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Front MatterSource: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. A, Vol. 185 (1894), pp. i-viiPublished by: The Royal SocietyStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/90664 .

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PHILOSOPHICAL

TRAN S A C T I O N

OF THE

ROYAL S O C I E TY

OF

LONDON.

(A.)

FOR THE YEAR MDCCCXCIV.

VOL. 185.

LONDON:

PRINTED BY HARRISON AND SONS, ST. MARTIN'S LANE, W.C.

rinttro in m rbiin to itr Ig^tagt

MDCCCXCV.

S



CONTENTS.

1. On the Ratio of the Specific Heats of the Paraffins, and their Monohalogen Derivatives. By J. W. CAPSTICK, . Sc. (Vict.), B.A. (Camb.), Scholarc and Coutts- Trotter Student of Trinity College, Cambridge. Communicated by Professor J. J. THOMSON, F.R.S. ..... ....... page 1

II. On a Special Formz of the General Equation of a Cubic Surface and on a Diagram Representing the Twenty-seven Lines on the Surface. By H. M. TAYLOR, M.A., Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. Communicated by A. R. FORSYTH, Sc.D., F.R.S. .... .. ... 3 7

III. Contributions to the Mathematical Theory of Evolution. By KARL PEARSON,

University College, London. Communicated by Professor HENRICI, F.R.S. 71

IV. A Certain Class of Generating Functions in the Theory of Numbers. By Major P. A. MACMAHON, R.A., F.R.S. .. .....111

V. Flame Spectra at Hig,h Temperatu6res.-Part I. Oxy-hydrogen Blow-pipe Spectra. By W. N. HARTLEY, F.R.S. ...... .. 161

VI. On a Spherical Vortex. By M. J. M. HILL, M.A., D.Sc., Professor of Mathe- rnatics at University (ollege, London. Comnmunicated by Professor HENRICI, F.R.S. . . . . . . . ... 213

VII. On Plane Cubics. By CHARLOTTE ANGAS SCOTT. Communicated by Dr. A. R.

FORSYTH, F.R.S. . 247

VIII. On the Whirling and Vibration of Shafts. By STANLEY DDUNKERLEY, M.Sc., Berkeley Fellow of the Owens College, Manchester. Communicated by Pro- fessor OSBORNE REYNOLDS, F.R.S. .... ... 279

a 2



[ iv 1

IX. Experimental Investigations onw the Effective Temperature of the Sun, made at

Daraamona, Streete, Co. Westmeath. By WILLIAM E. WILSON, M.R.L.A., and P. L. GRAY, B.Sc., A.R.C.S., Lecturer in Physics, Mason College, Birming- ham. Communicated by G. JOHNSTONE STONEY, F.R.S. . . . page 361

Index to Part I. ... ....... 396A

X. BAKERIAN LECTURE.-Oln the Relations between the Viscosity (Internal Friction) of Liquids and their Chemical Nature. By T. E. THORPE, F.R.S., and J. W. RODGER, Assoc. R.C.S. ..... . ........... 397

XI. Prelimninary Report oin the Results obtainecdl ith the Prismatic Cameras daring the Total Eclipse of the Sun, April 16, 1893. By J. NORMAN LOCKYER, C.B., F.R.S. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 711

XII. A Dynamical Theory of the Electric and Luminiferous Medium. By JOSEPH LARMOR, F.R.S., Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge . . . 719

XIII. On the Reflection and Refraction of Light. By G. A. SCHOTT, B.A. (Camb.), B.Sc. (Lond.), formerly Scholar of Trinity College, Cambridge. Communi- cated by R. T. GLAZEBROOK, M.A., F.R.S. ... . 823

XIV. An Instrument for Grinding Section-plates and Prisims of Crystals of Artificial Preparations Accurately in the Desired Directions. By A. E. TUTTON, Assoc.

R.C.S., Demonstrator of Chemistry at the Royal College of Science, Soutth

Kensington. Communicated by Professor THORPE, F.R.S. . . . . . 887

XV. An Instrument of Precision for Producing Monochromatic Light of any desired

Wave-length, and its use in the Investigati on of the Optical Properties of

Crystals. By A. T. TUTTON, Assoc. R.C.S., Demonstrator of Chemistry at the Royal College of Science, South Kensington. Communicated by Professor THORPE, F.R.S . ... . . . ... . . . . . . . . . 913

XVI. On the Specific Heats of Gases at Constant Volume.-Part II. Carbon Dioxide.

By J. JOLY, M.A., Sc.D., F.R.S . . ........... 943

XVII. On the Specific Heats of Gases at Constant Volu,rme.-Part III. The Specific Heat of Carbon Dioxide as a Function of Temperature. By J. JOLY, M.A., Sc.D., F.R.S. . . . ,... . . . 961



[ v]

XVIII. On the Photographic Arc Spectrumn of Electrolytic Iron. By J. NORMAN

LOCKYER, C.B., F.R. . . . ........... . page 983

XIX. On the Photographic Arc Spectrum of I'on Meteorites. By J. NORMAN

LOCKYER, C.B., F.RS. ...... ... 1023

XX. Flame Spectra at High Temperatures.-Part II. The Spectrum of Metallic Manganese, of Alloys of Manganese, and of Compounds containing that Element. By W. N. HARTLEY, F.R.S., Professor of Chemistry, Royal College of Science, Dublin . 1029

XXI. Flame Spectra at High Temperatures.-Part III. The Spectroscopic Phenomena and Thermo-Chemistry of the Bessemer Process. By W. N. HARTLEY, F.R.S., Professor of Chemistry, Royal College of Science, Dublin . . . . 1041

Index to Part IL. . 1093



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Plates 1 to 5.-Professor K. PEARSON on'the Mathematical Theory of Evolution.

Plates 6 and 7.-Professor W. N. HARTLEY on Flame Spectra at High Temperatures. -Part I. Oxy-hydrogen Blow-pipe Spectra.

Plate 8.-Messrs. T. E. THORPE and J. W. RODGER on the Relations between the

Viscosity (Internal Friction) of Liquids and their Chemical Nature.-BAKERIAN LECTURE.

Plates 9 to 11. -Professor J. N. N. LOCKYER on the Results obtained with the Prismatic Cameras during the Total Eclipse of the Sun, April 16, 1893.

Plates 12 and 13.-Professor J. N. LOOKYER on the Photographic Arc Spectrum of

Electrolytic Iron.

Plate 14.-Professor W. N. HARTLEY on Flame Spectra at High Temperatures.- Part II. The Spectrum of Metallic Manganese, of Alloys of Manganese, and of

Compounds containing that Element.---Part III. The Spectroscopic Phenomena and Thermo-Chemistry of the Bessemer Process.



INDEX

TO 1THl I

PHILOSOPHIICAL TRANSACTIONS (A)

FOR THE YEAR 1894.

A.

Arc spectrum of electrolytic iron, on the photographic, 983 (see LocKYElI).

1B.

BAKERIAN LECTURE.-On the Relations between the Viscosity (liternal Friction) of Liquids and tlieis Chemical Nature, 397 (see THORPIE and RODGc-lR).

Bessemner process, the spectroscopic phenomena and thermo-chemistry of the, 1041 (see HAARTLEY).

C.

CAPrTIOK (J. W.). On the Ratio of the Specific Heats of the Paraffins, and their Monohaloger Derivatives, 1.

Carbon dioxide, on the specific heat of, at constant volnme, 943 (see JoiY). Carbon dioxide, the specific heat of, as a function of temperature, 961 (see JOLY). Cr,ystals, an instrument of precision for producing inonochromatic light of any desired wave-length, aind

its use in the investigation of the optical properties of, 913 (see TUTTON).

MDCCCXCIV.--A. )



r x 1 ';rystals of artificial preparations, an instrument for grinding section-plates and prisms of, 887 (see

TUTTON). Cubic surface, on a special form of the general equation of a, and on1 a diagramii representing the twenty-

seven lines on the surface, 37 (see TAT,OR,).

(?ubics, on plane, 247 (see SCOTT).

D.

DUNKER:LEY (S.). On the Whirling and Vibration of Shafts, 279.

Dynamical theory of t-he electric and luminiferous medium, a, 719 (see LARMOR).

E.

Eclipse of the sun, April 16, 1893, preliminary report on the results obtained with the prismatic cameras

during the total, 71 1 (see LOCKYEs). Electric and luminiferouzs inediuni, a dynamical theory of tlhe, 719 (see LARmOR).

Electrolytic iron, on the photographic arc spectrum of, 983 (see LOcKYER).

Equation of the gezeral czbic suriface, 37 (see TAYLOR).

ETvotltion, contributions to the mathematical theory of, 71 (see P:tARSON).

F.

Flame spectra at high tetmperatures.-Part I. Oxy-hydrogen blow-pipe spectra, 161.-Part II. The

spectrum of metallic manganese, of alloys of manganese, and of compounds containing that element,

1029.--Part III. The spectroscopic phenomena and thermo-che1mistry of the Bessemer process, 1041

(see HARTLE'Y).

G.

Gases, on the specific heats of, at constant volume.-Part II. Carbon dioxide, 943.-Part III. The

specific heat of carbon dioxide as a function of temperature, 961 (see JOLY,).

,Generating functions in the theory of numbers, a certain class of, III (see MACMAHoN).

GRAY (P. L.) (see WILSON and GRAx).

grinding section-plates and prisms of crystals of artificial prejacrations accurately in the desired directions,

an instrument for, 887 (see TUTTONr).

H.

HxARTLEY (W. N.). Flame Spectra at High Temperatures.--Part I. Oxy-hydrogen Blow-pipe Spectra,

61.--Part II. The Spectrum of MAetallic Manganese, of Alloys of ainganese, and of Compounds

containing that Element, 1029.--Part III. The Spectroscopic Phenoimnena and Thermo-Chemistry

of the Bessemer Process, 1041.

HtrL (J. M.). On. a Spherical Vortex, 213.



[ xi ]

Instruient for grinding section-plates and.c prisms of crystals of afrtificial prepa-rations accurately in theu desired directions, an, 887 (see TUTTON).

Instrumrent of precision for producing monochromnatic light of any desired zuave-length, and its use in the

investigation of the optical properties of crystals, 913 (see TUTTON). Iron, on the photographic arc spectrum of electrolytic, 983 (see LocKrYER). Iron mieteorites, on the photographic are spectrum of, 1023 (see LOCKYER).

J.

JOLY (J.). On the Specific Heats of Gases at Constant Volmne.-Part II. Carbon Dioxide, 943.-- Part III. The Specific Heat of Carbon Dioxide as a Function of Temperature, 961.

L.

LARMOR (J.). A Dynamical Theory of the Electric and Luminiferous Medium, 719.

Light, on the reflection and refraction of, 823 (see SCHOTT). Light of any desired wave-length, aln instrument of precision for producing monochromatic, 913 (see

TUTTON).

Liqtuids, on the relations between tlhe viscosity (internal friction) of, and their chemical nature.- BAKERIAN LECTURE, 397 (see THOR?,PE and RODGER).

LOCCYER (J. N.). On the Photographic Arc Spectrum of Electrolytic Iron, 983.

LOCKYER (J. N.). On the Photographic Arc Spectrum of Iron Meteorites, 1023.

LocKYER (J. N.). Preliminary Report on the Results obtained with the Prismatic Cameras during the Total Eclipse of the Sun, April 1.6, 1893, 711.

M.

MACMAHION (P. A.). A Certain Class of Generating Functions in the Theory of Numbers, 111. Mathematical theory of evolution, contributions to the, 71 (see PEARSON).

Meteorites, on the photographic are spectrum of iron, 1023 (see LOCKYER).

N.

Numbers, a certain class of generating functions in the theory cf, 1.11 (see MACMIAHON).

0.

Oxy-hydrogen blo7w-pipe spectra, 161 (see HARTLEY).

P.

Paraffi,s, on the ratio of the specific Cheats of tlhe, and their monohalogen derivatives, 1 (see COPSTICKr). PEARSON (K.). Contributions to the Mathematical Theory of Evolution, 71. Plane cubits, on, 247 (see SCOTT).



F xii 1

leflection and refraction of light, on the, 823 (see ScHOTT). RODGEB, (J. W.) (see THORPTE and RO)DGE-R.).

S.

SCHOT'r (G. A.). On the Reflection and Refraction of Light, 82:3. SCOTT (CIARLOTRTE A.). On Plane Cubics, 247.

Shafts, on the whirling and vibration of, 279 (see DLuaTKELEY).

Specific heats of the parafizns, and their mionohalogen derivatives, on the ratio of the, 1 (see CAPSTIC IK).

Spectra, fJame, at high temperatures.-Part I. Oxy-hydrogen blow-pipe spectra, 161 (see HAERTLEY).

iSpectrosco_pic phenomena and thermo-chemistry of the Bessenier process, the, 1041 (see HARTLEY). )S)pectrmw, arc, of electrolytic iron, on the photographic, 983 (see. Loc:ivYEr). 5`p)ectrum, are, of iron mneteor-ites, on the photographic, 1023 (see LOCKYE.T). Spectrum of metallic manganese, of alloys of manganese, and of compounds contaiining that element, they.

1029 (see HARTLEY).

iS,/2erical vortex, on a, 213 (see HILL).

St1n, experimental investigations on the effective temperature of the, made at Daramona, Streete, Co..

Westmneath, 361 (see WILSON and GIRAY).

Sun, preliminary report on the results obtained with the pristmatic cameras during the total eclipse of

the, April 16, 1893, 711 (see LocrKYE: ).

T.

TAYLORP (H. M2.). On a Special Form of the General Equation of a Cubic Surface and on a Diagraml

Representing the Twenty-seven Lines on the Surface, 37.

Thler~mo-chesmstry of the Bessemere process, the, 1041 (see HAr,E-Y-). THtORP (T. E.) and RODGER (J. W.). On the Relations between the Viscosity (Internal Frictivon) of

Liquids and their Chemical Nat.ure.-BAKERIAN LECTUiRE, 397. TutrUTON (A. E.). An Instrument for Grinding Section-plates and Prisms of Crystals of Artificial

Preparations accurately in the Desired Directions, 887.

TIrTTON (A. E.). An Instrument of Precision for Producing MTonochromatic Light of any desired

Wave-length, and its Use in the Investigation of the Optical Properties of Crystals, 91.3.

iscosity (internal friction) of liquids, and their chemical na ture, on t he relations betNwee the.--- BAKE.TAN LECTURE, 397 (see ToRPIE and RODG-E).

Whi'rling Cand vibrationt of shafts, on t,he, 279 (see DUNKEt I:,:V). WILsoN (W. E.) and GRAY (P. L,). Experimental Investigations onr the Effective Temperature of the

Sun, made at Daramona, Streete, Co. Westmeath, 361.

HARRISON AND SONS, PRINTERS IN ORDINAKY TO HtER MAJESTY, ST. MARTTN' S LANI-, LONDjNiON, W.C.



PHILOSOPHICAL

OF THE

ROYAL

OF

LONDON.

(A.)

FOR THE YEAR MDOCCXCIV.

VOL. 185.-PART I.

LONDON:

PRINTED BY HARRISON AND SONS, ST. MARTIN'S LANE, W.C.,

rinters 'it (rbintrrn fto Tr Ltajesg.

MDCCCXCIV.

TRA N j . r -[ON S

SOCIETY



ADVERTISEMENT.

THE Committee appointed by the Royal Society to direct the publication of the

Philosophical Transactions take this opportunity to acquaint the public that it, fully

appears, as well from the Council-books and Journals of the Society as from repeated declarations which have been made in several former Transactions, that the printing of

them was always, from time to time, the single act of the respective Secretaries till

the Forty-seventh Volume; the Society, as a Body, never interesting themselves any further in their publication than by occasionally recommending the revival of them to

some of their Secretaries, when, from the particular circumstances of their affairs, the

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It is likewise necessary on this occasion to remark, that it is an established rule of

the Society, to which they will always adhere, never to give their opinion, as a Body, a 2



[ iv ]

upon any subject, either of Nature or Art, that comes before them. And therefore the

thanks, which are frequently proposed from the Chair, to be given to the authors of

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hands they received them, are to be considered in no other light than as a matter of

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dishonour of the Society.



1894.

LIST OF INSTITUTIONS ENTITLED TO RECEIXVE THE PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OR

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY.

Institutions marked A are entitled to receive Philosophical Transactions, Series A, and Proceedings. , ,, B ,, ,, ,, , Series B, and Proceedings. , ,, AB ,, ,, , ,, Series A and B, and Proceedings.

.....) I , ,, Proceedings only.

America (Central). Mexico.

p. Sociedad Cientifica "Antonio Alzate."

America(North). (See UNITED STATES and CANADA.) America (South).

Buenos Ayres. AB. Museo Nacional.

Caracas. B. University Library.

Cordova. AB. Academia Nacional de Ciencias.

Demerara.

p. Royal Agricultural and Commercial

Society, British Guiana. La Plata.

B. Museo de La Plata. Rio de Janeiro.

p. Observatorio.

Australia. Adelaide.

p. Royal Society of South Australia. Brisbane.

p. Royal Society of Queensland. Melbourne.

p. Observatory. p. Royal Society of Victoria. AB. University Library.

Sydney. p. Australian Museum.

p. Geological Survey. p. Linnean Society of New South Wales. AB. Royal Society of New South Wales. AB. University Library.

Austria.

Agram. p. Jugoslavenska Akademija Znanosti i Um-

jetnosti. p. Societas Historico-Naturalis Croatica.

Austria (continued). Brdinn.

AB. Naturforschender Verein. Gratz.

AB. Naturwissenschaftlicher Yerein fur Steier- mark.

Hermannstadt.

p. Siebenbiirgischer Verein fir die Natur- wissenschaften.

Innsbruck. AB. Das Ferdinandeum.

p. Naturwissenschaftlich - Medicinischer Verein.

Klausenburg. AB. Az Erdelyi Muzeum. Das Siebenbiirgische

Museum. Prague.

AB. Konigliche Bohmische Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften.

Trieste. B. Museo di Storia Naturale. p. Societa Adriatica di Scienze Naturali.

Vienna.

p. Anthropologische Gesellschaft. AB. Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften. p. K.K. Geographische Gesellschaft. AB. K.K. Geologische Reichsanstalt. B K.K. Naturhistorisches Hof-Museum. B. K.K. Zoologisch-Botanische Gesellschaft. p. (Esterreichische Gesellschaft fur Meteoro-

logie. A. Yon Kuffner'sche Sternwarte.

Belgium. Brussels.

B. Academie Royale de Medecine. AB. Academie Royale des Sciences. B. Musee Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de

Belgique. p. Observatoire Royal.



Belgium (continued). Brussels (continued).

p. Societe Malacologique de Belgique. Ghent.

AB. University.

Liege. AB. Societe des Sciences.

p. Societe Geologique de Belgique. Louvain.

B. Laboratoire de Microscopie et de Biologic Cellulaire.

AB. Universite. Canada.

Hamilton.

p. Hamilton Association. Montreal.

AB. McGill University. p. Natural History Society.

Ottawa. AB. Geological Survey of Canada. AB. Royal Society of Canada.

Toronto.

p. Astronomical and Physical Society. p. Canadian Institute. AB. University.

Cape of Good Hope. A. Observatory. AB. South African Library.

Ceylon. Colombo.

B. Museum. China.

Shanghai. p. China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society.

Denmark. Copenhagen.

AB. Kongelige Danske Yidenskabernes Selskab.

Egypt. Alexandria.

AB. Bibliotheque Municipale. England and Wales.

Aberystwith. AB. University College.

Bangor. AB. University College of North Wales.

Birmingham. AB, Free Central Library. AB. Mason College. p. Philosophical Society.

Bolton.

p. Public Library. Bristol.

p. Merchant Venturers' School. AB. University College.

vi 1

England and Wales (continued). Cambridge.

AB. Philosophical Society. p. Union Society.

Cooper's Hill. A X. Royal Indian Engineering College,

Dudley. p. Dudley and Midland Geologic

Scientific Society. :al and

Essex. p. Essex Field Club,

Greenwich. A. Royal Observatory.

Kew. B. Royal Gardens.

Leeds. p. Philosophical Society. AB. Yorkshire College.

Liverpool. AB. Free Public Library. p, Literary and Philosophical Society. A. Observatory. A3. University College.

London. AB. Admiralty. p. Anthropological Institute. An. British Museum (Nat. Hist.). AB. Chemical Society. A. City and Guilds of London Institute.

p. "Electrician," Editor of the. I . Entomological Society. AB. Geological Society. A.. Geological Survey of Great Britain.

p. Geologists' Association. ABs. Guildhall Library. A. Institution of Civil Engineers. p. Institution of Electrical Engineers. A. Institution of Mechanical Engineers. A. Institution of Naval Architects.

p. Iron and Steel Institute. AB. King's College. B. Linnean Society. AB. London Institution.

p2. London Library. A. Mathematical Society. p. Meteorological Office. p . Odontological Society. p. Pharmaceutical Society. p. Physical Society. p. Quekett Microscopical Club.

p. Royal Agricultural Society. p. Royal Asiatic Society. A. Royal Astronomical Society. B. Royal College of Physicians.



L vii ] England and Wales (continued).

London (continued). B. Royal College of Surgeons. p. Royal Engineers (for Libraries abroad, six

copies). AB. Royal Engineers. Head Quarters Library. p. Royal Geographical Society. p. Royal Horticultural Society. p. Royal Institute of British Architects. AB. Royal Institution of Great Britain. B. Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society. p. Royal Meteorological Society. p. Royal Microscopical Society. p. Royal Statistical Society. AB. Royal United Service Institution. AB. Society of Arts.

p. Society of Biblical Archaeology. p. Society of Chemical Industry (London

Section). p. Standard Weights and- Measures Depart-

ment. AB. The Queen's Library. AB. The War Office. AB. University College. p. Victoria Institute. B. Zoological Society.

Manchester. AB. Free Library. AB. Literary and Philosophical Society. p. Geological Society. AB. Owens College.

Netley. p. Royal Victoria Hospital.

Newcastle. AB. Free Library. p. North of England Institute of Mining and

Mechanical Engineers. p. Society of Chemical Industry (Newcastle

Section). Norwich.

p. Norfolk and Norwich Literary Institution.

Nottingham. AB. Free Public Library.

O xford. p. Ashmolean Society. AB. Radcliffe Library. A. Radcliffe Observatory.

Penzance. p. Geological Society of Cornwall.

Plymouth. B. Marine Biological Association.

p. Plymouth Institution. Richmond.

A. " Kew " Observatory.

England and Wales (continued). Salford.

p. Royal Museum and Library. Stonyhurst.

p. The College. Swansea.

AB. Royal Institution. Woolwich.

AB. Royal Artillery Library. Finland.

Helsingfors. p. Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica. AB. Societe des Sciences.

France. Bordeaux.

p. Academie des Sciences.

p. Faculte des Sciences.

p. Societe de Medecine et de Chirurgie. p. Societe des Sciences Physiques et

Nat-urelles. Cherbourg.

p. Societe des Sciences Naturelles.

Dijon. p. Academie des Sciences.

Lille.

p. Faculte des Sciences.

Lyons. AB. Academie des Sciences, Belles-Lettres etArts. A B. Universite.

Marseilles. p. Faculte des Sciences.

Montpellier. AB. Academie des Sciences et Lettres. B. Faculte6 de Medecine.

Paris. A,. Academie des Sciences de l'Institut.

p. Association Frangaise pour l'Avancement des Sciences.

p. Bureau des Longitudes. A. Bureau International des Poids et M[esures.

p. Commission des Annales des Ponts et Chaussees.

p. Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers.

p. Cosmos (M. L'ABBIE VALETTE). AB. De6pt de la Marine. AB. Ecole des Mines. AB. ]cole Normale Superieure. AB. Rcole Polytechnique. AB. Faculte des Sciences de la Sorbonne. AB. Jardin des Plantes.

p. L'Electricien. A. L'Observatoire.

p. Itevue Scientifique (Mons. H. DE VARIGNY).

p. Societe de Biologie.



[ viii j France (continued).

Paris (continied). AB. Societe d'Encouragement pour l'Industrie

Nationale. AB. Societe de Geographie. p. Societe de Physique. B. Societe Entomologique. AB. Societe Geologique. p. Societe Mathematique. p. Societe Meteorologique de France.

Toulouse. AB. Academie des Sciences. A. Faculte des Sciences.

Germany. Berlin.

A. Deutsche Chemische Gesellschaft. A. Die Sternwarte.

p. Gesellschaft fur Erdkunde. AB. Konigliche Preussische Akademie

Wissenschaften. A. Physikalische Gesellschaft.

Bonn. AB. Universitat.

der

Bremen. p. Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein.

Breslau.

p. Schlesische Gesellsehaft fur Vaterliandische Kultur.

Brunswick.

p. Verein fir Naturwissenschaft. Carlsruhe. See Karlsruhe.

Charlottenburg. A. Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt.

Danzig. AB. Naturforschende Gesellschaft.

Dresden.

p. Verein fur Erdkunde. Emden.

p. Naturforschende Gesellschaft.

Erlangen. AB. Physikalisch-Mfedicinische Societat.

Frankfurt-am-Main. AB. Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesell-

schaft.

p. Zoologische Gesellschaft.

Frankfurt-am-Oder.

p. Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein.

Freiburg-im-Breisgau. AB. Universitat.

Giessen. AB. Grossherzogliche Universitiit.

Gorlitz. p. Naturforschende Gesellscliaft.

Germany (continued). Gottingen.

AB. Kbnigliche Gesellschaft derWissenschaften. IHalle.

AB. Kaiserliche Leopoldino - Carolinische Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher.

p. Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein fur Sach- sen und Thuringen.

Hamburg. p. Naturhistorisches Museum. A B. Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein.

Heidelberg. p. Naturhistorisch-Medizinischer Verein. AB. Universitiit.

Jena. AAB. M'edicinisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Gesell-

schaft.

I Karlsruhe. A. Grossherzogliche Sternwarte.

p. Technische Hochschule. Kiel.

p. Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein fiir

Schleswig-Holstein. A. Sternwarte. AB. Universitat.

Konigsberg. AB. K6nigliche Physikalisch - Okonomische

Gesellschaft.

Leipsic. p. Annialen der Physik und Chemie. A. Astronomische Gesellschaft. A:B. Konigliche Sachsische Gesellschaft der

Wissenschaften.

Magdeburg. p. Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein.

Marburg. ABP. Universitat.

IMunich. ABl. K6nigliche Bayerische Akademie der

Wissenschaften.

p. Zeitschrift fiir Biologie. Mitinster.

AB. Konigliche Theologische und Philo-

sophische Akademie. I Potsdam.

A. Astrophysikalisches Observatorium. Rostock.

AB. U niversitAt.

Strasburg. AB. 'Universitat.

Tiibingen. AB. Universitat.

Wiirzburg. AB. Physikalisch-Medicinische Gesellschaft.



ix ]

Greece. Athens.

A. National Observatory, Holland. (See NETHERLA.NDS.)

Hungary. Pesth.

p. K6nigl. Ungarische Geologische Anstalt. AB. j& Magyar Tudos Tarsasag. Die Ungarische

Akaclemie der Wissenschaften. Schemnitz.

p. K. Ungarische Berg- und Forst-Akademie, India.

Bombay. AB. Elphinstone College. p. Royal Asiatic Society (Bombay Branch).

Calcutta. AB. Asiatic Society of Bengal. AB. Geological Museum.

p. Great Trigonometrical Survey of India. AB. Indian Museum.

p. The Meteorological Reporter to the Government of India.

Madras. B. Central Museum. A. Observatory.

Roorkee.

p. Roorkee College. Ireland.

Armagh. A. Observatory.

Belfast. AB. Queen's College.

Cork.

p. Philosophical Society. AB. Queen's College.

Dublin. A. Observatory. AB. National Library of Ireland. B. Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, AB. Royal Dublin Society. AB. Royal Irish Academy.

Galway. AB. Queen's College.

Italy. Acireale.

p. Societa Italiana dei Microscopisti. Bologna.

AB. Accademia delle Scienze dell' Istituto. Catania.

AB. Accademia Gioenia di Scienze Naturali. Florence.

p. Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, AB. Museo Botanico.

p. Reale Istituto di Studi Superiori. MDCCCXCIV.-A.

Italy (continned). Genoa.

p. Societa Ligustica di Scienze Naturali e

Geografiche. Milan.

AB. Reale Istituto Lombardo di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti.

AB. Societat Italiana di Scienze Naturali. Modena.

p. Le Stazioni Sperimantali Agrarie Italiane.

Naples. p. Societa di Naturalisti. AB. Societa Reale, Accademia delle Scienze. B. Stazione Zoologica (Dr. DOuRN).

Padua. p. University.

PalermTo. A. Circolo M/atematico. AB. Consiglio di Perfezionamento (Societa di

Scienze Naturali ed Economiche). A. Reale Osservatorio.

Pisa.

p. Nuovo Cimento. p. Societat Toscana di Scienze Naturali.

Rome.

p. Accademia Pontificia de' Nuovi Lincei.

p. Rassegna delle Scienze Geologiche in Italia. A. Reale Ufficio Centrale di Mieteorologia e di

Geodinamica, Collegio Rolmano. AB. Reale Accademia dei Lincei.

p. R. Comitato Geologico d' Italia. A. Specula Vaticana. AB. Societa Italiana delle Scienze.

Siena.

p. Reale Accademia dei Fisiocritici, Turin.

p. Laboratorio di Fisiologia. AB. Reale Accademia delle Scienze.

Venice.

p. Ateneo Veneto. AB, Reale Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere

ed Arti.

Japan, Tokio.

AB. Imperial University. p. Asiatic Society of Japan.

Java.

Buitenzorg. p. Jardin Botanique.

Luxembourg. Luxembourg.

p. Societe des Sciences Naturelles. Malta.

p. Public Library. b



[ x ]

Mauritius, p. Royal Society of Arts and Sciences.

Netherlands. Anmsterdam.

AB. Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen. p. K. Zoologisch G-enootschap 'Natura Artis

Magistra.' Delft.

p. Ecole Polytechnique. Haarlem.

As. Hollandsche Maatschappij schappen.

p. Musee Teyler.

der Weten-

Leyden. AB. University.

Rotterdam. AB. Bataafsch Genootschap der Proefonder-

vindelijke Wijsbegeerte. Utrecht.

AB. Provinciaal Genootschap van Kunsten en

Wetenschappen. New Brunswick.

St. John.

p. Natural History Society. New Zealand.

Wellington. AB. New Zealand Institute.

Norway, Bergen.

Al. Bergenske Museum.

Christiania. AB. Kongelige Norske Frederiks Universitet.

Tromsoe. p. Museum.

Trondhjem. AB. Kongelige Norske Videnskabers Selskab.

Nova Scotia. Halifax.

p. Nova Scotian Institute of Science. Windsor.

p. King's College Library. Portugal.

Coimbra. AB. Universidade.

Lisbon. AB. Academia Real das Sciencias.

p. Sec9ao dos Trabalhos Geologicos de Portugal. Oporto.

p. Annaes de Sciencias Naturaes.

Russia.

Dorpat. AB. Universite.

Russia (continued). Irkutsk.

p. Societe Imperiale Russo de Geographie (Section de la Siberie Orientale).

Kazan. AB. Imperatorsky Kazansky Universitet.

Kharkoff. p. Section AMledicale de la Societe des Sciences

Experimentales, Universite de Kharkow. Kieff.

p. Societe des Nat;uralistes. Moscow.

AB. Loe Musee Public. B. Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes.

Odcssa. p. Societe des Naturalistes de la Nouvelle-

Rinssie. Pulkowa.

A. Nikolai Haupt-Sternwarte. St. Petersburg.

AB. Academie Imperiale des Sciences. B. Archives des Sciences Biologiques. AB. Comite Geologique. p. Compass Observatory. A. Observatoire Physique Central.

Scotland. Aberdeen.

AB. University.

Edinburgh. p. Geological Society. p. Royal College of Physicians (Research

Laboratory). p. Royal Medical Society. A. Royal Observatory. p. Royal Physical Society. p. Royal Scottish Society of Arts. AB. Royal Society.

Glasgow. AB. Mitchell Free Library. p. Philosophical Society.

Servia.

Belgrade. p. Academie Royale de Serbie.

Sicily. (See IrALY.)

Spain. Cadiz.

A. Instituto y Observatorio de Marina do San Fernando.

Madrid. p. Comision del MIapa Geoldgico de Espina, AB. Real Academia de Ciencias.

Sweden.

Gottenbnrg. AB. Kong1. Vetenskaps och Vitterhets Samhhlle,



[ xi ] Sweden (continued).

Lund. AB. Universitet.

Stockholm. A. Acta Mathematica. AB. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademie. AB. Sveriges Geologiska Ulndersokning.

Upsala. AB. Universitet.

Switzerland. Basel.

p. Naturforschende Gesellschaft. Bern.

An. Allg. Schweizerische Gesellschaft.

p. Naturforschende Gesellschaft.

Geneva. AB. Societe de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle. AB. Institut National Genevois.

Lausanne.

p. Societe Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles.

Neuchatel.

p. Societe des Sciences Naturelles. Ziirich.

AB. Das Schweizerische Polytechnikum. p. Naturforschende Gesel]schaft.

p. Sternwarte.

Tasmania. Hobart.

p. Royal Society of Tasmania.

United States. Albany.

AB. New York State Library. Annapolis.

AB. Naval Academy. Austin.

p. Texas Academy of Sciences. Baltimore.

AB. Johns Hopkins University. Berkeley.

p. University of California. Boston.

AB. American Academy of Sciences. B. Boston Society of Natural History. A. Technological Institute.

Brooklyn. AB, Brooklyn Library.

Cambridge. AB. Harvard University. B. Museum of Comparative Zoology.

Chapel Hill (N.C.). p. Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society.

United. States (continued). Charleston.

p. Elliott Society of Science and Art of Soutl Carolina.

Chicago. AB. Academy of Sciences. p. Journal of Comparative Neurology.

Davenport (Iowa). p. Academy of Natural Sciences.

Ithaca (N.Y.). p. Physical Review (Cornell University).

Madison.

p. Wisconsin Academy of Sciences. Mount Hamilton (California).

A. Lick Observatory. New Haven (Conn.).

AB. American Journal of Science. AB. Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences.

New York.

'p. American Geographical Society. p. American Museum of Natural History. p. New York Academy of Sciences. p. New York Medical Journal. p. School of Mines, Columbia College.

Philadelphia. AB. Academy of Natural Sciences. AB. American Philosophical Society. p. Franklin Institute.

p. Wagner Free Institute of Science. Rochester (N.Y.).

p. Academy of Science. St. Louis.

p. Academy of Science. Salem (Mass.).

p. American Association for the Advance- ment of Science.

AB. Essex Institute. San Francisco.

AB. California Academy of Sciences.

Washington. AB. Patent Office. AB. Smithsonian Institution. AB. United States Coast Survey. r. United States Commission of Fish and

Fisheries. AB. United States Geological Survey. AU. United States Naval Observatory. p. United States Department of Agriculture. A. United States Department of Agriculture

(Weather Bureau). West Point (N.Y.)

An. United States AMilitary Academy.

b 2



CONTENTS.

(A)

VOL. 185.-PAl{T I

I. On the Ratio of the Specific IHeats of the Paraffins, and their Monoohalogen Derivatives. By J. W. CAPSTICK, M.Sc. (Vict.), B.A. (Camb.), Schbolar and Coutts- Trotter Student of Trinity College, Cambridge. Communicated by Professor J. J. TIHOMsoN, F.R.S ............ page 1

II. On a 2Special Form of the General Equati'on of a Cubic Surface and on a

Diagram Representing the Twe'nty-seven Lines on the Suicface. By H. M. TAYLOR, M.A., Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. Cornmunicctedl by A. I. FORSYTH, Sc..D., F.R.S. .. 37

III. Contributions to the Mathermatical Theory of Evolution. By KARL PEARSON,

University College, London. Com,municated by Pr'ofessor HENRICI, F R. S. 71

IV. A Certain Class of Generating Functions in the Theory of Numbers. By Major P. A. MACM AHON, RA., Fi S .... . . . .. ..... 11 1

V. Flame Spectra at HIigh Te!mperatures.-Part I. Oxy-hydrogen Blowv-pipe Spectra. By W. N. HrARTLEY, F..S ............. 161

VI. On a Spherical Vortex. By M. J. M. HILL , . D.Sc., Professor of Mathe- matics at University College, London. Communicated by Pr'ofessor HENRICI, F1R. S. . . . ... . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . 213



[ xiv ]

VII. On Plane Cubics. 1y CHARLOTTE ANGAS SCOTT. Comnmunicated by Dr. A. R.

FonsYTI, F.iR.S. ...... ... . page 247

VIII. On the Whirling anid Vibration of Shcfts. By STANLEY DUNKERLEY, 1M1Sc., Berkeley FellowU of the Owens College, JlManchester. Coommunicated by Pro- fessor OSBORNE REYNOLDS, F.1.S. . . .. ....... 279

IX. Experi-mental Investigations on the Effective [Temnperature of the Sin, nmade at Daramona, Streete, Co. Westmeath. By WILLrIAM E. WILSON, M/.JI.IA., aind P. L. GRAY, B.Sc., A.R.C.S., Lecturer in Physics, Masor College, Birning- ham. Comnmunicated by G. JOHNSTONE STONEY, F.R.S ...... 361

Index to Part I. ... . ..... .. .... 396A




Plates 1 to 5.--Professor K. PEARSON on the Mathematical Theory of Evolution.

Plates 6 and 7.-Professor W. N. HAl TLEY on Flame Spectra at High Temperatures. -Part I. Oxy-hydrogen Blow-pipe Spectra.



INDEX TO PART 1.

OF THE

PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS (A)

FOR THE YEAR 1894.

C.

CAPSTICK (J. W.). On the Ratio of the Specific Heats of the Paraffins, and their 1Mionohalogen Derivatives, 1.

Cubic strfacce, on a special form of the general equation of a, and on a diagraml representing the twenty- seven lines on the surface, 37 (see TAYLOR),

Cubics, on plane, 247 (see SCOTT).

D.

DUNKERLEY (S.). On the Whirling and Vibration of Shafts, 279.

E.

Equation of the general cubic surface, 37 (see TAYLOR). Evolution, contributions to the mathematical theory of, 71 (see PEARsoN).

F.

Flame spectra at high temperatures.-Part I. Oxy-hydrogen blow-pipe spectra, 161 (see HARITLEY).



INDEX.

G.

Generating functions in the theoiry of numbers, a certain class of, 111 (see MACMAHON). GIAY (P. L.) (see WILSON and GRAY).

H.

HALr,EY (W. N.). Flame Spectra at High Temperatures.-Part I. Oxy-hydrogen Blow-pipe Spectra, 161.

HILL (M. J. Mi.). On a Spherical Vortex, 213.

M.

MAcMAltrON (P. A.). A Certain Class of Generating Functions in the Theory of Numbers, 111. Mathematical theory of evolutiono, contributions to the, 71 (see PEARSON).

N.

Numbers, a certaill class of generating functions in the thcory of, ll1 (see iMAMAIcHON).

0.

Oxy-hydrogen blow-pipe spectra, 161 (see HARTLrEY).

P.

Parafilns, on the ratio of the specific heats of the, and their nonolialogel delrivatives, 1 (see CAPsTICK). PEARSON (K.). Contributions to the Mlathematical Theory of Evolution, 71. Plane cubics, on, 247 (see SCOTTr).

S.

SCOTT (CHABLOTTE A.). On Plane Cubics, 247.

Shafts, on the whirling and vibration of, 279 (see DUNKERLEY). S ecific heats of the paraffins, and their monobalogen deri-vatives, on the ratio of the, 1 (see CAPSTICK).

Spectra, flame, at high te'mperatures.-Part Il. Oxy-hydrogen blow-pipe spectra, 161 (see HARTLEY).

Spherical vortex, on a, 213 (see HILL). Sutn, experimental investigations on the effective tenperature of the, lade at Daramona, Streete, Co.

Westmeath, 361 (see WILSON and GRAY).

396:B



INDEX, 396C

T.

TAYLOR (H. M.). On a Special Form of the General Equation of a Cubic Surface and on a Diagram

Representing the Twenty-seven Lines on the Surface, 37.

W.

W7zirling and vibration of shafts, on the, 279 (see DUNIERLEY). WIISON (W. E.) and GRAY (P. L.). Experimental Investigations on the Effective Temperature of the

Sun, made at Daramona, Streete, Co. Westmeath, 361.

HARRISON AND SONS, PRINTERS IN ORDINARY TO HER MAJESTY, ST. MIARTIN'S LANE, LONDON, W.C.



PHILOSOPHICAL

7-- S A C T IO N S

OF THE

R OYAL SOC IE TY

OF

LONDON.

(A.)

FOR THE YEAR MDCCCXCIV.

VOL. 185.-PART II.

LONDON:

PRINTED BY HARRISON AND SONS, ST. MARTIN'S LANE, W.C.

91nirs ixn 4rbitrnarg to Htr SjJ^.

MDCCCXCV.



CONTENTS.

(A)

VOL. 185.-PAlT 1I.

X. BAKERIAN LECTURE.-On the RZelations betzeen the, Viscosity (Internal Friction) of Liquids and their Chemical Nature. By T. E. TI-ORPE, F.R.S., and J. W. RODGER, Assoc. R.C. S ............... page 397

XI. Prelimninary .Report on the Results obtained with the P rismatic Cameras during the Total Eclipse of the Sun, Apr2il 16, 1893. By J. NORMAN LOCKYER, C.B., Fi7.S. .. 711

XII. A Dynamical Theory of the Electric and Luminiferous Medium. LARMOR, F.R.S., Fellow (of St. John's College, Cambridge . .

By JOSEPH *. . 719

XIII. On the Reflection and Refraction of Light. By G. A. SCHOTT, B.A. (C(amb.), B.Sc. (Lond.), for1merly Scholar of Trinity College, Cambridge. Communi- cated by R. T. GLAZETBROOK, LA., F.R.S . ....... 823

XIV. An Instrument for Grinding Section-plates and Prisms of CTrystals of Artificial Preparations Accurately in the Desired D;irections. By A. E. TUTTON, Assoc. R.C.S., Demonstrator of Chemistry at the Royal College of Science, South Kensington. Communicated by Professor THORPE, F.R.S. .... 887

a 2



[ iv ]

XV. An Instrumezt of Precision foir Producing Monochromatic Light of any desired

TWave-length, and its use in the Investigation of the Optical Properties of

Crystals. By A. E. TUTTON, ASSOC. R.C.S., Demonstrator of Chemistry at the Royal College of Science, South Kensington. Communicated by Professor THORPE, F.RS ... ..... . .... page 913

XVI. On2 the Specific Heats of Gases at Consta)nt Volumre.-Part II. Caqarbon Dioxide.

By J. JOLY, A., Sc.D. F.R.S. ............. 943

XVII. On the Specific Heats of Gases at Constant TVolume.-Part III. Thbe Specific tHeat of Carbon Dioxide as a Function of Temperature. By J. JOLY, M.A., Sc.D., F.R.S . . . . . . . ........ . 961

XVIII. Onl the Photographic Arc Spectrum of Electrolytic Iron. By J. NORMAN LOCKYER, C.B., F.R.S. ...... . .. ...... 983

XIX. On the Photographic Arc Spectrumb of Iron Meteorites. By J. NORMAN

LOCKYER, C.B., F.R.S. . ...... .... .... 1023

XX. Flame Spectra at High .Tem2peratures.-Part II. The Spectrum of Metallic

Manganese, of Alloys of Manganese, and of Compounds containing that Element. By WV. N. HARTLEY, F.R.S., Professor of Chemistry, Royal College of Science, Dubliln .... ... . ... .. 1029

XXI. Flame Spectra at High Temperatures.-Part IIl. The Spectroscopic Phenomena and Thermo-Chemistry of the Bessemer' Process. By W. N. HARTLEY, E.R.S., Professor of Chemistry, Royal College of Science, Dublin . . . . . 1041

Index to Part I. .. 1093




Plate 8.-Messrs. T. TE. THOPE and J. W. RODG1EE on the Relations between the

Viscosity (Internal Friction) of Liquids and their Chemical Nature.-BAKERIAN LECTURE.

Plates 9 to 11.--Professor J. N. LOCKYER on the Results obtained with the Prismatic Cameras during the Total Eclipse of the Sun, April 16, 1893.

Plates 12 and 13.-Professor J. N. LOCKYEP 0on the Photographic Arc Spectrum of

Electrolytic Iron.

Plate 14.-Professor W. N. HARTLEY on Flame Spectra at Hligh Temperatures.- Part II. The Spectrun of Metallic Manganese, of Alloys of Manganese, and of Compounds containing that Element.-Part III. The Spectroscopic Phenomena and Thermo-Chemistry of the Bessemer Process.



ADJUDICArTON of thle MEDALS of the ROYAL SOCIETY for tie year 1894, by the PEESIDENT and COUNCIL.

The COPLEY MEDAL to EDWARD FBRANKLAND, F.R.S., for his Eminent Services to Theoretical and Applied Chemistry.

The RUMFORD MEDAL to JAMES DEWAB, F.R.S., for hlis Researches on the

Properties of Matter at Extremely Low Temperatures.

A ROYAL MEDAL to 'VICTOI ALEXANDER HADEN 1HORSLEY, F.R.S., for his

Investigations relating to the Physiology of the Nervous System, andJ of the Thyroid Gland, and to their Applications to the Treatment of Disease.

A ROYAL MEDAL to JOSEPH JOHN THOMSON, F.R.S., for his Conltribttions to Mathematical and Experimental Physics, especially to Electrical Theory.

The DAVY MEDAI, to PER THEO)DOR CLEVE, for his Researches on the Chemistry of the Rare Earths.

in relation to the Origin of Species."

The Bakerian Lecture, "On the Relations between the Viscosity (Internal Friction) of Liquids and their Chemical Nature," was delivered by Professor THOMAS EDWARD

THORPE, F.R.S., and J. W. RODGER.

The Croonian Lecture, "La Fine Structure des Centres Nerveux," was delivered

by Professor SANTIAGO RAMON Y CAJAL.



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