Front MatterSource: The Scientific Monthly, Vol. 57, No. 1 (Jul., 1943), pp. i-ivPublished by: American Association for the Advancement of ScienceStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/18207 .

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THE JULY

SCIENTIFIC M ON T HLY

CONTENTS

THE OLDER WORKER. PROFESSOR A. J. CARLSON 5...................... ............ 5 ARTIFICIAI RADIOACTIVITY AND THE COMPLETION OF THE

PIERIODIC SYSTEM OF THE ELEMENTS. DR. E. SEoRh ............ 12 QUININE: THE STORY OF CINCHONA. NORMAN TAYLOR ................... 17 CULTURAL INFLUENCES OF PENNSYLVANIA S MOUNTAIN

GAPS. PROPESsoR BRADFORD WILLARD ........................................................... 33 HOPI SNAKE HANDLING. DR. MISCHA TITIEV ................................................... 44 OCCIJPATIONS OF EMINENT MEN. DR. MAPHEUS SMITH ..................... 52 THEORY AND SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENT. PROPESSOR HENRY

MARGENAU ........................................................... 63 SOME CTENOPHORE FISH-CATCHERS. DR. E. W. GUDGER . .............. 73 AN AMERICAN PIONEER IN SCIENCE, DR. WILLIAM CHARLES

WELLS, 1757-1817. PROFESSOR CHARLES A. KOFOID .............................. 77

BOO;KS ON SCIENCE: Civilization and Teeth; A Philosophy of Education ................................... ....... 81

THE PROGRESS OF SCIENCE: Dr. Arthur B. Lamb, Becipientt of the William H. Nichols Medal; Medalists of the National Academy of Sciences; Power Fromn Pul- verized Coal; Hunting for Grandpa Bumps ............................................................ 84

PUBLISHED BY THE

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BUILDING, WASHINGTON, D. C.

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RECENT BOOKS OF SCIENTIFIC INTEREST Forward with Science. ROGERs D. RUSK. Ill. xi+307 pp. $3.50. April, 1943. Knopf.

Professor Rush's new book unfolds the amazing record of recent achievements in the field of physical science. Atom-smashing, artificial radioactivity, the electron microscope, such phenomena as cosmic rays, and the theories of relativity alnd quanta are analyzed in terms of their application to daily life.

Handbook of Frogs and Toads. 2nd ed. rev. A. A. and A. H. WRIGHT. Ill. xi + 286 pp. $3.00. 1942. Comstock.

This volume supplies a key for the identification of frogs and toads and provides accounts of the appear- ance, range, habitat, life history, structure, voice, etc., of 98 species and subspecies of frogs and toads of the United States and Canada.

The Methodology of Pierre Duhem. A. Low- INGER. 184 pp. $2.25. November, 1941. Colum- bia.

This is a study of a Frenchman who has done work in physics and the history of science and whose meth- odological ideas have influenced logical thought in the United States. The author begins with a nontechni- cal introduction to the philosophy of science.

The Amazing Petroleum Industry. V. A. KALI- CHEVSKY. Ill. 234 pp. $2.25. April, 1943. Reinhold.

To understand the importance of Petroleum in war and peace, read this fascinating book. It paints an interesting and vivid picture of the world's most im- portant raw material-Petroleum. In nontechnical language it tells simply what petroleum is-how it is obtained-what it does.

Science Remakes Our World. JAMES STOKLEY. Ill. $3.50. 1943. Ives Washburn, Inc.

A comprehensive survey of what is going on in the laboratories, and what the impact of new discoveries and processes will be on American daily living. Cov- ers plastics, synthetics, radio, television, aeronautics, explosives, electronics, agriculture, vitamins, the sulfa drugs, atom-smashing, etc. The author is Technical Book Editor of the New York Herald T'ribune.

Name That Animal. ERNEST C. DRIvER. Ill. 527 pp. $5.00. 1942. E. C. Driver, Smith Col- lege, Northampton, Mass.

A guide to the identification of the common land and fresh-water animals of the United States, with keys, discussion of life histories, and selected bibliog- raphy for each major group except birds. Designed for courses in field zoology and for biology teachers interested in identifying animals.

Chimpanzees. A Laboratory Colony. R. M. YERKES. 11. xv + 321 pp. $5.00. May, 1943. Yale.

This is a composite portrait of chimpanzee person- ality done in terms of behavior. It is of interest to the layman and the specialist in the field of psycho- logical research. Many experiments took place at Orange Park, 13'la., where Dr. Yerkes organized and for many years directed the Yale Laboratories of Primate Biology. June, 1943, selection of Scientific Book Club.

Science in Progress. G. A. BAITSELL, ed. Ill. xiv + 322 pp. $3.00. December, 1942. Yale.

In this book recent developments in the fields of astronomy, physics, biology, medicine and chemistry are discussed by ten well-known men of science. The book is based upon lectures presented in the National Sigma Xi Lectureships; it is the third in the series.

Civilian Health in Wartime. F. R. DIEUAIDE. vi+328 pp. $2.50. 1942. Harvard.

Dr. Dieuaide provides the general reader with a statement in broad outline of the varied aspects of health in the United States in relation to the war. The emphasis is placed on the preservation of health. Among the chapters included are: The Nutritional Background: The Aging and the Aged; MIental Calm and Vigor.

The Greatest Eye in the World. A. F. COLLINS. Ill. xviii + 266 pp. $3.00. January, 1943. Ap- pleton-Century.

This book is devoted to a history of the astronomical telescope and to a description of the equipment and work being accomplished at eight observatories in the United States, and at the Royal Observatory in Eng- land.

Alcohol Addiction and Chronic Alcoholism. E. M. JELLINEK, ed. xxiii + 336 pp. $4.00. Oc- tober, 1942. Yale.

This treatise is on the etiology of abnormal drink- ing and its effects on the bodily and mental functions of the individual; the immediate effects of alcohol in any quantity on the organs and their functions and on psychologic behavior.

The City-Its Growth-Its Decay-Its Future. ELIEL SAARINEN. Ill. by author. 379 pp. $3.50. May, 1943. Reinhold.

This unique work, the result of 40 years' experience, points out the causes for urban decay, then sets forth a logical plan for future rehabilitation and decentrali- zation. It conveys an important message to all con- cernled with progressive community planning and post- var development.

Liebig and After Liebig. Edited by FOREST RAY MOULTON. viii +111 pp. $3.00. 1942. American Association.

A symposium of papers presented before the Sections on Chemistry and Agriculture of the American Asso- ciation for the Advancement of Science, in commemo- ration of the hundredth anniversary of the publication of Liebig's "Organic Chemistry in the Applications to Agriculture and Physiology."

Science and Criticism. The Hlumanistic Tradi- tion in Contemporary Thought. H. J. MULLER. xiv + 305 pp. $3.75. March, 1943. Yale.

"With a fine felicity of phrase and a brilliant clarity of insight, the Associate Professor of English in Pur- due University looks at modern science from the point of view of a humanist. . . . Rarely does one find such a satisfactory synthesis of realism and idealism . . recommended . . . to all . . . concernied with the trend of thought and action in this age of swift change in the life of man." SGcicttific Book Club Review.

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THE SCIENTIFIC MONTHULY

STARSOdR Q(i4ERTF'/

Xa_Sw<~

I N SUBMARINE-infested waters, a speeding de- stroyer must be able to change its course in a

split-second-to drop its deadly ashcans on ene- my U-boats.

The secret of the destroyer's great speed and maneuverability is the tremendous power of its turbines, operating at stetam temperatures high enough to make the turbine blades glow!

This introduces a difficult problem in turbine construction. The highly heated metal parts "creep" under stress. The metallic grains slowly slide over each other. The metal tends to flow out of shape.

Excessive "creep" would quickly destroy the turbine-due to collision between the blades and other parts of the t;urbine, which are spaced only a fraction of an inch apart for maximum power.

Westinghouse first introduced the steam tur- bine in the United States and has built thousands during the past 45 years. And much of the suc- cess of Westinghouse steam turbines is due to the intensive study of "creep" by scientists in the Westinghouse Research Laboratories.

As a result of the "know how" gained through this research, the "creep" in some turbine metals has been reduced to 1/1 0,000th of an inch per inch per year- less than 1/64th inch per inch in 100 years.

This has guided the development of metals capable of operating at greatly increased temper- atures and speeds-and secured more power per pound of turbine, a vital necessity in a destroyer!

Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Westin house PLANTS IN 25 CITIES OFFICES EVERYWHERE

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ii THE SCIENTIFIC MONTHLY

THE SCIENTIFIC MONTHLY Vol. LVII, No. 1 JULY, 1943 Whole No. 334

An illustrated magazine broadly inter- preting to the thoughtful public the prog- ress of science and its relations to the prob- lems confronting civilization. Published by the American Association for the Advance- nient of Science, Smithsonian Institution Building, Washington, D. C.

Editors: J. MeKeen Cattell, F. R. Moul- ton, and Ware Cattell. Editorial Advisers: John E. Flynn, D. R. Hooker, Kirtley F. Mather, and William J. Robbins.

Copyright, 1943, by the American Asso- ciation for the Advancement of Science.

Office of publication, North Queen St. and McGovern Ave. (The Scienee Press Printing Co.), Lancaster, Pa. Address all correspondence concerning editorial mat- ters to the office of The Scientific Monthly, Smithsonian Institution Building, Wash- ington, D. C.

Subscriptions: The calendar year, $5.00; single nurnbers, 50 cents.

Orders for subscriptions and requests for changes of address should be directed to the Office of the Permanent Secretary of the Association. Two weeks are required to effeet ehanves of address.

Entered as second class matter at the post office at Lancaster, Pa., U. S. A., July 18, 1923, under the Act of March 3, 1879.

NEW BOOKS OF SCIENTIFIC INTEREST Mathematics Dictionary. G. JAMES. Rev. ed. Ill. viii+ 319 pp. $3.00. 1943. Digest.

Definitions of the basic words used in mathematics and an appendix of tables of logarithms, etc., compose the contents of this dictionary. Both popular and technical definitions are given when feasible. Other- wvise definitions are adapted to the mathematical ma- turity of probable readers of that specific definition.

Ultra-Violet Light and Its Applications. H. C. DAKE and J. DEMENT. 11. viii + 209 pp. $3.25. 1942. Chemical.

The authors aim to present the most important practical applications of ultra-violet light and fluores- cence in industry, science and art. Only the uses of ultra-violet light believed to hold the widest applica- tions, and the greatest future use, are discussed.

Photography. Its Principles and Practice. C. B. NEBLETTE. 4th ed. Ill. xii + 865 pp. $7.50. 1942. Van Nostrand.

The scope of this reference book on photography is as follows: History of Photography; Optics of Photog- raphy; Theory of the Photogr-aphic Process; Photo- graphic Sensitometry and Reproduction of Tone; Nega- tive Processes; Positive Processes; Photography in Color.

The Future of Television. 0. E. DUNLAP. Ill.

xi + 194 pp. $2.50. 1942. Harper.

The purpose of this book is to help chart the future of television and radio and to suggest the consequences of these industries upon the home, the theater, music, news, sports and business. Mr. Dunlap is manager of the Department of Information of the Radio Corpora- tion of America.

Basic Principles of Weather Forecasting. V. P. STARR. xxvi+299 pp. 1942. Harper.

This volume is devoted to the principles and prob- lems of weather forecasting in the light of recent theo- retical developments. In the main, the author advo- cates the short-period forecasting technique of 36 hours, but the Five-Day Forecasting Project of the U. S. Weather Bureau is also considered.

First Principles of Radio Communications. A. MORGAN. 11. ix + 366 pp. $3.00. May, 1943. Appleton-Century.

This textbook of radio communications is designed to give the beginlner in the field a basic understanding of the principles that make each part of a radio trans- mitter and receiver work, going gradually into the sub- ject of radio practice.

Systematics and the Origin of Species. E. MAYR. Ill. xiv + 334 pp. $4.00. December, 1942. Co- luinibia.

This book summarizes from the zoologists' viewpoint man's knowledge in the field of systematics; it sub- jects to analysis the principal concepts of taxonomy and presents some of the evidence of the systematist on the question of the origin of species.

Miracles of Military Medicine. A. Q. MAISEL. xiv + 373 pp. $2.75. Janiuary, 1943. Duell, Sloan anid Pearce.

The purpose of this book is to bring to the general public the story of the latest developments in military medicine. The author discusses, among other topics, the sulfa drugs, blood plasma, new pain-killers, syn- thetic specifics against malaria.

Continued on page iii

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iv THE SCIENTIFIC MONTIILY

Nine Young Men with "Eyes" Second to None To the enemy command the star-marked bomber these nine young men will fly is a many-eyed creature of destruction. Its "eyes"

of optical glass, fixed on the stars or sun, lead it straight to its objective. Then other optical "eyes" look down and ton upon ton of American-made TNT blossoms red in the dust of a shattered Axis dream. Still other ''eyes" make the photographic record of its accomplishments to give lie to claims of "only slight damage" . . . to chart a path for others to follow.

Without the bomber's many-lensed "eyes" -what they all are and what they do is a mili- tary secret-without the instruments such as Bausch & Lomb produces, the powerful of- fensive blows of America's mighty bombing fleet would be impossible.

BAUS. & WB OPTICAL CO. X - STER, N. Y.

ESTABLISHED 1853

AN AMERICAN SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTION PRODUCING OPTICAL GLASS AND INSTRUMENTS FOR MILITARY USE, EDUCATION, RESEARCH, INDUSTRY AND EYESIGHT CORRECTION

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THE SCIENTIFIC MONTHLY iii

New Books of Scientific Interest

Introduction to Psychiatry. W. E. BIDDLE and M. VAN SICKEL. Ill. xiii ? 358 pp. 1943. Sauiiders.

The authors' purpose in offering this textbook is to supply a bridge between general medicine and psy- chiatry. They present a broad viewpoint of the field of psychiatry, and hope to cultivate sympathetic under- standing of the problems of mental disease among nurses an-d nursiing attendanits, to whom the book is addressed.

Managing Your Mind. S. H. KRAINES aind E. S. THETFOR1D. viii + 374 pp. $2.75. June, 1943. Macmillan.

This book, wvritten in nontechnical language, is de- signed to explain the extent to which man can control and direct his actions, thoughts anid feelings. There are illustrative stories to some of the cases discussed in the various fields.

A History of Science. WT. DAMPIER. 3rd ed. xxiii+574 pp. $2.95. 1942. Camnbridge (Mac- millan).

This history of scienice is an account of scientific knolwledge from ancient times down to its recent de- velopments. Th-is English author shows the various ways in which religion and philosophy may differ from or be linked with science.

Alaska Diary. A. HRDLICKA. 11. xv + 414 pp. $5.00. Juiie, 1943. Jaques Cattell.

Dr. 1Erdlicka, anthropologist of the Smithsonian In- stitution, through this inforinal daily diary of his ex- periences in Alaska, gives information on the custolns, traditions and charactelistics of the Indian and Eskimo natives. He wiites on Alaska's climate, geology, wild life, food, clothing, shelter and transportation.

Forward with Science. R. D. RUSK. 11. xix 307 pp. $3.50. April, 1943. Knopf.

Dr. Rusk pictures for the general reader the rising tide of scientific discovery and theory, hopinlg to make developmnents in science understandable to the layman. Ile believes that science can not remain known only to the "cloistered few," if America is to retain world leadership.

Years of This Land. H. R. MUELDER aiid D. M. DELO. Ile. 243 pp. $2.50. May, 1943. Apple- ton-Cenitury.

This book, written by an historian and a geographer, is a geographical history of the United States. It does not treat history as a chronicling of dates and battles, but instead it treats history as "geography in motion."

Psychosomatic Medicine. E. WEISS and 0. S. ENGLISH. xxiii + 687 pp. $8.00. 1943. Saunders.

This book, written primarily for the general practi- tioner, discusses the symptoms, reasons and treatments of emotional factors which may cause or complicate the physical illness of any one of the body systems of a patient. Seventy-odd cases from life illustrate the points discussed.

THE MOST "PRECISE"

ARTICLE MANUFACTURED IN QUANTITY ANYWHERE Illustrated above is a roof prism, the most accurate of all optical parts, used in military instruments for our armed f orces.

Roof prisms are being made by a num- ber of manufacturers by methods first developed at the Perkin-Elmer Corpo- ration, and gladly shared in the inter- est of winning the war.

* 0*O'

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