Front Matter

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AN INTERNATIONAL REVIEW DEVOTED TO THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND ITS CULTURAL INFLUENCES

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History of Science Society

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AN INTERNATIONAL REVIEW DEVOTED TO THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND ITS CULTURAL INFLUENCES

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ISIS DECEMBER 1991 VOLUME 82 NUMBER 314

ARTICLES

W. R. LAIRD: Archimedes among the Humanists 628

LESLEY B. CORMACK: "Good Fences Make Good Neighbors": Geography as Self-Definition in Early Modern England 639

PHILIP J. PAULY: The Development of High School Biology: New York City, 1900-1925 662

NEWS OF THE PROFESSION

Eloge: J. BRUCE BRACKENRIDGE: Eric John Aiton, 1920-1991 689

Eloge: PHILLIP R. SLOAN: Jacques Roger, 1920-1990 691

Eloge: OWEN GINGERICH: Victor E. Thoren, 1935-1991 693

LETTERS TO THE EDITOR

J. D. NORTH; RICHARD LEMAY 695 LOUIS I. KUSLAN; M. SUSAN LINDEE 696

ESSAY REVIEW

GARLAND E. ALLEN on DAVID L. HULL S Science as a Process: An Evolutionary Account of the Social and Conceptual Development of Science and The Metaphysics of Evolution 698

BOOK REVIEWS

GENERAL Michael J. Crowe: Theories of the Worldfrom Antiquity to the Copernican Revolution,

rev. by ROBERT A. HATCH 705 Howard Jones: The Epicurean Tradition, rev. by MARGARET J. OSLER 706 Wissenschaft in Berlin: Von den Anfiingen bis zum Neubeginn nach 1945, rev. by

KATHRYN M. OLESKO 706 J. E. Burnett; A. D. Morrison-Low: "Vulgar and Mechanick": The Scientific Instru-

ment Trade in Ireland, 1650-1921, rev. by SILVIO A. BEDINI 707 Anthony Grafton: Forgers and Critics: Creativity and Duplicity in Western Scholar-

ship, rev. by MORDECHAI FEINGOLD 709 Calestous Juma: The Gene Hunters: Biotechnology and the Scramble for Seeds, rev.

by RICHARD J. BADHAM 709 John Duffy: The Sanitarians: A History of American Public Health, rev. by DANIEL ELI

BURNSTEIN 710 Daryl E. Chubin; Edward J. Hackett: Peerless Science: Peer Review and U.S. Science

Policy, rev. by RONALD J. OVERMANN 711 Xavier Polanco (ed.): Naissance et developpement de la science-monde: Production et

reproduction des communautes scientifiques en Europe et en Amerique latine, rev. by ERIC HOWARD CHRISTIANSON 712

David Rapport Lachterman: The Ethics of Geometry: A Genealogy of Modernity, rev. by GEORGE M. D. ANASTAPLO 713

Derek Gjertsen: Science and Philosophy: Past and Present, rev. by STUART PIERSON 714 Richard Fardon (ed.): Localizing Strategies: Regional Traditions of Ethnographic

Writing, rev. by GEORGE W. STOCKING, JR. 715 John Christie; Sally Shuttleworth (eds.): Nature Transfigured: Science and Literature,

1700-1900, and John Limon: The Place of Fiction in the Time of Science: A Disci- plinary History of American Writing, rev. by STUART PETERFREUND 716



ANTIQUITY Wilbur Richard Knorr: The Ancient Tradition of Geometric Problems, and Wilbur

Richard Knorr: Textual Studies in Ancient and Medieval Geometry, rev. by THOMAS DRUCKER 718

A. P. Bos: Cosmic and Meta-Cosmic Theology in Aristotle's Lost Dialogues, rev. by PAULA GOTTLIEB 720

0. A. W. Dilke: Greek and Roman Maps, rev. by WILBUR R. KNORR 721

MIDDLE AGES & RENAISSANCE Dermot Moran: The Philosophy of John Scottus Eriugena: A Study of Idealism in the

Middle Ages, and John J. O'Meara: Eriugena, rev. by MARCIA L. COLISH 722 Avicenna: Liber tertius naturalium: De generatione et corruptione: tdition critique de

la traduction latine medievale et lexiques, rev. by KRISTIN E. PETERSON 724 Ibn al-Haytham: The Optics of Ibn al-Haytham: Books I-III: On Direct Vision, trans.

and ed. by A. I. Sabra, rev. by ALEXANDER JONES 724 Adrien Pattin: Pour 1'histoire du sens agent: La controverse entre Barthelemy de

Bruges et Jean de Jandun ses antecedents et son evolution, rev. by PETER G. SOBOL 726 Udo Benzenhofer: Johannes' de Rupescissa "Liber de consideratione quintae essentiae

omnium rerum" deutsch: Studien zur Alchemia medica des 15. bis 17. Jahrhunderts mit kritischer Edition des Textes, rev. by WILLIAM R. NEWMAN 726

Thomas of Wroclaw: Practica medicinalis: A Critical Edition of the Practica medicinalis of Thomas of Wroclaw, Premontre Bishop of Sarepta (1297-c. 1378), ed. by Theodore James Antry, rev. by MICHAEL R. MCVAUGH 727

Richard Kieckhefer: Magic in the Middle Ages, Wayne Shumaker: Natural Magic and Modern Science: Four Treatises 1590-1657, and Stanley Jeyaraja Tambiah: Magic, Science, Religion, and the Scope of Rationality, rev. by BRIAN VICKERS 728

John S. Mebane: Renaissance Magic and the Return of the Golden Age: The Occult Tradition in Marlowe, Jonson, and Shakespeare, rev. by KENNETH KNOESPEL 731

Robert Mark: Light, Wind, and Structure: The Mystery of the Master Builders, and Eugene-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc: The Architectural Theory of Viollet-le-Duc: Read- ings and Commentary, ed. by M. F. Hearn, rev. by CARL F. BARNES, JR. 732

Nancy G. Siraisi: Medieval and Early Renaissance Medicine: An Introduction to Knowledge and Practice, rev. by FAYE M. GETZ 733

EARLY MODERN PERIOD Michael W. Monnich: Tommaso Campanella: Sein Beitrag zur Medizin und Pharmazie

der Renaissance, rev, by ALICE BROWNE 734 Stephen Gaukroger: Cartesian Logic: An Essay on Descartes's Conception of Infer-

ence, and Steven M. Nadler: Arnauld and the Cartesian Philosophy of Ideas, rev. by WILLIAM H. WILLIAMS 735

Stillman Drake: Galileo: Pioneer Scientist, rev. by DAVID K. HILL 737 Rene Taton; Curtis Wilson (eds.): Planetary Astronomy from the Renaissance to the

Rise of Astrophysics. Part A: Tycho Brahe to Newton, rev. by N. M. SWERDLOW 738 Simon Marius: Mundus lovialis: Die Welt des Jupiter, ed. by Joachim Schlur, rev. by

ADAM J. APT 740 Mordechai Feingold (ed.): Before Newton: The Life and Times of Isaac Barrow, rev. by

RICHARD S. WESTFALL 740 Phillip Bricker; R. I. G. Hughes (eds.): Philosophical Perspectives on Newtonian Sci-

ence, rev. by ROBERT PALTER 741 Alessandro Tosi (ed.): Ulisse Aldrovandi e la Toscana: Carteggio e testimonianze doc-

umentarie, rev. by PAULA FINDLEN 742 C. S. Maffioli; L. C. Palm (eds.): Italian Scientists in the Low Countries in the Seven-

teenth and Eighteenth Centuries, rev. by HAROLD J. COOK 743 David S. Lux: Patronage and Royal Science in Seventeenth-Century France: The

Academie de Physique in Caen, rev. by ALICE STROUP 745 Jose Luis Valverde; Jose A. Perez Romero: Drogas americanas en fuentes de escritores

franciscanos y dominicos, rev. by JOHN M. RIDDLE 746

EIGHTEENTH CENTURY Nicholas Jolley: The Light of the Soul: Theories of Ideas in Leibniz, Malebranche, and

Descartes, rev. by STEVEN NADLER 747 Ernst Benz: The Theology of Electricity: On the Encounter and Explanation of Theol-

ogy and Science in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries, ed. by Dennis Still- ings, trans. by Wolfgang Taraba, rev. by PETER A. DEGEN 748

Roshdi Rashed (ed.): Sciences a l'epoque de la Revolution fran!aise: Recherches his- toriques, rev. by THOMAS L. HANKINS 749

Jean K. Bowden: John Lightfoot, His Work and Travels: With a Biographical Intro- duction and a Catalogue of the Lightfoot Herbarium, rev. by SYLVIA W. MCGRATH 750

Colin Jones: The Charitable Imperative: Hospitals and Nursing in Ancien Regime and Revolutionary France, rev. by LEONARD C. GROOPMAN 750

Alvaro Martinez Vidal: Neurociencias y revoluci6n cientifica en Espania: La circula- ci6n neural, and Jose Luis Fresquet Febrer: Francisco Mendez Alvaro (1806-1883) y las ideas sanitarias del liberalismo moderado, rev. by BONNIE ELLEN BLUSTEIN 751



NINETEENTH CENTURY J. F. Fries: Knowledge, Belief, and Aesthetic Sense, ed. with intro. by Frederick Greg-

ory, trans. by Kent Richter, rev. by WILLIAM R. WOODWARD 752 Andrew Cunningham; Nicholas Jardine (eds.): Romanticism and the Sciences, rev. by

THOMAS BROMAN 753 Herbert Horz; Andreas Laass: Ludwig Boltzmanns Wege nach Berlin: Ein Kapitel os-

terreichisch-deutscher Wissenschaftsbeziehungen, and Wolfgang Stiller: Ludwig Boltzmann: Altmeister der klassischen Physik, rev. by ANDREW WILSON 754

Alan H. Batten: Resolute and Undertaking Characters: The Lives of Wilhelm and Otto Struve, rev. by ERICH ROBERT PAUL 755

Frank F. Cunningham: James David Forbes: Pioneer Scottish Glaciologist, rev. by A. BOWDOIN VAN RIPER 756

Jurgen Sandmann: Der Bruch mit der humanitaren Tradition: Die Biologisierung der Ethik bei Ernst Haeckel und anderen Darwinisten seiner Zeit, rev. by WILLIAM MONTGOMERY 757

Eugene Cittadino: Nature as the Laboratory: Darwinian Plant Ecology in the German Empire, 1880-1900, rev. by LYNN K. NYHART 758

LaVerne Kuhnke: Lives at Risk: Public Health in Nineteenth-Century Egypt, rev. by MICHAEL A. OSBORNE 759

Rita Schepers: De opkomst van het medisch beroep in Belgie, rev. by G. VAN HETEREN 759 Evelyn Bernette Ackerman: Health Care in the Parisian Countryside, 1800-1914, rev.

by JOHN HARLEY WARNER 760 Andre Millard: Edison and the Business of Innovation, rev. by KEITH A. NIER 761 Alex Owen: The Darkened Room: Women, Power and Spiritualism in Late Victorian

England, rev. by REGINA MORANTZ-SANCHEZ 762 Ornella Moscucci: The Science of Woman: Gynaecology and Gender in England, 1800-

1929, rev. by LONDA SCHIEBINGER 763

TWENTIETH CENTURY Victor Lowe: Alfred North Whitehead: The Man and His Work. Volume II: 1910-1947,

rev. by JOAN L. RICHARDS 764 Peter Duren (ed.): A Century of Mathematics in America, with assist. of Richard A.

Askey and Uta C. Merzbach, rev. by JOSEPH W. DAUBEN 765 Albert Einstein: The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein. Volume II: The Swiss Years:

Writings, 1900-1909, ed. by John Stachel and Albert Einstein: The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein. Volume II: The Swiss Years: Writings, 1900-1909. English Trans- lation, trans. by Anna Beck, rev. by P. M. HARMAN 768

Don Howard; John Stachel (eds.): Einstein and the History of General Relativity, rev. by PETER G. BERGMANN 769

Helge Kragh: Dirac: A Scientific Biography, rev. by LAURIE M. BROWN 769 Lanfranco Belloni: Da Fermi a Rubbia: Storia e politica di un successo mondiale della

scienza italiana, rev. by JUDITH GOODSTEIN 770 John W. Servos: Physical Chemistry from Ostwald to Pauling: The Making of a Sci-

ence in America, rev. by MARY JO NYE 771 Trevor I. Williams: Robert Robinson, Chemist Extraordinary, rev. by AARON J. IHDE 772 Peter Bowler: The Mendelian Revolution: The Emergence of Hereditarian Concepts in

Modern Science and Society, rev. by DIANE B. PAUL 773 H. E. Le Grand: Drifting Continents and Shifting Theories: The Modern Revolution in

Geology and Scientific Change, rev. by SIMON J. FRANKEL 774 John A. Stewart: Drifting Continents and Colliding Paradigms: Perspectives on the

Geoscience Revolution, rev. by NAOMI ORESKES 775 Regna Darnell: Edward Sapir: Linguist, Anthropologist, Humanist, rev. by JOAN MARK 776 David E. Leary (ed.): Metaphors in the History of Psychology, rev. by JOHN CARSON 776 Ruth Leys; Rand B. Evans (eds.): Defining American Psychology: The Correspondence

between Adolf Meyer and Edward Bradford Titchener, rev. by RICHARD T. VON MAYRHAUSER 777

Larry A. Hickman: John Dewey's Pragmatic Technology, rev. by JOHN M. JORDAN 778 Peter J. T. Morris: The American Synthetic Rubber Research Program, rev. by J. F.

DONNELLY 779

SOCIOLOGY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE J. J. C. Smart: Our Place in the Universe: A Metaphysical Discussion, rev. by ERNAN

MCMULLIN 780 Philip Kitcher; Wesley C. Salmon (eds.): Scientific Explanation, and Wesley C. Salmon:

Four Decades of Scientific Explanation, rev. by MAURICE A. FINOCCHIARO 781 Neville McMorris: The Natures of Science, rev. by RICHARD OLSON 782 Paul Humphreys: The Chances of Explanation: Causal Explanation in the Social, Med-

ical, and Physical Sciences, rev. by E. J. LOWE 783 Paul Hoyningen-Huene: Die Wissenschaftsphilosophie Thomas S. Kuhns: Rekonstruk-

tion und Grundlagenprobleme, preface by Thomas S. Kuhn, rev. by PAUL C. L. TANG 784 Douglas E. Williams: Truth, Hope, and Power: The Thought of Karl Popper, rev. by

DAVID MILLER 785 Alan Chalmers: Science and Its Fabrication, rev. by STEVE FULLER 786 Danilo Zolo: Reflexive Epistemology: The Philosophical Legacy of Otto Neurath,

trans. by David McKie, rev. by MALCOLM ASHMORE 787



Colin Howson; Peter Urbach: Scientific Reasoning: The Bayesian Approach, rev. by DEBORAH G. MAYO 788

Jean Piaget; Rolando Garcia: Psychogenesis and the History of Science, trans. by Helga Feider,rev. by MARC DE MEY 789

Gayle L. Ormiston; Raphael Sassower: Narrative Experiments: The Discursive Author- ity of Science and Technology, rev. by GREG MYERS 791

REFERENCE TOOLS J. Lima-de-Faria (ed.): Historical Atlas of Crystallography, rev. by PAUL W. HENRIK-

SEN 792 Leslie T. Morton; Robert J. Moore: A Bibliography of Medical and Biomedical Biog-

raphy, rev. by DOROTHY WHITCOMB 792 Christopher Hoolihan (comp.): An Annotated Catalog of the Miner Yellow Fever Col-

lection, rev. by MARGARET HUMPHREYS 794

COLLECTIONS F. Abbri; F. Crispini (eds.): Atti del 1110 Convegno Nazionale di storia e fondamenti

della chimica 794 Liliane Bodson (ed.): Contributions d l'histoire des connaissances zoologiques 795 Martin J. Collins; Sylvia D. Fries (eds.): A Spacefaring Nation: Perspectives on Amer-

ican Space History and Policy 795 Deutsches Museum (ed.): Wissenschaftliches Jahrbuch 1990 795 Frank Durham; Robert Purrington (eds.): Some Truer Method: Reflections on the Her-

itage of Newton 795 N. Katherine Hayles (ed.): Chaos and Order: Complex Dynamics in Literature and

Science 795 R. W. Home; Sally Gregory Kohlstedt (eds.): International Science and National Sci-

entific Identity: Australia between Britain and America 796 Marcel C. LaFollette; Jeffrey K. Stine (eds.) Technology and Choice: Readings from

Technology and Culture 796 Sabetai Unguru (ed.): Physics, Cosmology and Astronomy, 1300-1700: Tension and

Accommodation 796

NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS 797

STATUTES 803

INDEX 808

Cover: DeWitt Clinton High School, Manhattan. Courtesy of the New York City Board of Education Archives, Teachers College, Columbia University.



HENRY AND IDA SCHUMAN PRIZE

This competition for the year's best original essay written by a graduate student in the history of science and its cultural influences was es- tablished in 1955 by Ida and Henry Schuman of New York City. The annual award is $500 ($250 as a prize and $250 to cover travel to the annual meeting to receive the award). The competition is open to graduate students in any university or institute of technology. The essays submitted should be in English, must not exceed 8,000 words in length (exclu- sive of footnotes), and should be thoroughly documented. It is hoped that the prize-winning essay will merit publication in Isis.

It was the wish of the donors that "history of science and its cultural influences" be interpreted very broadly. The essays may deal with the ideas and accomplishments of scientists in the past, trace the evolution of particular scientific concepts, or study the historical influences of one branch of science upon another. The phrase "cultural influences" is taken to include studies of the social and historical conditions that have influ- enced the growth of science as well as the effects of scientific development upon society in the realms of philosophy, religion, social thought, economic progress, art, and literature. Essays dealing with medical sub- jects are not eligible unless they deal with the relations between medicine and the natural sciences.

The deadline for submission is 1 June of each year. Essays may be submitted to the Chairman of the Schuman Prize Committee through the Isis Editorial Office. It is requested that three copies of each essay be sent and that the names and institutions of the contributors be placed on a separate title page so that they may be removed before being read by members of the committee. The announcement of the prize-winning essay is made at the annual meeting of the History of Science Society, normally in December.



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