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F- _y_- .rJ . e i

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

November 12, 1996

Volume 93/ Number 23

INCLUDES: PAPERS FROM A NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES COLLOQUIUM ON SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND THE ECONOMY

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-t~~~~~--

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

November 12, 1996 Volume 93, Number 23 pp. 12655-13434

Table of Contents

Papers from a National Academy of Sciences Colloquium on Science, Technology, and the Economy

Science, technology, and economic growth 12655-12657 Ariel Pakes and Kenneth L. Sokoloff

Trends and patterns in research and development 12658-12663 expenditures in the United States

Adam B. Jaffe

Measuring science: An exploration 12664-12670 James Adams and Zvi Griliches

Flows of knowledge from universities and federal 12671-12677 laboratories: Modeling the flow of patent citations over time and across institutional and geographic boundaries

Adam B. Jaffe and Manuel Trajtenberg

The future of the national laboratories 12678-12685 Linda R. Cohen and Roger G. Noll

Long-term change in the organization of 12686-12692 inventive activity

Naomi R. Lamoreaux and Kenneth L. Sokoloff

National policies for technical change: Where are the 12693-12700 increasing returns to economic research?

Keith Pavitt

Are the returns to technological change in health 12701-12708 care declining?

Mark McClellan

Star scientists and institutional transformation: 12709-12716 Patterns of invention and innovation in the formation of the biotechnology industry

Lynne G. Zucker and Michael R. Darby

Evaluating the federal role in financing health- 12717-12724 related research

Alan M. Garber and Paul M. Romer

Public-private interaction in pharmaceutical research 12725-12730 lain Cockburn and Rebecca Henderson

Environmental change and hedonic cost functions 12731-12738 for automobiles

Steven Berry, Samuel Kortum, and Ariel Pakes

Sematech: Purpose and Performance 12739-12742 Douglas A. Irwin and Peter J. Klenow

The challenge of contracting 12743-12748 for technological information

Richard Zeckhauser

An economic analysis of unilateral refusals to license 12749-12755 intellectual property

Richard J. Gilbert and Carl Shapiro

iii

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Contents

Commentary

Virus-lymphoid cell interactions 12756-12758 Michael B. A. Oldstone

Inaugural Articles

Mossbauer and electron paramagnetic resonance 12791-12798 studies of chloroperoxidase following mechanism-based inactivation with allylbenzene

Peter G. Debrunner, Annette F. Dexter, Charles E. Schulz, Yao-Min Xia, and Lowell P. Hager

The cell surface metalloprotease/disintegrin 13233-13238 Kuzbanian is required for axonal extension in Drosophila

Douglas Fambrough, Duojia Pan, Gerald M. Rubin, and Corey S. Goodman

Game theory and reciprocity in some extensive form 13421-13428 experimental games

Kevin A. McCabe, Stephen J. Rassenti, and Vernon L. Smith

Physical Sciences

CHEMISTRY

Conformational influences of glycosylation of a 12759-12761 peptide: A possible model for the effect of glycosylation on the rate of protein folding

David H. Live, R. Ajay Kumar, Xenia Beebe, and Samuel J. Danishefsky

MATHEMATICS

Prime factors 12762-12763 Liming Ge

STATISTICS

Sources of selection bias in evaluating social 13416-13420 programs: An interpretation of conventional measures and evidence on the effectiveness of matching as a program evaluation method

James J. Heckman, Hidehiko Ichimura, Jeffrey Smith, and Petra Todd

Biological Sciences

AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

Fipronil insecticide: Novel photochemical 12764-12767 desulfinylation with retention of neurotoxicity

Dominik Hainzl and John E. Casida

APPLIED BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Metabolic pathway engineering in cotton: 12768-12773 Biosynthesis of polyhydroxybutyrate in fiber cells

Maliyakal B. John and Greg Keller

BIOCHEMISTRY

Novel dimeric interface and electrostatic recognition 12774-12779 in bacterial Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase

Yves Bourne, Susan M. Redford, Howard M. Steinman, James R. Lepock, John A. Tainer, and Elizabeth D. Getzoff

Functional domains for assembly of histones H3 and 12780-12785 H4 into the chromatin of Xenopus embryos

Lita Freeman, Hitoshi Kurumizaka, and Alan P. Wolffe

Glutamate transport in Rhodobacter sphaeroides is 12786-12790 mediated by a novel binding protein-dependent secondary transport system

Mariken H. J. Jacobs, Tiemen van der Heide, Arnold J. M. Driessen, and Wil N. Konings

M6ssbauer and electron paramagnetic resonance 12791-12798 studies of chloroperoxidase following mechanism-based inactivation with allylbenzene

Peter G. Debrunner, Annette F. Dexter, Charles E. Schulz, Yao-Min Xia, and Lowell P. Hager

Superoxide-mediated clastogenesis and 12799-12804 anticlastogenic effects of exogenous superoxide dismutase

Ingrid Emerit, Fr6d6ric Garban, Jany Vassy, Arlette Levy, Paulo Filipe, and Joao Freitas

Fluorescence correlation analysis of probe diffusion 12805-12810 simplifies quantitative pathogen detection by PCR

Nils G. Walter, Petra Schwille, and Manfred Eigen

Detection of HIV-1 RNA by nucleic acid 12811-12816 sequence-based amplification combined with fluorescence correlation spectroscopy

Frank Oehlenschlager, Petra Schwille, and Manfred Eigen

A three-hybrid system for detecting small 12817-12821 ligand-protein receptor interactions

Edward J. Licitra and Jun 0. Liu

The carboxyl terminus of the bacteriophage T4 DNA 12822-12827 polymerase is required for holoenzyme complex formation

Anthony J. Berdis, Patrice Soumillion, and Stephen J. Benkovic

A common mechanism for the biosynthesis of 12828-12833 methoxy and cyclopropyl mycolic acids in Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Ying Yuan and Clifton E. Barry III

A zinc finger directory for high-affinity 12834-12839 DNA recognition

Andrew C. Jamieson, Hongming Wang, and Sung-Hou Kim

Repair of thalassemic human f3-globin mRNA in 12840-12844 mammalian cells by antisense oligonucleotides

Halina Sierakowska, Maria J. Sambade, Sudhir Agrawal, and Ryszard Kole

iv

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Contents

Transcriptional repression by YY1 is mediated by 12845-12850 interaction with a mammalian homolog of the yeast global regulator RPD3

Wen-Ming Yang, Carla Inouye, Yingying Zeng, David Bearss, and Edward Seto

A curved RNA helix incorporating an internal loop 12851-12855 with GA and A A non-Watson-Crick base pairing

Katrien J. Baeyens, Hendrik L. De Bondt, Arthur Pardi, and Stephen R. Holbrook

Isolation of a brefeldin A-inhibited guanine 12856-12860 nucleotide-exchange protein for ADP ribosylation factor (ARF) 1 and ARF3 that contains a Sec7-like domain

Naoko Morinaga, Su-Chen Tsai, Joel Moss, and Martha Vaughan

Induction of cyclin Dl by simian virus 40 small 12861-12866 tumor antigen

Genichi Watanabe, Alan Howe, Richard J. Lee, Chris Albanese, I-Wei Shu, Anthony N. Karnezis, Leonard Zon, John Kyriakis, Kathleen Rundell, and Richard G. Pestell

Redistribution of phosphatidyletlhanolamine at the 12867-12872 cleavage furrow of dividing cells during cytokinesis

Kazuo Emoto, Toshihide Kobayashi, Akiko Yamaji, Hiroyuki Aizawa, Ichiro Yahara, Keizo Inoue, and Masato Umeda

Studies using double mutants of the conformational 12873-12878 transitions in influenza hemagglutinin required for its membrane fusion activity

David A. Steinhauer, Javier Martin, Yi Pu Lin, Stephen A. Wharton, Michael B. A. Oldstone, John J. Skehel, and Don C. Wiley

The E5 gene product of rhesus papillomavirus is an 12879-12884 activator of endogenous Ras and phosphatidylinositol-3'-kinase in NIH 3T3 cells

Jyotsna Ghai, Ronald S. Ostrow, Jakub Tolar, Ronald C. McGlennen, Todd O). Lemke, Diane Tobolt, Zhanjiang Liu, and Anthony J. Faras

RGS-r, a retinal specific RGS protein, binds an 12885-12889 intermediate conformation of transducin and enhances recycling

Ching-Kang Chen, Thomas Wieland, and Melvin I. Simon

Development of pilus organelle subassemblies in vitro 12890-12895 depends on chaperone uncapping of a beta zipper

Esther Bullitt, C. Hal Jones, Robert Striker, Gabriel Soto, FranGoise Jacob-Dubuisson, Jerome Pinkner, Mary Jo Wick, Lee Makowski, and Scott J. Hultgren

Reconstitution of human replication factor C from its 12896-12901 five subunits in baculovirus-infected insect cells

Jinsong Cai, Frank Uhlmann, E mma Gibbs, Hernan Flores-Rozas, Chee-Gun Lee, Barbara Phillips, Jeff Finkelstein, Nina Yao, Michael O'Donnell, and Jerard Hurwitz

Direct physical interaction between DnaG primase 12902-12907 and DnaB helicase of Escherichia coli is necessary for optimal synthesis of primer RNA

Ya- Bin Lu , Pill arisetty V. A. L. Ratnak ar, B idyut K. Mohanty, and Deepak Bastia

Independent regulation of JNK/p38 mitogen 12908-12913 -activated protein kinases by metabolic oxidative stress in the liver

Kim G. Mendelson, Liang-Ru Contois, Sergei G. Tevosian, Roger J. Davis, and K. Eric Paulson

A novel RNA polymerase I-dependent RNase 12914-12919 activity that shortens nascent transcripts from the 3' end

Herbert Tschochner

Complementation of methylation deficiency in 12920-12925 embryonic stem cells by a DNA methyltransferase minigene

Kerry Lee Tucker, Dale Talbot, Min Ae Lee, Heinrich Leonhardt, and Rudolf Jaenisch

Development of an in vitro mRNA decay system for 12926-12931 Escherichia coli: Poly(A) polymerase I is necessary to trigger degradation

Caroline A. Ingle and Sidney R. Kushner

BIOPHYSICS

NMR of laser-polarized xenon in human blood 12932-12936 A. Bifone, Y.-Q. Song, R. Seydoux, R. E. Taylor, B. M. Goodson, T. Pietrass, T. F. Budinger, G. Navon, and A. Pines

Torsional rigidity of single actin filaments and 12937-12942 actin-actin bond breaking force under torsion measured directly by in vitro micromanipulation

Yuri Tsuda, Hironori Yasutake, Akihiko Ishijima, and Toshio Yanagida

Chiral molecular self-assembly of phospholipid 12943-12946 tubules: A Circular dichroism study

Mark S. Spector, Kalpathy R. K. Easwaran, Ghanta Jyothi, Jonathan V. Selinger, Alok Singh, and Joel M. Schnur

Efficiency of DNA replication in the 12947-12952 polymerase chain reaction

Gustavo Stolovitzky and Guillermo Cecchi

Systematic derivation of partition functions for 12953-12958 ligand binding to two-dimensional lattices

Luyu Wang and Enrico Di Cera

Energy transfer to a proton-transfer fluorescence 12959-12963 probe: Tryptophan to a flavonol in human serum albumin

Alexander Sytnik and Igor Litvinyuk

Rapid chemical kinetic techniques for investigations 12964-12968 of neurotransmitter receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes

Li Niu, Raymond W. Vazquez, Georg Nagel, Thomas Friedrich, Ernst Bamberg, Robert E. Oswald, and George P. Hess

CELL BIOLOGY

An essential role for p300/CBP in the cellular 12969-12973 response to hypoxia

Zoltain Arany, L. Eric Huang, Richard Eckner, Shoumo Bhattacharya, Chian Jiang, Mark A. Goldberg, H. Franklin Bunn, and David M. Livingston

v

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Contents

Essential role of j3-adrenergic receptor kinase 1 in 12974-12979 cardiac development and function

Mohamed Jaber, Walter J. Koch, Howard Rockman, Bradley Smith, Richard A. Bond, Kathleen K. Sulik, John Ross, Jr., Robert J. Lefkowitz, Marc G. Caron, and Bruno Giros

The effect of overexpression of the protein tyrosine 12980-12985 phosphatase PTPMEG on cell growth and on colony formation in soft agar in COS-7 cells

Minxiang Gu, Kun Meng, and Philip W. Majerus

Expression in yeast of binding regions of 12986-12991 karyopherins a and /3 inhibits nuclear import and cell growth

Cordula Enenkel, Norbert Schuilke, and Guinter Blobel

Regulation of transforming growth factor j3- and 12992-12997 activin-induced transcription by mammalian Mad proteins

Yan Chen, Jean-Jacques Lebrun, and Wylie Vale

Colocalization of cell division proteins FtsZ and FtsA 12998-13003 to cytoskeletal structures in living Escherichia coli cells by using green fluorescent protein

Xiaolan Ma, David W. Ehrhardt, and William Margolin

Activation of mouse sperm T-type Ca2+ channels by 13004-13009 adhesion to the egg zona pellucida

Christophe Arnoult, Richard A. Cardullo, Jose R. Lemos, and Harvey M. Florman

DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY

Production of identical sextuplet mice by transferring 13010-13013 metaphase nuclei from four-cell embryos

0. Y. Kwon and T. Kono

Inhibition of granulocytic differentiation by mNotchl 13014-13019 Laurie A. Milner, Anna Bigas, Raphael Kopan, Carolyn Brashem-Stein, Irwin D. Bernstein, and David I. K. Martin

EVOLUTION

Pinus banksiana has at least seven expressed alcohol 13020-13023 dehydrogenase genes in two linked groups

Daniel J. Perry and Glenn R. Furnier

Organization of the Hox gene cluster in the 13024-13029 grasshopper, Schistocerca gregaria

David E. K. Ferrier and Michael Akam

Ecological factors rather than temporal factors 13030-13035 dominate the evolution of vesicular stomatitis virus

Luis L. Rodriguez, Walter M. Fitch, and Stuart T. Nichol

Evolutionary analyses of hedgehog and Hoxd-10 genes 13036-13041 in fish species closely related to the zebrafish

Rafael Zardoya, Ehab Abouheif, and Axel Meyer

Bootstrap confidence levels for phylogenetic trees 13429-13434 (Correction)

Bradley Efron, Elizabeth Halloran, and Susan Holmes

GENETICS

A CDKN2-like polymorphism in Xiphophorus LG V is 13042-13047 associated with UV-B-induced melanoma formation in platyfish-swordtail hybrids

Rodney S. Nairn, Steven Kazianis, Brenda B. McEntire, Luis Della Coletta, Ronald B. Walter, and Donald C. Morizot

An in vivo pathway for disulfide bond isomerization 13048-13053 in Escherichia coli

Arne Rietsch, Dominique Belin, Nancy Martin, and Jonathan Beckwith

Double strand breaks at the HIS2 recombination hot 13054-13059 spot in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Steven A. Bullard, Sangkyu Kim, Anne M. Galbraith, and Robert E. Malone

A complete genome screen for genes predisposing to 13060-13065 severe bipolar disorder in two Costa Rican pedigrees

L. Alison McInnes, Michael A. Escamilla, Susan K. Service, Victor I. Reus, Pedro Leon, Sandra Silva, Eugenia Rojas, Mitzi Spesny, Siamak Baharloo, Kathleen Blankenship, Amy Peterson, David Tyler, Norito Shimayoshi, Christa Tobey, Steven Batki, Sophia Vinogradov, Luis Meza, Alvaro Gallegos, Eduardo Fournier, Lauren B. Smith, Samuel H. Barondes, Lodewijk A. Sandkuijl, and Nelson B. Freimer

Identification and characterization of differentially 13066-13071 expressed cDNAs of the vector mosquito, Anopheles gambiae

George Dimopoulos, Adam Richman, Alessandra della Torre, Fotis C. Kafatos, and Christos Louis

Spontaneous mutations recovered as mosaics in the 13072-13077 mouse specific-locus test

L. B. Russell and W. L. Russell

Brca2 is coordinately regulated with Brcal during 13078-13083 proliferation and differentiation in mammary epithelial cells

Jayant V. Rajan, Man Wang, Sandra T. Marquis, and Lewis A. Chodosh

Pleiotropic defects in ataxia-telangiectasia 13084-13089 protein-deficient mice

Ari Elson, Yaoqi Wang, Cathie J. Daugherty, Cynthia C. Morton, Fen Zhou, Juanita Campos-Torres, and Philip Leder

Long-range disruption of gene expression by a 13090-13095 selectable marker cassette

Christine T. N. Pham, Debra M. Maclvor, Bruce A. Hug, Jonathan W. Heusel, and Timothy J. Ley

Circadian clock-controlled genes isolated from 13096-13101 Neurospora crassa are late night- to early morning-specific

Deborah Bell-Pedersen, Mari L. Shinohara, Jennifer J. Loros, and Jay C. Dunlap

IMMUNOLOGY

Disrupted splenic architecture, but normal lymph 13102-13107 node development in mice expressing a soluble lymphotoxin-13 receptor-IgG1 fusion protein

Rachel Ettinger, Jeffrey L. Browning, Sara A. Michie, Willem van Ewijk, and Hugh 0. McDevitt

vi

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Contents

Molecular basis for the recognition of two structurally 13108-13113 different major histocompatibility complex/peptide complexes by a single T-cell receptor

Roland Brock, Karl-Heinz Wiesmiiller, Gunther Jung, and Peter Walden

Peptide-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes restricted by 13114-13118 nonself major histocompatibility complex class I molecules: Reagents for tumor immunotherapy

Elena Sadovnikova and Hans J. Stauss

Oxidative stress by tumor-derived macrophages 13119-13124 suppresses the expression of CD3 ; chain of T-cell receptor complex and antigen-specific T-cell responses

Mizuto Otsuji, Yoshimitsu Kimura, Tomohiko Aoe, Yasuhiro Okamoto, and Takashi Saito

Suppression of HIV replication by lymphoid tissue 13125-13130 CD8+ cells correlates with the clinical state of HIV-infected individuals

David J. Blackbourn, Carl E. Mackewicz, Edward Barker, Thomas K. Hunt, Brian Herndier, Ashley T. Haase, and Jay A. Levy

Increased sensitivity to apoptotic stimuli in 13131-13136 c-abl-deficient progenitor B-cell lines

Marion Dorsch and Stephen P. Goff

MEDICAL SCIENCES

Blastic transformation of p53-deficient bone marrow 13137-13142 cells by p2lObcr/abl tyrosine kinase

Tomasz Skorski, Malgorzata Nieborowska-Skorska, Pawel Wlodarski, Danilo Perrotti, Robert Martinez, Mariusz A. Wasik, and Bruno Calabretta

Apicidin: A novel antiprotozoal agent that inhibits 13143-13147 parasite histone deacetylase

Sandra J. Darkin-Rattray, Anne M. Gurnett, Robert W. Myers, Paula M. Dulski, Tami M. Crumley, John J. Allocco, Christine Cannova, Peter T. Meinke, Steven L. Colletti, Maria A. Bednarek, Sheo B. Singh, Michael A. Goetz, Anne W. Dombrowski, Jon D. Polishook, and Dennis M. Schmatz

Normal host prion protein (PrPC) is required for 13148-13151 scrapie spread within the central nervous system

Sebastian Brandner, Alex Raeber, Andreas Sailer, Thomas Blattler, Marek Fischer, Charles Weissmann, and Adriano Aguzzi

Concomitant combination therapy for HIV infection 13152-13157 preferable over sequential therapy with 3TC and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

Jan Balzarini, Heidi Pelemans, Anna Karlsson, Erik De Clercq, and Jorg-Peter Kleim

Temporal mapping of gene expression levels during 13158-13163 the differentiation of individual primary hematopoietic cells

Tao Cheng, Hongmei Shen, Dena Giokas, John Gere, Daniel G. Tenen, and David T. Scadden

Induction of apoptosis in rhabdomnyosarcoma cells 13164-13169 through down-regulation of PAX proteins

Michele Bernasconi, Andrew Remppis, William J. Fredericks, Frank J. Rauscher III, and Beat W. Schafer

Evidence that the 42- and 40-amino acid forms of 13170-13175 amyloid 13 protein are generated from the 13-amyloid precursor protein by different protease activities

Martin Citron, Thekla S. Diehl, Grace Gordon, Anja Leona Biere, Peter Seubert, and Dennis J. Selkoe

Elevated blood pressures in mice lacking endothelial 13176-13181 nitric oxide synthase

Edward G. Shesely, Nobuyo Maeda, H.-S. Kim, Kaushik M. Desai, John H. Krege, Victor E. Laubach, Paula A. Sherman, William C. Sessa, and Oliver Smithies

NADPH-oxidase and a hydrogen peroxide-sensitive 13182-13187 K+ channel may function as an oxygen sensor complex in airway chemoreceptors and small cell lung carcinoma cell lines

Dashou Wang, Charlotte Youngson, Veronica Wong, Herman Yeger, Mary C. Dinauer, Eleazar Vega-Saenz de Miera, Bernardo Rudy, and Ernest Cutz

Separation of the arterial wall from blood contact 13188-13193 using hydrogel barriers reduces intimal thickening after balloon injury in the rat: The roles of medial and luminal factors in arterial healing

Jennifer L. West and Jeffrey A. Hubbell

Interaction of measles virus glycoproteins with the 13194-13199 surface of uninfected peripheral blood lymphocytes induces immunosuppression in vitro

J6rg Schlender, Jens-J6rg Schnorr, Pius Spielhofer, Toni Cathomen, Roberto Cattaneo, Martin A. Billeter, Volker ter Meulen, and Sibylle Schneider-Schaulies

Characterization of human cardiac Na+ channel 13200-13205 mutations in the congenital long QT syndrome

Dao W. Wang, Kazuto Yazawa, Alfred L. George, Jr., and Paul B. Bennett

Different response to Plasmodium falciparum malaria 13206-13211 in West African sympatric ethnic groups

D. Modiano, V. Petrarca, B. S. Sirima, I. Nebi6, D. Diallo, F. Esposito, and M. Coluzzi

MICROBIOLOGY

Molecular basis for the exquisite sensitivity of 13212-13216 Mycobacterium tuberculosis to isoniazid

Y. Zhang, S. Dhandayuthapani, and V. Deretic

Signal transduction through homologs of the Ste2Op 13217-13222 and Ste7p protein kinases can trigger hyphal formation in the pathogenic fungus Candida albicans

Ekkehard Leberer, Doreen Harcus, Ian D. Broadbent, Karen L. Clark, Daniel Dignard, Karl Ziegelbauer, Axel Schmidt, Neil A. R. Gow, Alistair J. P. Brown, and David Y. Thomas

Candida albicans strains heterozygous and 13223-13228 homozygous for mutations in mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling components have defects in hyphal development

Julia R. Kohler and Gerald R. Fink

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Contents

NEUROBIOLOGY

Binocular vision in insects: How mantids solve the 13229-13232 correspondence problem

Samuel Rossel

The cell surface metalloprotease/disintegrin 13233-13238 Kuzbanian is required for axonal extension in Drosophila

Douglas Fambrough, Duojia Pan, Gerald M. Rubin, and Corey S. Goodman

Neuronal type information encoded in the 13239-13244 basic-helix-loop-helix domain of proneural genes

Cheng-ting Chien, Chwan-Deng Hsiao, Lily Y. Jan, and Yuh Nung Jan

-y-Aminobutyric acid type B receptor-dependent 13245-13249 burst-firing in thalamic neurons: A dynamic clamp study

Daniel Ulrich and John R. Huguenard

The 3-untranslated region of CaMKIIla is a cis-acting 13250-13255 signal for the localization and translation of mRNA in dendrites

Mark Mayford, Danny Baranes, Katrina Podsypanina, and Eric R. Kandel

ORK1, a potassium-selective leak channel with two 13256-13261 pore domains cloned from Drosophila melanogaster by expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Steve A. N. Goldstein, Laura A. Price, David N. Rosenthal, and Mark H. Pausch

A neurotransmitter transporter encoded by the 13262-13267 Drosophila inebriated gene

Holly Soehnge, Xi Huang, Marie Becker, Penn Whitley, Diana Conover, and Michael Stern

An extracellular signaling component in propagation 13268-13273 of astrocytic calcium waves

T. D. Hassinger, P. B. Guthrie, P. B. Atkinson, M. V. L. Bennett, and S. B. Kater

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor promotes 13274-13279 the development of adrenergic neurons in mouse neural crest cultures

Gerald D. Maxwell, Kate Reid, Andrew Elefanty, Perry F. Bartlett, and Mark Murphy

Functional breakdown of the lipid bilayer of the 13280-13285 myelin membrane in central and peripheral nervous system by disrupted galactocerebroside synthesis

Andreas Bosio, Erika Binczek, and Wilhelm Stoffel

Acetylcholine receptor e-subunit deletion causes 13286-13291 muscle weakness and atrophy in juvenile and adult mice

V. Witzemann, H. Schwarz, M. Koenen, C. Berberich, A. Villarroel, A. Wernig, H. R. Brenner, and B. Sakmann

Nitric oxide plays a key role in adaptive control of 13292-13297 locomotion in cat

Dai Yanagihara and Ikio Kondo

Retinoic acid alters photoreceptor development in vivo 13298-13303 George A. Hyatt, Ellen A. Schmitt, James M. Fadool, and John E. Dowling

Distinct short-term plasticity at two excitatory 13304-13309 synapses in the hippocampus

Paul A. Salin, Massimo Scanziani, Robert C. Malenka, and Roger A. Nicoll

Synaptic vesicle endocytosis mediates the entry of 13310-13315 tetanus neurotoxin into hippocampal neurons

Michela Matteoli, Claudia Verderio, Ornella Rossetto, Numa lezzi, Silvia Coco, Giampietro Schiavo, and Cesare Montecucco

Impaired locomotor activity and exploratory behavior 13316-13320 in mice lacking histamine H1 receptors

Isao Inoue, Kazuhiko Yanai, Daisuke Kitamura, Ichiro Taniuchi, Takashi Kobayashi, Kaku Niimura, Takehiko Watanabe, and Takeshi Watanabe

Nested expression domains for odorant receptors in 13321-13326 zebrafish olfactory epithelium

Franco Weth, Walter Nadler, and Sigrun Korsching

Calcium-dependent switching of the specificity of 13327-13332 phosphoinositide binding to synaptotagmin

Giampietro Schiavo, Qu-Ming Gu, Glenn D. Prestwich, Thomas H. Sollner, and James E. Rothman

Developmental abnormalities and age-related 13333-13338 neurodegeneration in a mouse model of Down syndrome

David M. Holtzman, Daniela Santucci, Joshua Kilbridge, Jane Chua-Couzens, David J. Fontana, Scott E. Daniels, Randolph M. Johnson, Karen Chen, Yuling Sun, Elaine Carlson, Enrico Alleva, Charles J. Epstein, and William C. Mobley

How the brain keeps the eyes still 13339-13344 H. S. Seung

Intrinsic responses to Borna disease virus infection of 13345-13350 the central nervous system

Kinjiro Morimoto, D. Craig Hooper, Annette Bornhorst, Susanne Corisdeo, Michael Bette, Zhen Fang Fu, Martin K.-H. Schafer, Hilary Koprowski, Eberhard Weihe, and Bernhard Dietzschold

Ca2+-induced rebound potentiation of -y-aminobutyric 13351-13356 acid-mediated currents requires activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II

Masanobu Kano, Misao Kano, Kohji Fukunaga, and Arthur Konnerth

PHARMACOLOGY

Two functionally distinct subsites for the binding of 13357-13361 internal blockers to the pore of voltage-activated K+ channels

Thomas Baukrowitz and Gary Yellen

PHYSIOLOGY

Heteromultimeric CLC chloride channels with 13362-13366 novel properties

Claudius Lorenz, Michael Pusch, and Thomas J. Jentsch

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Contents

Cotransport of water by the Na-'/ 13367-13370 glucose cotransporter

Donald D. F. Loo, Thomas Zeuthen, Grischa Chandy, and Ernest M. Wrighlt

PLANT BIOLOGY

A cdc5 homolog of a higher 13371-13376 plant, Arabidopsis thaliana

Takashi Hirayama and Kazuo Shinozaki

Three mnembers of a novel small gene-family from 13377-13382 Arabidopsis thaliana able to complement functionally an Escherichia coli mutant defective in PAPS reductase activity encode proteins with a thioredoxin-like domain and "APS reductase" activity

Jos6 F. Gutierrez-Marcos, Michael A. Roberts, Edward I. Campbell, and John L. Wray

Sulfate reduction in higher plants: Molecular evidence 13383-13388 for a novel 5'-adenylylsulfate reductase

Amit Setya, Michael Murillo, and Thomas Leustek

Convergent pathways for lipochitooligosaccharide and 13389-13392 auxin signaling in tobacco cells

Horst R6hrig, Jirgen Schmidt, Richard Walden, Inge Czaja, Helge Lubenow, Ursula Wieneke, Jeff Schell, and Michael John

The Pto kinase mediates a signaling pathway leading 13393-13397 to the oxidative burst in tomato

Sreeganga Chandra, Gregory B. Martin, and Philip S. Low

Addition of destabilizing poly(A)-rich sequences to 13398-13403 endonuclease cleavage sites during the degradation of chloroplast mRNA

Irena Lisitsky, Petra Klaff, and Gadi Schuster

Constitutive expression of the cold-regulated 13404-13409 Arabidopsis thaliana CORI5a gene affects both chloroplast and protoplast freezing tolerance

Nancy N. Artus, Matsuo Uemura, Peter L. Steponkus, Sarah J. Gilmour, Chentao Lin, and Michael F. Thomashow

POPULATION BIOLOGY

Relationships of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in 13410-13415 the elderly with functional, psychological, and mental status, and short-term mortality: A French community-based study

Claudine Berr, Sylviane Lafont, Brigitte Debuire, Jean-Frangois Dartigues, and Etienne-Emile Baulieu

Social Sciences

ECONOMIC SCIENCES

Sources of selection bias in evaluating social 13416-13420 programs: An interpretation of conventional measures and evidence on the effectiveness of matching as a program evaluation method

James J. Heckman, Hidehiko Ichimura, Jeffrey Smith, and Petra Todd

Game theory and reciprocity in some extensive form 13421-13428 experimental games

Kevin A. McCabe, Stephen J. Rassenti, and Vernon L. Smith

AUTHOR INDEX xi-xiii

INFORMATION FOR CONTRIBUTORS xiv-xv

COPYRIGHT ASSIGNMENT FORM xvi

CLASSIFIED ADVERTISEMENTS xx

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