World Affairs Institute Front Matter Source: The Advocate of Peace (1894-1920), Vol. 82, No. 1 (JANUARY, 1920) Published by: World Affairs Institute Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20668439 . Accessed: 16/05/2014 00:36 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. . World Affairs Institute and Heldref Publications are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Advocate of Peace (1894-1920). http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 195.78.109.42 on Fri, 16 May 2014 00:36:55 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
Transcript
World Affairs Institute
Front MatterSource: The Advocate of Peace (1894-1920), Vol. 82, No. 1 (JANUARY, 1920)Published by: World Affairs InstituteStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20668439 .
Accessed: 16/05/2014 00:36
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at .http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
.JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range ofcontent in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new formsof scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected].
.
World Affairs Institute and Heldref Publications are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extendaccess to The Advocate of Peace (1894-1920).
http://www.jstor.org
This content downloaded from 195.78.109.42 on Fri, 16 May 2014 00:36:55 AMAll use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
Wrede, R. A., 313-314 The Aaland Islands' dispute and the league,
261-262 After "The day," Haydon Talbot, 363 Africa and the peace of Europe. E. D. Morel,
288 An agrarian-junker flare-up fails?"The red
terror" appears, 100-101 Altruism and a constructive foreign policv,
Thomas E. Green, 202-204 Amalgamated metal workers of America, 225 American chamber of commerce of Manila.
323 American council of education, 226 An American idea of a league of nations,
James L. Tryon, 122-124 American Peace Society, 78
Annual meeting (92d) of the board of directors, 193-194
Annual report of the president (92d), 188- 189
Annual report of the secretary (92d). 189- 192
Annual report of the treasurer (92d), 192-193
New Hampshire, 86 Ninety-second annual meeting, 111, 183 President elected, May 29, 1920, 220
American Peace Society of Japan, 247 American Red Cross, see Red Cross The American Red Cross in the great war,
Henry P. Davison, 327 American school citizenship league, 390 American university union, 226 Americanization, Carol Aronovici, 328 America's aims and aspirations, Patrick
Gallagher, 362 The America's gift to France association,
155 Anglo-Japanese alliance, 394 d'Annunzio, Gabriele, 209, 326 The appeal of Irak-Mesopotamia, 324 Arabia, 324 Armenia, 140, 211-215 Armenia, the powers and the United States,
387-388 The army and navy hymnal, 399 Aronovici, Carol, Americanization, 328 Asia, 34 Association for the advancement of negroes,
187 The Association of the league of nations of
Japan, 249 At a dollar a year, Robert L. Raymond, 107 Austin, O. P., Growth in national debts of
Baker, Newton D? 80 "Barbarous" soviet Russia, Isaac McBride.
252 Barrett, John, 175 Baruch, . M., The making of the reparation
and economic sections of the treaty, 398 Bassett, John S., Our war with Germany, A
history, 142 Before and now, Austin Harrison, 178 Before the war, Viscount R. B. Haldane, 142 Bekker, L. J. de, The plot against Mexico, 36 Billman, Obed C., International excuses and
remedies for high prices, 62-64 Birmingham, George A., An Irishman looks
at his world, 252 Bolivia, 249 Bolshevik "boring-in" in Asia, 34 Boy scouts, 119 British authority in Egypt, 33 The British Empire, the league1 of nations
and the United States, 229-231 British imperial press congress, 261 British tear administration, John A. Fairlie,
72 British war graves commission, 154 Bryan, William J., 28-30, 171, 243 Buckham, John W., Progressive religious
thought in America, 35-36 Buehler, Ezra C, "The nailed hands" versus
"The mailed fist," 311-312 Bulgaria, 286 Bullitt, William- C, The Bullitt mission to
Russia, 363 The Bullitt mission to Russia, William C.
Bullitt, 363 Bureaucracy and disrespect for law, Charles
E. Hughes, 226-229 Burke, John, Finance and a constructive
foreign policy, 201-202
Burton, Theodore E., 154 Modern political tendencies, 178
Butler, Geoffrey, .4. handbook to the league of nations, 143
C
Call, Arthur D. : Correspondence, 156-161, 239 The war has not destroyed :
IV. Our zeal for self-culture, 18-22 V. The social importance of indi
vidual behavior, 54-60 VI. Our demand for veracity, 93-98 VII. The human struggle for a moral
ideal, 127-132 VIII. The aspirations of democracv
within the State, 165-169 IX. The social purpose, 234-238 X. The will to end war, 267-278
Canada, 70, 105 The canons of force, Henry W. Pinkhnm,
231-234 Carnegie, Andrew, 280
Autobiography of, 361 Carnovale, Luigi, Only by the abolition of
neutrality can war be quickly and forever prevented, 328
Carson, Edward, 104 Certain financial facts, 342-344 Chaplin, A. B., That's some puzzle !, 25 Chase, Mary N., 6, 85, 141 Chesterton, Gilbert K., 83 Chileans of today, William B. Parker, 399 Chili, 359 China, 70, 174, 337, 358 Churchill, Winston, 154 -The city of Friends," 280 Clark, Francis E., 177 Clvmer, Ernest F.. Political summary of the
United State*, ma-1920, 328 The coercion of States, 156-161 The college and neic America, Jav W. Hud
son, 363 A comparison of the responsibility of gov
ernors to the governed under Russian sovietism and American democracy, C. II. Levermore, 240-241
Congress and the peace treaty, 135-136 The congress of the league of Red Cross so
cieties, 102 The constitution and what it means today,
Edward S. Corwin, 328 A constructive foreign policy :
Altruism, Thomas E. Green, 202-204 China, Paul S. Reinsch, 199-200 Finance, John Burke, 201-202 The Hague conference, Jackson H. Rals
ton, 200-201 The home, Mrs. Philip N. Moore, 195
196 Industry, George Soule, 196-197 The press, Frederick W. Wile, 197-199
Corwin, Edward S., The constitution and what it means today, 328
The costs of making and keeping peace, 389 Court of international justice, 44 Cox, James, 245 Crowrder, E. H., The spirit of sele tire serv
ice, 143 Crozier, William, Ordnance and the world
tear, 288 Cunliffe, J. AV., 226 Czecho-Slovakia, 138
D
Davis, Malcolm II., Open gates to Russia, 72 Davison, Henry P., The American Red Cross
in the great war, 327 Dawson, Richard, Red terror and green, 251 The degeneration of bolshevism, S. A. Korff,
161-163 The degradation of the democratic dogma,
Henry Adams, 107 De Martial, Georges, Patriotism and respon
sibility for the tear, 328 The democratic partv and the treaty, 243-246 Denmark, 138, 249 De itschlands finanzielle Verpflichtungen aus
dem F ri ed ens-vert rag e, Cari Melchoir, 107 Diplomacy and the study of international
relations, D. P. Heatley, 286 Dombrowski, Eric, German leaders of yester
day and today, 327 Dubois, W. E. B., 187 Dugit, Leon, Laic in the modern state, 142 Dunning, H. W., The unpopular American,
204-205 Dunsany, Edward J. M., Unhappy far-off
things, 36 E
Early effects of the tear upon the finance, commerce, and industry of Peru, L. S. Rowe, 328
The eastern question and its solution, Morris Jastrow, Jr., 178
Editorial : An alliance to enforce peace, a war al
liance, 75 The attitude of foreign labor toward
war, 296 American foreign policy, 147 Anti-semitism, 373 Are the dynasties dead?, 42 As to hating Germans, 6 As to Russia, 257 The assurances of our victory, 291 Can the Congress declare peace?, 113 Canada emerges, 370 China's dawning better day, 151 Competition knows no conscience, 220 A compulsory labor army, 150 Compulsory military training defeated,
117 Compulsory universal military training,
81 The constructive course, 331 Deflation and its privations, 370 The democratic party and the peace of
the world, 221 The elements of our foreign policy are
permanent, 331 Embarrassing the league of nations, 297 English poets and the war, 79 Financing the league of nations, 115 First by legislation, 78 France, 116 Freedom to communicate, 369 Friendship between England and
America, 259 The futility of a fiat constitution, 39 The high cost of armament, 186 A history of internationalism, 334 A history of the peace conference of
Paris, 258 Hopeful words from Japan, 80 "Humanizing" an army, 80 Increasing the speed, 117 The inevitable repudiation, 335 The inevitability of war, 185 Our international chamber of commerce,
260 The international chamber of commerce,
223 The international communication's com
mission, 373 The international financial conference,
295 An international police, 221 The international seamen's conference,
223 Internationalizing food production, 337 Is there a way out?, 40 Is there light in Russia, 224 It is written, 153 Latin-America and arbitration, 115 Let the war hysteria cease, 148 Let us make sure now, 79 Liberalism on the way in Japan, 222 The matter of disarmament, 371 Mexico, 151 Militarism, 5 Newness in the peace movement, 295 The next president of the United States,
183 Ninety-two years of age, 183 Notice, 331 Oil that is grit, 187 The old-line peace workers, 10 Our constructive foreign policy, 111 Our international policy on the way, 255 Our ninety-second annual meeting, 11] The passing of bullets and monism, 296 The passing bf universal military train
ing, 42 The peace movement a practical thing, 9 The people against war, 150 The permanent court for international
justice, 336 Practical international organization, 186 The President's mistake, 77 The real Russia, 81 The republican party and the peace of
the world, 184 The sacred thing in it, 367 Self-determination having a hard time,
369 Shall the Prussian succeed?, 3 Size and principal, 260 Small axes fell great trees, 43 The spirit that is France, 294 The supreme court of the world, 219 Syria's claims, 116 Take not the opportunity from France.
82 The task for the league of nations, 149 Universities as peace makers, 336 The way it actually works, 112 We, too, should like to know, 294
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What the league has done to the inter national court, 368
William Jay, 44 The world peace movement, 8 The world's most significant document,
292 English should become the universal lan
guage, Knut Sandstedt, 93 English-speaking brotherhood and the league
of nations, Charles Walston, 1T8 Escouflaire, R. C, Ireland an enemy of the
alites, 251 European relief council, 393 Europe's salvation, Alfred H. Fried, 378-379
F
Fairlie, John A., British tear administration, 72
"Farbige Franzosen am Rhein," 376 Federal council of the churches of Christ,
175-176 The missionary outlook in the light of
the tear, 216 The federation of French associations for
the league of nations, 249 The fellowship of reconciliation, 226 The light for freedom, Douglas Goldring, 251 Finance and a constructive foreign policy,
John Burke, 201-202 Finland, 313, 375 First reflections on the campaign of 1918, R.
M. Johnston, 177 Fiume, 326 Flack, H. E. ed., see Marburg, Theodore Foreign debt, $9,450,551,005, 314 Foster, William Z., The great steel strike
and its lessons, 328 France, 132-135, 361 France and ourselves, Herbert A. Gibbon, 143 France struggles up and out, 243 The Franco-Italian pact of 1902, 34-35 Frank, Waldo, Our America, 107 Friends, American society of, 85, 173, 210 Friends' conference, 299 Friends' service committee, 85 French Senegalese troops, 376 Fried, Alfred H., Europe's solution, 378-379 The future Russian constitution as seen by
Russian liberals, S. A. Korff, 16-18, 51-52
G
Gallagher, Patrick, America's aims and as pirations, 362
Geddes, Sir Auckland, 175 Gerard, James Watson, 225 German congress of pacifists, 360 German leaders of yesterday and today, Eric
Dombrowski, 327 German missions, 358 Germany, 34, 100-101, 102-103, 132-135, 285 Germany and the league, Harry Keszler,
344-346 Germany, France, and the league of nations,
132-135 Germany's "intellectuals," 247, 394 Gibbon, Herbert A., France and ourselves, 143 Goldring, Douglas, The fight for freedom, 251 Gorgas, William Crawford, 247 The g?spel of good-will, Oswald F. Schuette,
163-164 A governed world, 2, 38, 74, 110, 146, 182,
218, 254, 290, 330, 366 Great Britain, 66 The great steel strike and its lessons, Wil
liam Z. Foster, 328 Greece, 187, 324, 359, 395 Green, Thomas E., Altruism and a construc
tive foreign policy, 202-204 Greenbie,. Sydney, Japan, real and imagin
ary, 363 Grey, Edward, 66 Growth in national debts of the world, O. P.
Austin, 262-266 Guatemala, 139
Hadley, Arthur T., The moral basis of democracy, 36
The Hague conference and a constructive foreign policy, Jackson H. Ralston, 200-201
Haiti, the United States, and justice, 354 356
Haldane, Richard B., Before the war, 142 Hal?vy, Daniel, President Wilson, 72 Hall, G. Stanley, Morale, 327 A handbook to the league of nations, Geoff
rey Butler, 143 Harding, Warren G., 281-283, 299, 308, 318,
347-353, 385, 396 Harris, H. Wilson, The peace in making, 216 Harrison, Austin, Before and now, 178 Heatley, D. P., Diplomacy und the study of
international relations, 286 Heung-Wo-Cynn,Hugh,T7ie rebirth of Korea,
252 Hicks, F. C, The new icorld order?interna
tional organization, international law, in ternational co-operation, 397
History of the idea of a league of nations in Germany, Veit Valentin, 179
Hoover, Herbert, 85 The home and a constructive foreign policy,
Mrs. Philip N. Moore, 195-196 Howe, M. A. De Wolfe, Memorials of the
Harvard dead, Vol. 1., 288 Hudson, Jay W., The college and new
America, 363 Hughes, Charles E. *:
Bureaucracy and disrespect for law, 226-229
Liberty under law, 89-91 Hungary, 208 The hyphen, Lida C. Schern, 398
I
Immigration, 392 Immortal youth, Luc?an Price, 216 India, 377 Industry and a constructive foreign policy,
George Soule, 196-197 Institute of international education. 226, 394,
395 Inter-allied housing and town planning con
gress, 209 Inter-allied supreme war council, 154 I ter-American high commission, 68 International causes and remedies for high
prices, Obed C. Billman, 62-64 International chamber of Commerce, 247,
260, 278-280, 325 International conference on intercommuni
cation, 326 International congress of war veterans, 173 International de la Paix, Bureau, 119 International finance, 140-141 International institute of agriculture, 384 International missionary meeting, 341 International moral educational conference,
The national foreign policy, 281-283 National union of ex-service men, 300 New ideals in the planning of cities, towns,
and villages, John Nolen, 35 The new world order . . . , P. C. Hicks, 397 Nicolai, G. F., 86, 118 Nobel peace prize, 339, 390 Nolen, John, New ideals in the planning of
cities, towns, and villages, 35 Nordentoft, Severin, Practical pacifism and
its adversaries, 72 Nordisk predskalender, 1919-20, Knut Sand
stedt, 215 Northern peace union of Stockholm, 384
O
Ogilvie, Paul M., International waterways, 107
Only by the abolition of neutrality can war be quickly and forever prevented, Luigi Carnovale, 328
Open gates to Russia, Malcolm W. Davis, 72 Ordnance and the world war, William
Crozier, 288 Our America, Waldo Frank, 107 Our banquet, 194-195 Our great war and the great war of the
ancient Greeks, Gilbert Murray, 252 Our tvar with Germany?a history, John S.
Bassett, 142
The pact of London, 154 Pan-American financial congress, Second,
32-33, 46, 68 Pan-American Union, 15
an-Americanism, Joseph L. Lockey, 251 Paris peace treaty, 28-30, 30-31, 34, 98-100,
105, 135-136, 169-172, 243-246, 361 Parker, William B., Chileans of today, 398 Parliament and revolution, J. Ramsay Mac
donald, 143 Patrick, G. T. W., The psychology of social
reconstruction, 363 Patriotism and popular education, Henry A.
Jones, 287 Patriotism and responsibility for the war,
Georges De Martial, 328 The peace in making, H. Wilson Harris, 216 Peace treaty, see Paris peace treaty Permanent court of arbitration, 84 The permanent court of international
justice, 301-302 The Philippines, 396 Pilgrims' day, 312 Pillsbury, W. B., The psychology of nation
ality and internationalism, 179 Pinkham, Henry W., The canons of force,
231-234 Plans for the American army, 317 The plot against Mexico, L. J. de Bekker, 36 Plunkett, Sir Horace, 104 Poland, 176, 208-209, 286, 318-320 Poland and Jewish pograms, 284-285 The political future of India, Lajpat Rai, 36 Political summary of the United States, 1789
1920, Ernest F. Clymer, 328 The policeman and the public, Arthur Woods,
178 Porto Rico, 396 Practical pacifism and its adversaries,
Severin Nordentoft, 72 The President, the Congress, and the treatv,
169-172 The President, the senate, the people, and
the treaty, 28-30 President Wilson, Daniel Hal?vy, 72 The press and a constructive foreign policy,
Frederick W. Wile, 197-199 Price, Lucien, Immortal youth: a memoir of
Fred A. Demmler, 216 The prime minister, Harold Spender, 287 Progressive religious thought in America,
John W. Buckham, 35-36 The proposed permanent court of interna
tional justice, 302-307 Protestantism, 69 The psychology of nationality and inter
nationalism, W. B. Pillsbury, 179 The psychology of social reconstruction, G.
T. W. Patrick, 363
Racial factors in democracy, Phillip A. Means, 35
Rai, Lajpat, The political future of India, 36
Ralston, Jackson H. : The Hague conference and a construc
tive foreign policy, 200-201 What I think is the matter?and what
I would do about it, 53-54 Raymond, E. T., A life of Arthur James Bal
four, 399 Raymond, Robert L., At a dollar a year, 107
The rebirth of Korea, Hugh Heung-Wo-Cynn, 252
The Red Cross and peace-time activities, 176 177
Red Cross magazine, 323 Red Cross societies :
Congress of the league, 102 League of, 176
Red terror and green, Richard Dawson, 251 Reinsch, Paul S., A constructive foreign
policy : China, 199-200 Repatriating half a million prisoners, 310 The republican party and the league, 210-211 The rising tide of color ... , Lothrop Stod
dard, 215, 357 Rosa, E. B., War, taxation, and the humani
ties, 382-383 Rolland, Romain, Lilulu, 251 Roman Catholic church, 102 Roosevelt, Theodore, 118 Root, Elihu, 307 Rowe, L. S., Early effects of the war upon
Russia and the powers, 68-69, 246 Russia's policy questioned, 323-324 Russia's soviet propaganda and policy, 320
322
S
San Salvador, 45, 103 Sanctus spiritus and co., Edward A. Steiner,
36 Sandstedt, Knut :
English should become the universal language, 93
Nordisk predskalender, 1919-20, 215 Sanger, Mrs. Margaret, 374 "Satan the waster," 225 "Satanism," 225 Scapa Flow, 261 Schern, Lida C, The hyphen, 398 Schuette, Oswald F., The gospel of good-will,
163-164 Scott, Arthur P., An introduction to the
peace treaties, 251 Scott, James Brown :
Judicial settlement of controversies be tween States of the American union, 299-300
"War and peace," by William Jay, 49-51 The second internationale, 285 Second Pan-American financial conference.
George P. Morris, 32-33 Siberia, 68, 138 Smith, Herbert A., The supreme court and
the league of nations, 87-88 Smuts, Jan Christiaan, 286 Snow, Alpheus Henry, 298
A league of nations according to the American idea, 12-15
"Society of Friends," unit of the American Red Cross, 210
Soldiers and sailors of France in the Ameri can war for independence, Joachim Mer lant, 216
Some questions about enduring peace, Theodore Stanfield, 91-93
Soule, George, Industry and a constructive foreign policy, 196-197
Soender, Harold, The prime minister, 287 The spirit of selective service, E. H. Crow
der, 143 Stanfield, Theodore :
The league of nations, 315-317 Some questions about enduring peace,
91-93 Stearns, Harold, Liberalism in America . . . ,
142-143 Steiner, Edward A., Sanctus spiritus and co.,
36 Steps in the development of American de
mocracy, Andrew C. McLaughlin, 288 Stoddard, Lothrop, The rising tide of color
against white supremacy, 215 The story of the American legion, George S.
Wheat, 179 A straight deal or the ancient grudge, Owen
Wister, 216 Strong, William E., The mission world
viewed from Switzerland, 341-342 The studv of international law in Germany,
Hans Wehberg, 206-208 The supreme court and the league of nations,
Herbert A. Smith, 87-88 Van Suttner, Bertha, 338 Switzerland, 84 Switzerland, Holland, and the league of na
tions, B. De Jong Van Beek en Donk, 22-25
Taft papers on fhe league of nations, ed. by Theodore Marburg and . E. Flack, 398
Talbot, Haydon, After "The day," 363 Tardieu, M. Andr?, 119 That's some puzzle!, A. B. Chaplin, 25 Thompson, Huston, Unfair competition in
international trade and commerce, 60-62 Thoughts of a psychiatrist on the tear and
after, William A. White, 71 Touch and go, D. H. Lawrence, 252 The treaty of peace signed, 25-27 The trial of the former Kaiser, 30-31 The truth about China and Japan, B. L.
Putnam Weale, 71-72 Try on, James L., An American idea of a
league of nations, 122-127 Turkey, 208, 286
U
Unfair competition in international trade and commerce, Huston Thompson, 60-62
Unhappy far-off things, Edward J, M. Dun sany, 36
United States : Treasury, Annual report of treasurer,
342 War department, 317
United States again rejects treaty, 98-100 The United States and Armenia, 211-215 The United States and relief of Europe, 239 The United States and the league, 384-386 The United States and the Mesopotamian
mandate, 390-392 The United States in the world tear, Vol. II,
John B. McMaster, 327 The United States military forces, 389 The United States, Poland and Russia, 318
320 The unpopular American, H. W. Dunning,
204-206
V
Valentin, Veit, History of the idea of a league of nations in Germany, 179
Van Beek en Donk, B, De Jong, Switzerland, Holland, and the league of nations, 22-25
Venezuela, 103 Vermittlung und gute Dienste in Vergangen
heit und Zufunst, von Edgar de Melville, 363
W
Walston, Charles, English speaking brother hood and the league of nations, 178
"War and peace," by William Jav, James B. Scott, 49-51
The war has not destroyed, A. D. Call : IV. Our zeal for self-culture, 18-22 V. The social importance of individual
behavior, 54-60 VI. Our demand for veracity, 93-98 VII. The human struggle for a moral
ideal, 127-132 VIII. The aspirations of democracy
within the State, 165-169 IX. The social purpose, 234-238 X. The will to end w*u% 267-278
War, taxation, and the humanities, E. B. Rosa, 382-383
A GOVERNED WORLD The American Peace Society urges upon the American Government, and upon all civilized nations, the
following principles as the hopeful bases of a governed world. It may be said that these principles and
proposals have the approval of the highest authorities on international law, the Supreme Court of the United States, and practically every accredited peace society and constructive peaceworker in America.
I. THE EIGHTS AND DUTIES OF NATIONS.
Whereas the municipal law of civilized nations recognizes and protects the right to life, the right to liberty, the right to the pursuit of happiness, as added by the Declaration of
Independence of the United States of America, the right to
legal equality, the right to property, and the right to the enjoyment of the aforesaid rights ; and
Whereas these fundamental rights, thus universally recog nized, create a duty on the part of the peoples of all nations to observe them; and
Whereas, according to the political philosophy of the Dec laration of Independence of the United States and the uni versal practice of the American Republics, nations or gov ernments are regarded as created by the people, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, and are
instituted among men to promote their safety and happiness and to secure to the people the enjoyment of their funda mental rights; and
Whereas the nation is a moral or juristic person, the creature of law and subordinated to law, as is the natural
person in political society; and Whereas we deem that these fundamental rights can be
stated in terms of international law and applied to the rela tions of the members of the society of nations, one with an
other, just as they have been applied in the relations of the citizens or subjects of the States forming the society of na
tions; and Whereas these fundamental rights of national jurispru
dence, namely, the right to life, the right to liberty, the right to the pursuit of happiness, the right to equality before the
law, the right to property, and the right to the observance
thereof, are, when stated in terms of international law, the
right of the nation to exist and to protect and to conserve its
existence ; the right of independence and the freedom to de
velop itself without interference or control from other na
tions ; the right of equality in law and before law ; the right to territory within defined boundaries and to exclusive juris diction therein, and the right to the observance of these fun damental rights; and
Whereas the rights and the duties of nations are, by virtue of membership in the society thereof, to be exercised and per formed in accordance with the exigencies of their mutual
interdependence expressed in the preamble to the Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes of the First and Second Hague Peace Conferences, recognizing the
solidarity which unites the members of the society of civil ized nations, it should therefore be universally maintained
by the nations and peoples of the world, that : I. Every nation has the right to exist and to protect and
to conserve its existence, but this right neither implies the
right nor justifies the act of the State to protect itself or to conserve its existence by the commission of unlawful acts
against innocent and unoffending States. II. Every nation has the right to independence in the
sense that it has a right to the pursuit of happiness and is free to develop itself without interference or control from other States, provided that in so doing it does not interfere with or violate the rights of other States.
III. Every nation is in law and before law the equal of
every other nation belonging to the society of nations, and all nations have the right to claim and, according to the Declara tion of Independence of the United States, "to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to
which the laws of nature and of nature's god entitle them." IV. Every nation has the right to territory within defined
boundaries and to exercise exclusive jurisdiction over its
territory and all persons, whether native or foreign, found therein.
V. Every nation entitled to a right by the law of nations is entitled to have that right respected and protected by all other nations, for right and duty are correlative, and the right of one is the duty of all to observe.
VI. International law is at one and the same time both national and international; national in the sense that it is the law of the land and applicable as such to the decision of all questions involving its principles ; international in the sense that it is the law of the society of nations and appli cable as such to all questions between and among the mem bers of the society of nations involving its principles.
II. AN INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM FOR PEACE THROUGH JUSTICE.
1. The call of a Third Hague Conference, to which every country belonging to the society of nations shall be invited and in whose proceedings every such country shall partici pate.
2. A stated meeting of the Hague Peace Conference, which, thus meeting at regular, stated periods, will become a recom
mending if not a law-making body. 3. An agreement of the States forming the society of
nations concerning the call and procedure of the Conference, by which that institution shall become not only interna tionalized, but in which no nation shall take as of right a
preponderating part. 4. The appointment of a committee, to meet at regular
intervals between the conferences, charged with the duty of procuring the ratification of the conventions and declara tions and of calling attention to the conventions and declara tions in order to insure their observance.
5. An understanding upon certain fundamental principles of international law, as set forth in the declaration of the rights and duties of nations adopted by the American Insti tute of International Law on January 6, 1916, which are themselves based upon decisions of English courts and of the Supreme Court of the United States.
6. The creation of an international council of conciliation to consider, to discuss, and to report upon such questions of a non-justiciable character as may be submitted to such council by an agreement of the powers for this purpose.
7. The employment of good offices, mediation, and friendly composition for the settlement of disputes of a non-justici able nature.
8. The principle of arbitration in the settlement of dis putes of a non-justiciable nature; also of disputes of a
justiciable nature which should be decided by a court of justice, but which have, through delay or mismanagement, assumed such political importance that the nations prefer to submit them to arbiters of their own choice rather than to
judges of a permanent judicial tribunal. 9. The negotiation of a convention creating a judicial
union of the nations along the lines of the Universal Postal Union of 1906, to which all civilized nations and self-govern ing dominions are parties, pledging the good faith of the contracting parties to submit their justiciable disputes? that is to say, their differences involving law or equity?to a permanent court of this union, whose decisions will bind not only the litigating nations, but also all parties to its creation.
10. The creation of an enlightened public opinion in behalf of peaceable settlement in general, and in particular in be half of the foregoing nine propositions, in order that, if agreed to, they may be put into practice and become effect ive, in response to the appeal to that greatest of sanctions,, "a decent respect to the opinion of mankind."
2
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