our Day

ZBy George Stewart --yours free when you join the Scientific tion by your privilege of choosing any other Book (Club. book or taking no book at all in any par-

ticular month. And you begin at once to enjoy many reg- ular benefits of membership in the Scientific (4) This service costs you nothing at all; Book Club without one penny of extra cost: you merely pay the published price of the (1) You receive each month the Scientific book plus a few cents postage-and even Book Club Review containing concise, au- then you may exchange a recomrnended thoritative reviews of outstanding new sci- book within ten days, if you wish. entific books by a distinguished editorial committee. Begin now to enjoy the numerous benefits of membership at no extra cost. (2) You are the first to get the book most highly recommended unless you prefer an- You will receive promptly your free copy of other book. the regular $2.50 edition of STORM, by George Stewart as soon as your enrollment (3) You are guaranteed against dissatisfac- for the Scientific Book Club is received.

SEND NO MONEY NOW-JUST THIE COUPON THE EDITORIAL COMM1ITTEE l -

which reports to you on scientific books: Scientific Book Club, Inc. I 80 Lafayette Street Dr. Kirtley Fletcher liather, Chairman New York, N. Y. Geologist, Professor of Geology at Harvard I

University I Send me a free copy of "STORM," by George Stew- art and enroll me as a member of your Club. I Dr. Artliiur Holly C:ompton |agree to take not less than 6 books a year and I will Physicist, Professor of Physics at the Univer- remit the regular retail price pluis postage, within 10 sity of Chicago days from receipt of each book. I agree to notify I you promptly during any month in which no book is Dr. Harlani Tr-ue Stetson wanted. Astronomer, Research Associate, Massachu-J

setts Institute of Technology Name . Dr. Edward Lee 11horndilke |

Psychologist, P'rofessor of Educational Psy- X d d chology, at Teachers College, Columbia Uni- Iddeess versityC I

City and State ........................................

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iv THIE SCIENTIFIC MONTHLY

'jHE A Y -NAVY "BE" Flag T.awarde d Bausch & Lomb recently fr}iinosachievement in'produci f~Vcoy is the third in a sere o "'awards. Previous awards incuedteoriginal Navy "E" and the AMl-NavyB"Burgee with star.

"Eyes Right" Has Never Meant So Much To America EVERY job in Production for Victory calls for

top visual efficiency. Without concession to time, place or condition, work must go on. This means that eyes must function unfailingly and unflinchingly-at lathe, bench and on assembly line, in research and control laboratory, over. drafting board and foundry flask.

Upon the shoulders of the nation's eyesight specialists, skilled by training and experience in the correction of visual defects and conservation of human vision, rests the responsibility of fore- stalling eyestrain as an unconscious saboteur.

As a maker of ophthalmic products-the instru- ments used in the scientific examination of the human eye, the spectacle lenses, frames and rimless mountings which these specialists use-Bausch & Lomb has an important part in America's war effort.

In the development and manufacture of actual fighting equipment, such as rangefinders, aerial height finders, binoculars, aerial map-making equipment, Bausch & Lomb is serving the Armed Forces directly. At the same time, Bausch & Lomb is providing the metallographic equipment, the microscopes, spectrographs, contour measuring pro- jectors, optical glass and special instruments requir- ed by other manufacturers in filling military needs.

The ideals, ability and resources which have made the name of Bausch & Lomb a symbol of precision and scientific integrity for 89 years are concentrated upon America's job at hand.

BAUSCH & LOMB OPTICAL COMPANY * ESTABLISHED 1853

AN AMERICAN SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTION PRODUCING OPTICAL GLASS AND INSTRUMENTS

FOR MILITARY USE, EDUCATION, RESEARCH, INDUSTRY AND EYESIGHT CORRECTION

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