Front Matter Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 96, No. 8 (Apr. 13, 1999), pp. i-4215 Published by: National Academy of Sciences Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/47542 . Accessed: 04/05/2014 00:57 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. . National Academy of Sciences is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 130.132.123.28 on Sun, 4 May 2014 00:57:58 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
Transcript
Front MatterSource: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,Vol. 96, No. 8 (Apr. 13, 1999), pp. i-4215Published by: National Academy of SciencesStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/47542 .
Accessed: 04/05/2014 00:57
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at .http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
.JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range ofcontent in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new formsof scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected].
.
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Editorial Scaling the universe: Gravitational lenses and the 4236-4239 Hubble constant
PNAS Policy on Prior Publication 4215 Steven T. Myers Editorial Board
Review Commentaries
New insights into tumor suppression: PTEN 4240-4245 How plants learn 4216-4218 suppresses tumor formation by restraining the
Anthony Trewavas phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT pathway * See companion article on page 4718 Lewis C. Cantley and Benjamin G. Neel
Femtochemistry uncovers the nature of electron 4219-4220 transfer reactions Inaugural Article
A. W. Castleman, Jr., Q. Zhong, and S. M. Hurley Natural allelic variation at seed size loci in relation to 4710-4717 M See companion article on page 2602 in issiue 6 of other life history traits of Arabidopsis thaliana volume 96 Carlos Alonso-Blanco, Hetty Blankestijn-de Vries,
Tossing monkey wrenches into the clock: New ways of 4221-4223 Corrie J. Hanhart, and Maarten Koornneef treating cancer
Jacqueline A. Lees and Robert A. Weinberg Physical Sciences * See companion article on page 4325
CHEMISTRY Perspectives V-Amylose at atomic resolution: X-ray structure of a 4246-4251
Supernovae, an accelerating universe and the 4224-4227 cycloamylose with 26 glucose residues (cyclomaltohexaicosaose) cosmological constant
Robert P. Kirshner ~~~~~~~~~Katrin Gessler, Isabel Us6n, Takeshi Takaha, Robert P. Klrshner ~~~~~~~~Norbert Krauss, Steven M. Smith, Shigetaka Okada,
Real or virtual large-scale structure? 4228-423 1 George M. Sheldrick, and Wolfram Saenger August B. Evrard
Demonstration of the parity-violating energy 4252-4255 Observing the epoch of galaxy formation 4232-4235 difference between enantiomers
Charles C. Steidel Andrea Szabao-Nagy and Lajos Keszthelyi
. .
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A common pharmacophore for cytotoxic natural 4256-4261 products that stabilize microtubules
Iwao Ojima, Subrata Chakravarty, Tadashi Inoue, Songnian Lin, Lifeng He, Susan Band Horwitz, Scott D. Kuduk, and Samuel J. Danishefsky
Identification by UV resonance Raman spectroscopy 4500-4505 of an imino tautomer of 5-hydroxy-2'-deoxycytidine, a powerful base analog transition mutagen with a much higher unfavored tautomer frequency than that of the natural residue 2'-deoxycytidine
Wu Suen, Thomas G. Spiro, Lawrence C. Sowers, and Jacques R. Fresco
PHYSICS
Scaling in animal group-size distributions 4472-4477 Eric Bonabeau, Laurent Dagorn, and Pierre Fr6on
Biological Sciences
APPLIED BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
High-efficiency gene transfer into skeletal muscle 4262-4267 mediated by electric pulses
Lluis M. Mir, Michel F. Bureau, Julie Gehl, Ravi Rangara, Didier Rouy, Jean-Michel Caillaud, Pia Delaere, Didier Branellec, Bertrand Schwartz, and Daniel Scherman
BIOCHEMISTRY
A mutation in the heterotrimeric stimulatory guanine 4268-4272 nucleotide binding protein at-subunit with impaired receptor-mediated activation because of elevated GTPase activity
Dennis R. Warner and Lee S. Weinstein
Structure-based design of submicromolar, biologically 4273-4278 active inhibitors of trypanosomatid glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
Alex M. Aronov, Stephen Suresh, Frederick S. Buckner, Wesley C. Van Voorhis, Christophe L. M. J. Verlinde, Fred R. Opperdoes, Wim G. J. Hol, and Michael H. Gelb
Rings and filaments of f3 protein from bacteriophage 4279-4284 A suggest a superfamily of recombination proteins
Sophia I. Passy, Xiong Yu, Zhufang Li, Charles M. Radding, and Edward H. Egelman
Assigning protein functions by comparative genome 4285-4288 analysis: Protein phylogenetic profiles
Matteo Pellegrini, Edward M. Marcotte, Michael J. Thompson, David Eisenberg, and Todd 0. Yeates
Crystal structure of the CD2-binding domain of CD58 4289-4294 (lymphocyte function-associated antigen 3) at 1.8-A resolution
Shinji Ikemizu, Lisa M. Sparks, P. Anton van der Merwe, Karl Harlos, David I. Stuart, E. Yvonne Jones, and Simon J. Davis
The Cys4 zinc finger of bacteriophage T7 primase in 4295-4300 sequence-specific single-stranded DNA recognition
Takahiro Kusakabe, Anna V. Hine, Sven G. Hyberts, and Charles C. Richardson
Location of translational initiation factor IF3 on the 4301-4306 small ribosomal subunit
John P. McCutcheon, Rajendra K. Agrawal, Shibu M. Philips, Robert A. Grassucci, Sue Ellen Gerchman, William M. Clemons, Jr., V. Ramakrishnan, and Joachim Frank
DRONC, an ecdysone-inducible Drosophila caspase 4307-4312 Loretta Dorstyn, Paul A. Colussi, Leonie M. Quinn, Helena Richardson, and Sharad Kumar
A MHC-encoded ubiquitin-like protein (FATIO) binds 4313-4318 noncovalently to the spindle assembly checkpoint protein MAD2
Yuan-Ching Liu, Julian Pan, Chunyu Zhang, Wufang Fan, Mark Collinge, Jeffrey R. Bender, and Sherman M. Weissman
Crystal structure of human T cell leukemia virus type 4319-4324 1 gp21 ectodomain crystallized as a maltose-binding protein chimera reveals structural evolution of retroviral transmembrane proteins
Bostjan Kobe, Rob J. Center, Bruce E. Kemp, and Pantelis Poumbourios
Selective killing of transformed cells by 4325-4329 cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase 2 antagonists
Ying-Nan P. Chen, Sushil K. Sharma, Timothy M. Ramsey, Li Jiang, Mary S. Martin, Kayla Baker, Peter D. Adams, Kenneth W. Bair, and William G. Kaelin, Jr. * See Commentary on page 4221
RXP 407, a phosphinic peptide, is a potent inhibitor 4330-4335 of angiotensin I converting enzyme able to differentiate between its two active sites
Vincent Dive, Joel Cotton, Athanasios Yiotakis, Annie Michaud, Stamatia Vassiliou, Jiri Jiracek, Gilles Vazeux, Marie-Th6rese Chauvet, Philippe Cuniasse, and Pierre Corvol
BglG, the transcriptional antiterminator of the bgl 4336-4341 system, interacts with the P3' subunit of the Escherichia coli RNA polymerase
Anat Nussbaum-Shochat and Orna Amster-Choder
Universal conservation in translation initiation 4342-4347 revealed by human and archaeal homologs of bacterial translation initiation factor IF2
Joon H. Lee, Sang Ki Choi, Antonina Roll-Mecak, Stephen K. Burley, and Thomas E. Dever
The membrane-attached electron carrier cytochrome 4348-4353 cY from Rhodobacter sphaeroides is functional in respiratory but not in photosynthetic electron transfer
Hannu Myllykallio, Davide Zannoni, and Fevzi Daldal
The NDUFA1 gene product (MWFE protein) is 4354-4359 essential for activity of complex I in mammalian mitochondria
Harry C. Au, Byoung Boo Seo, Akemi Matsuno-Yagi, Takao Yagi, and Immo E. Scheffler
Acyl homoserine-lactone quorum-sensing 4360-4365 signal generation
Matthew R. Parsek, Dale L. Val, Brian L. Hanzelka, John E. Cronan, Jr., and E. P. Greenberg
A molecular trigger of lipid binding-induced opening 4366-4371 of a helix bundle exchangeable apolipoprotein
Vasanthy Narayanaswami, Jianjun Wang, Dean Schieve, Cyril M. Kay, and Robert 0. Ryan
Oligoribonuclease is an essential component of the 4372-4377 mRNA decay pathway
Sandip Ghosh and Murray P. Deutscher
Effects of mutant p53 expression on human 4378-4383 15-lipoxygenase-promoter activity and murine 12/15-lipoxygenase gene expression: Evidence that 15-lipoxygenase is a mutator gene
Uddhav P. Kelavkar and Kamal F. Badr
v
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Triple-helix formation of DNA oligomers with 4384-4389 methylthiourea-linked nucleosides (DNmt): A kinetic and thermodynamic analysis
Dev P. Arya and Thomas C. Bruice
RNA polymerase switch in transcription of yeast 4390-4395 rDNA: Role of transcription factor UAF (upstream activation factor) in silencing rDNA transcription by RNA polymerase II
Loan Vu, Imran Siddiqi, Bum-Soo Lee, Cathleen A. Josaitis, and Masayasu Nomura
Prebiotic cytosine synthesis: A critical analysis and 4396-4401 implications for the origin of life
Robert Shapiro
BIOPHYSICS
Two heads of myosin are better than one for 4402-4407 generating force and motion
M. J. Tyska, D. E. Dupuis, W. H. Guilford, J. B. Patlak, G. S. Waller, K. M. Trybus, D. M. Warshaw, and S. Lowey
Singular value decomposition with self-modeling 4408-4413 applied to determine bacteriorhodopsin intermediate spectra: Analysis of simulated data
Laszl6 Zimanyi, Agnes Kulcsar, Janos K. Lanyi, Donald F. Sears, Jr., and Jack Saltiel
Intermediate spectra and photocycle kinetics of the 4414-4419 Asp96 -> Asn mutant bacteriorhodopsin determined by singular value decomposition with self-modeling
Laszl6 Zimanyi, Agnes Kulcsar, Janos K. Lanyi, Donald F. Sears, Jr., and Jack Saltiel
Limiting dynamics of high-frequency 4420-4425 electromechanical transduction of outer hair cells
Gerhard Frank, Werner Hemmert, and Anthony W. Gummer
CELL BIOLOGY
Hormone-induced secretory and nuclear translocation 4426-4431 of calmodulin: Oscillations of calmodulin concentration with the nucleus as an integrator
Madeleine Craske, Teruko Takeo, Oleg Gerasimenko, Camille Vaillant, Katalin Torok, Ole H. Petersen, and Alexei V. Tepikin
Tamoxifen inhibits acidification in cells independent 4432-4437 of the estrogen receptor
Nihal Altan, Yu Chen, Melvin Schindler, and Sanford M. Simon
Protein phosphatase 2A interacts with the 70-kDa S6 4438-4442 kinase and is activated by inhibition of FKBP12-rapamycin-associated protein
Randall T. Peterson, Bimal N. Desai, James S. Hardwick, and Stuart L. Schreiber
Thyroid hormone, T3-dependent phosphorylation and 4443-4448 translocation of Trip230 from the Golgi complex to the nucleus
Yumay Chen, Phang-Lang Chen, Chi-Fen Chen, Z. Dave Sharp, and Wen-Hwa Lee
Mice that lack the angiogenesis inhibitor, 4449-4454 thrombospondin 2, mount an altered foreign body reaction characterized by increased vascularity
Themis R. Kyriakides, Kathleen J. Leach, Allan S. Hoffman, Buddy D. Ratner, and Paul Bornstein
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
A mouse model for achondroplasia produced by 4455-4460 targeting fibroblast growth factor receptor 3
Yingcai Wang, Michal K. Spatz, Karuppiah Kannan, Hovhannisyan Hayk, Aaron Avivi, Marat Gorivodsky, Mark Pines, Avner Yayon, Peter Lonai, and David Givol
Bicoid functions without its TATA-binding 4461-4466 protein-associated factor interaction domains
Val6rie Schaeffer, Florence Janody, C6line Loss, Claude Desplan, and Ernst A. Wimmer
ECOLOGY
Environmental variation shapes sexual dimorphism in 4467-4471 red deer
Eric Post, Rolf Langvatn, Mads C. Forchhammer, and Nils Chr. Stenseth
Scaling in animal group-size distributions 4472-4477 Eric Bonabeau, Laurent Dagorn, and Pierre Fr6on
A tradeoff between immunocompetence and sexual 4478-4481 ornamentation in domestic fowl
S. Verhuist, S. J. Dieleman, and H. K. Parmentier
EVOLUTION
Expression pattern and, surprisingly, gene length 4482-4487 shape codon usage in Caenorhabditis, Drosophila, and Arabidopsis
Laurent Duret and Dominique Mouchiroud
GENETICS
Genetic dissection of protein-protein interactions in 4488-4493 multi-tRNA synthetase complex
Seung Bae Rho, Min Jung Kim, Jong Sang Lee, Wongi Seol, Hiromi Motegi, Sunghoon Kim, and Kiyotaka Shiba
Comparative genomic hybridization, loss of 4494-4499 heterozygosity, and DNA sequence analysis of single cells
Christoph A. Klein, Oleg Schmidt-Kittler, Julian A. Schardt, Klaus Pantel, Michael R. Speicher, and Gert Riethmuller
Identification by UV resonance Raman spectroscopy 4500-4505 of an imino tautomer of 5-hydroxy-2'-deoxycytidine, a powerful base analog transition mutagen with a much higher unfavored tautomer frequency than that of the natural residue 2'-deoxycytidine
Wu Suen, Thomas G. Spiro, Lawrence C. Sowers, and Jacques R. Fresco
High recombination rate in natural populations of 4506-4511 Plasmoditum falciparum
David J. Conway, Cally Roper, Ayoade M. J. Oduola, David E. Arnot, Peter G. Kremsner, Martin P. Grobusch, Chris F. Curtis, and Brian M. Greenwood
IMMUNOLOGY
Mucosal vaccination overcomes the barrier to 4512-4517 recombinant vaccinia immunization caused by preexisting poxvirus immunity
Igor M. Belyakov, Bernard Moss, Warren Strober, and Jay A. Berzofsky
vi
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A novel lipopolysaccharide-induced transcription 4518-4523 factor regulating tumor necrosis factor a gene expression: Molecular cloning, sequencing, characterization, and chromosomal assignment
Fumio Myokai, Shogo Takashiba, Roger Lebo, and Salomon Amar
Prevention of collagen-induced arthritis in mice by a 4524-4529 polyphenolic fraction from green tea
Tariq M. Haqqi, Donald D. Anthony, Sanjay Gupta, Nihal Ahmad, M.-S. Lee, Ganesh K. Kumar, and Hasan Mukhtar
Reconstitution of functional L-selectin ligands on a 4530-4535 cultured human endothelial cell line by cotransfection of al -c 3 fucosyltransferase VII and newly cloned GlcNAcf3:6-sulfotransferase cDNA
Naoko Kimura, Chikako Mitsuoka, Akiko Kanamori, Nozomu Hiraiwa, Kenji Uchimura, Takashi Muramatsu, Takuya Tamatani, Geoffrey S. Kansas, and Reiji Kannagi
MEDICAL SCIENCES
Millimeter-scale positioning of a nerve-growth-factor 4536-4539 source and biological activity in the brain
Melissa J. Mahoney and W. Mark Saltzman
Roles of trk family neurotrophin receptors in 4540-4545 medullary thyroid carcinoma development and progression
Lisa M. McGregor, Bryan K. McCune, Jeremy R. Graff, Philip R. McDowell, Katherine E. Romans, George D. Yancopoulos, Douglas W. Ball, Stephen B. Baylin, and Barry D. Nelkin
Distribution of human herpesvirus-8 latently infected 4546-4551 cells in Kaposi's sarcoma, multicentric Castleman's disease, and primary effusion lymphoma
Nicolas Dupin, Cyril Fisher, Paul Kellam, Sam Ariad, Micheline Tulliez, Nathalie Franck, Eric van Marck, Dominique Salmon, Isabelle Gorin, Jean-Paul Escande, Robin A. Weiss, Kari Alitalo, and Chris Boshoff
Defective CD95/APO-1/Fas signal complex 4552-4557 formation in the human autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome, type Ia
David A. Martin, Lixin Zheng, Richard M. Siegel, Baohua Huang, Galen H. Fisher, Jin Wang, Christine E. Jackson, Jennifer M. Puck, Janet Dale, Stephen E. Straus, Marcus E. Peter, Peter H. Krammer, Stephen Fesik, and Michael J. Lenardo
Hypervariable region 3 residues of HIV type I gpl20 4558-4562 involved in CCR5 coreceptor utilization: Therapeutic and prophylactic implications
Wei-Kung Wang, Tim Dudek, Max Essex, and Tun-Hou Lee
Virulence and transmission success of the malarial 4563-4568 parasite Plasmodium falciparum
Rhian E. Hayward, Bela Tiwari, Karen P. Piper, Dror I. Baruch, and Karen P. Day
Neuroanatomical correlates of hunger and satiation in 4569-4574 humans using positron emission tomography
P. Antonio Tataranni, Jean-FranJcois Gautier, Kewei Chen, Anne Uecker, Daniel Bandy, Arline D. Salbe, Richard B. Pratley, Michael Lawson, Eric M. Reiman, and Eric Ravussin
A 500-bp region, -40 kb upstream of the human 4575-4580 CYP19 (aromatase) gene, mediates placenta-specific expression in transgenic mice
Amrita Kamat, Katherine H. Graves, Margaret E. Smith, James A. Richardson, and Carole R. Mendelson
Polymorphism in RANTES chemokine promoter 4581-4585 affects HIV-1 disease progression
Noninvasive measurement of anatomic structure and 4586-4591 intraluminal oxygenation in the gastrointestinal tract of living mice with spatial and spectral EPR imaging
Guanglong He, Ravi A. Shankar, Michael Chzhan, Alexandre Samouilov, Periannan Kuppusamy, and Jay L. Zweier
A synthetic inhibitor of histone deacetylase, 4592-4597 MS-27-275, with marked in vivo antitumor activity against human tumors
Stable alphavirus packaging cell lines for Sindbis 4598-4603 virus- and Semliki Forest virus-derived vectors
John M. Polo, Barbara A. Belli, David A. Driver, Ilya Frolov, Scott Sherrill, Mangala J. Hariharan, Kay Townsend, Silvia Perri, Steven J. Mento, Douglas J. Jolly, Stephen M. W. Chang, Sondra Schlesinger, and Thomas W. Dubensky, Jr.
Self-assembly of polyglutamine-containing huntingtin 4604-4609 fragments into amyloid-like fibrils: Implications for Huntington's disease pathology
Eberhard Scherzinger, Annie Sittler, Katja Schweiger, Volker Heiser, Rudi Lurz, Renate Hasenbank, Gillian P. Bates, Hans Lehrach, and Erich E. Wanker
MICROBIOLOGY
Escherichia coli genes regulated by 4610-4614 cell-to-cell signaling
Rita R. Baca-DeLancey, Mary M. T. South, Xuedong Ding, and Philip N. Rather
A corrinoid-dependent catabolic pathway for growth 4615-4620 of a Methylobacterium strain with chloromethane
Todd Vannelli, Michael Messmer, Alex Studer, Stephane Vuilleumier, and Thomas Leisinger
Human RNA-specific adenosine deaminase ADARI 4621-4626 transcripts possess alternative exon 1 structures that initiate from different promoters, one constitutively active and the other interferon inducible
Cyril X. George and Charles E. Samuel
TNEUROBIOLOGY
An intronic enhancer containing an N-box motif is 4627-4632 required for synapse- and tissue-specific expression of the acetylcholinesterase gene in skeletal muscle fibers
Roxanne Y. Y. Chan, Celine Boudreau-Lariviere, Lindsay M. Angus, Fawzi A. Mankal, and Bernard J. Jasmin
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Evectins: Vesicular proteins that carry a pleckstrin 4633-4638 homology domain and localize to post-Golgi membranes
Ralf Krappa, Andrew Nguyen, Patrick Burrola, Dusanka Deretic, and Greg Lemke
Expression of the antiproliferative gene TIS21 at the 4639-4644 onset of neurogenesis identifies single neuroepithelial cells that switch from proliferative to neuron-generating division
Paola lacopetti, Monica Michelini, Ingo Stuckmann, Bj6rn Oback, Eeva Aaku-Saraste, and Wieland B. Huttner
Quantization of continuous arm movements in humans 4645-4649 with brain injury
Hermano Igo Krebs, Mindy L. Aisen, Bruce T. Volpe, and Neville Hogan
A selective role of calcineurin Aa in synaptic 4650-4655 depotentiation in hippocampus
Min Zhuo, Wei Zhang, Hyeon Son, Isabelle Mansuy, Raymond A. Sobel, Jonathan Seidman, and Eric R. Kandel
Genetic background changes the pattern of forebrain 4656-4661 commissure defects in transgenic mice underexpressing the ,B-amyloid-precursor protein
Fulvio Magara, Ulrike Muller, Zhi-Wei Li, Hans-Peter Lipp, Charles Weissmann, Marijana Stagljar, and David P. Wolfer
An apamin-sensitive Ca2+-activated K+ current in 4662-4667 hippocampal pyramidal neurons
Martin Stocker, Michael Krause, and Paola Pedarzani
Cyclopentenone prostaglandins suppress activation of 4668-4673 microglia: Down-regulation of inducible nitric-oxide synthase by 15-deoxy-AI214-prostaglandin J2
Tatiana V. Petrova, Keith T. Akama, and Linda J. Van Eldik
Seasonal neuroplasticity in the songbird 4674-4679 telencephalon: A role for melatonin
George E. Bentley, Thomas J. Van't Hof, and Gregory F. Ball
PHARMACOLOGY
The neutral cysteine protease bleomycin hydrolase is 4680-4685 essential for epidermal integrity and bleomycin resistance
Donald R. Schwartz, Gregg E. Homanics, Dale G. Hoyt, Ed Klein, John Abernethy, and John S. Lazo
Estrogen-induced activation of mitogen-activated 4686-4691 protein kinase requires mobilization of intracellular calcium
Teresa Improta-Brears, A. Richard Whorton, Franca Codazzi, John D. York, Tobias Meyer, and Donald P. McDonnell
PLANT BIOLOGY
Stable expression of human ,B1,4-galactosyltransferase 4692-4697 in plant cells modifies N-linked glycosylation patterns
Molecular cloning and functional expression of 4698-4703 gibberellin 2-oxidases, multifunctional enzymes involved in gibberellin deactivation
Stephen G. Thomas, Andrew L. Phillips, and Peter Hedden
Ligand specificity of a high-affinity binding site for 4704-4709 lipo-chitooligosaccharidic Nod factors in Medicago cell suspension cultures
Frederic Gressent, Sophie Drouillard, Natacha Mantegazza, Eric Samain, Roberto A. Geremia, Herve Canut, Andreas Niebel, Hugues Driguez, Raoul Ranjeva, Julie Cullimore, and Jean-Jacques Bono
Natural allelic variation at seed size loci in relation to 4710-4717 other life history traits of Arabidopsis thaliana
Carlos Alonso-Blanco, Hetty Blankestijn-de Vries, Corrie J. Hanhart, and Maarten Koornneef
Genes for calcineurin B-like proteins in Arabidopsis 4718-4723 are differentially regulated by stress signals
Jorg Kudla, Qiang Xu, Klaus Harter, Wilhelm Gruissem, and Sheng Luan * See Commentary on page 4216
PSYCHOLOGY
Psychophysical isolation of a motion-processing deficit 4724-4729 in schizophrenics and their relatives and its association with impaired smooth pursuit
Yue Chen, Ken Nakayama, Deborah L. Levy, Steven Matthysse, and Philip S. Holzman
Social Sciences
ECONOMIC SCIENCES
Local instrumental variables and latent variable 4730-4734 models for identifying and bounding treatment effects
James J. Heckman and Edward J. Vytlacil
AUTHOR INDEX xi-xiii
INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS xiv-xvi
SIZING WORKSHEET xvii
DOCUMENTATION REPORT xviii
COPYRIGHT ASSIGNMENT FORM xix
CLASSIFIED ADVERTISEMENTS xx
Cover photograph: Hubble Space Telescope image of Supernova 1987A in the Large Magellanic Cloud. The expanding debris glowing in the center of the image are the shredded remains of a blue supergiant star, now powered by radioactive elements synthesized 12 years ago in the explosion. The bright ring surrounding the supernova is made of material lost from the star about 30,000 years before the supernova explosion. A rapidly brightening "hot spot" on the ring signals the beginning of the collision between the fastest-moving debris and the innermost edge of the material around the star. In coming years, a violent collision between the debris and the ring should produce a spectacular increase in radio and X-ray emission from Supernova 1987A. (Image courtesy of Peter Challis, SINS Collaboration and NASA). See the special astronomy issue Perspective articles on pages 4224, 4228, 4232 and 4236 of this issue for discussion of the latest results in astronomy.
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
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Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 96, p. 4215, April 1999 Editorial
PNAS Policy on Prior Publication
Because the mission of PNAS is to publish the results of important original research, we do not accept papers describ- ing work that has been published before. This prohibition against double publishing is the policy of virtually all primary literature journals and hardly seems controversial. Yet, when applied too fastidiously, it constricts the free exchange of science. Authors may fear distributing preprints to review writers and commentators or putting preprints up on the web so as not to jeopardize subsequent publication. Journal policies on what constitutes prior publication vary so widely or are so vaguely stated that many authors conclude that the safe course is to restrict dissemination before publication. The aim of this editorial is to set out clearly the PNAS policy on what constitutes prior publication. Our overall philosophy is to adopt a liberal prior publication policy in which the paramount goal is free scientific exchange. We set out below specific examples of permitted and proscribed prior publication. We invite your comments.
PNAS considers results to have already been published if they have appeared in sufficient detail to allow replication, are publicly accessible with a fixed content, and have been vali- dated by review. A paper has surely been published if it has appeared in a journal cited by any widely used abstracting service, whether in print or online, in English or in any other language. Gray areas result when two of the three criteria (replicability, public accessibility, and review) are met or only a portion of an article has appeared before. What if only one figure has been published previously? That need not doom subsequent publication in PNAS, but the authors must con- vince us at the time of submission that the figure is essential for the submitted paper yet not the major contribution.
Preprints have a long and notable history in science, and it has been PNAS policy that they do not constitute prior publication. This is true whether an author hands copies of a manuscript to a few trusted colleagues or puts it on a publicly accessible web site for everyone to read, as is common now in parts of the physics community. The medium of distribution is not germane. A preprint is not considered a publication because it has not yet been formally reviewed and it is often not the final form of the paper. Indeed, a benefit of preprints is that feedback usually leads to an improved published paper or to no publication because of a revealed flaw. Analogous to
a preprint is the often detailed oral presentation of work at a conference. Once again we do not view this as prior publication but as a salutary step toward publication.
With the rapid expansion of the scientific literature, sum- maries of work in reviews, commentaries, and perspectives have become increasingly important. Also, only a few scientists are privileged to attend small elite meetings, and publication of a meeting summary allows the whole scientific community to share in some of the benefits. Unfortunately, scientists are often reluctant to provide the needed preprints or even clear descriptions of unpublished results to the summarizers because they fear it will compromise subsequent publication. The synthesizers often feel obliged to do a verbal dance of forward and backward steps to say enough to make the results clear, but not enough to prejudice later publication. PNAS policy is that a summary of work in a review, a perspective, a commentary, a newspaper or magazine article, or wherever does not con- stitute prior publication. Our guiding principle is that journals should interfere minimally in such exchanges; authors them- selves should dictate the dissemination of their own work.
All investigators should strive to inform the public about the accomplishments, methods, and motivations of science. This is best done in the popular press. The public has a right to know what we do and why we do it. We do ask that once a paper is accepted you coordinate your discussions with reporters with the National Academy of Sciences press office so that the current procedures, which allow a wide range of journalists to gain information in an equitable fashion, are honored.
A word of caution, particularly to younger scientists. A liberal policy on prior publication should not in any way slow down ultimate publication in a journal. Preprints and the other forms of prior disclosure discussed in this editorial do not prejudice publication in PNAS; neither do they guarantee it. Precisely because a preprint is not a publication, it does not guarantee priority. Dissemination of your results in any form before publication carries with it the risk that others will publish them first, or supersede them. Either will definitely prejudice subsequent publication. Free exchange of unpub- lished work should be followed by timely publication.
-The Editorial Board
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