FUELS IN ACTION: GAS · Compressed natural gas ( CNG) Liquefied natural gas (LNG) Sources: Fossil...

FUELS IN ACTION:

GAS

© 2018 TRL Ltd

Gas vehicles – overview Tim Barlow

March 2018

the future of transport. © 2018 TRL Ltd

Natural Gas (NG) Methane (CH4)

Compressed natural gas (CNG) Liquefied natural gas (LNG)

Sources: Fossil fuel wells Renewable sources

Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG)

Petroleum gas – mainly: propane (C3H8) butane (C4H10) propene (C3H6)

Sources Derived from fossil fuel sources (Renewable sources)

Gas for transport


Fuel specifications

CNG LNG LPG Diesel

State Gas Liquid Liquid Liquid

Pressure High pressure (200-250 bar) Low pressure Low pressure Ambient

pressure

Temperature Ambient temperature -120 to -170 °C Ambient

temperature Ambient

temperature

Specific energy (MJ/kg)

53.6 53.6 46.4 48

Energy density

(MJ/litre)

9 (at 250 bar) 0.036

(ambient) 22.2 26 35.8


Methane (CNG & LNG) sources Natural gas (fossil fuel) Shale gas (fracking) Town gas (coal) Biogas

Landfill Biomass Synthetic

CNG supplies Connection to grid (with

compressor) Tanker Liquefied to compressed natural gas

LNG supplies Delivery by tanker

Fuel Sources & Delivery


LPG sources Petroleum (fossil fuel) BioLPG – waste products

Organic plant material Vegetables oils Animal fats

LPG supplies

Delivery by tanker

Fuel Sources & Delivery


CNG LNG

Low energy density (need large tanks)

Higher energy density

High pressure (need strong tanks)

Low pressure, insulated tank (though some gas might boil off)

Ambient temperature Very cold temperature (spill risks!)

Available from national grid, with suitable compressor

Have to be delivered by tanker

CNG v LNG


“Public” CNG/LNG refuelling facilities in the UK

Source: http://www.gasvehiclehub.org/refuelling-facility Accessed: 14/03/2018

(by appointment/special arrangement)

http://www.gasvehiclehub.org/refuelling-facility






Diesel engine Compression ignition (no spark) High compression ratios Heavy engine blocks

Latest emissions control (Euro 6/VI) EGR DOC DPF SCR (with AdBlue) AOC

Fuel Diesel Vegetable oil

Engine cycles

Otto (petrol) engine (or Atkinson)

Positive ignition (spark) Lower compression ratios Light engine blocks

Latest emissions control (Euro 6) 3-way catalytic converter Closed loop control (lambda sensor)

Fuel Petrol CNG LNG LPG Etc. Rudolf Diesel Nikolaus Otto


Dedicated gas engine Positive ignition (spark) Single fuel

Advantages Engine optimised to run on that

fuel (more efficient) More fuel savings Simple emissions control system

Disadvantages Needs a new engine (retrofit

possible but difficult) Uncertain future residual values

(lower resale value?)

Engine options

Dual fuel engine Compression ignition (no spark) Diesel used to create ignition

Advantages Existing diesel engine can be

retrofitted Can run on just diesel if needed Could be reverted to standard

when selling

Disadvantages Not as efficient as a dedicated

engine Some problems with methane

slip on early conversions


Dedicated CNG/LNG engines Cummins Westport ISX12 G natural gas engine Displacement: 11.9 litre Up to 400 hp and 1450 lb-ft of torque

Scania 9-litre gas engine 270 and 305 hp


Gas Vehicles


Gas Vehicles


Gas Vehicles


Cenex study – emissions savings compared to a Euro VI diesel

-20%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

TTW CO2 WTW CO2 NO2

Savi

ngs

Dedicated gas

Dedicated biomethane

Source: Carroll T, LoCITY Options Report, Cenex, 12 Sept 2017


Cenex study – whole life costs

Type Saving

CNG truck £80,000

LNG truck £40,000

DF LPG truck

£8,000

Large goods vehicle – 36t 4x2 artic Annual mileage 110,000 Costs include: • O-licence • Congestion charge • Road taxes • Fuel • Maintenance • Depreciation

Diesel truck: £600,000 over 7 years

Source: Carroll T, LoCITY Options Report, Cenex, 12 Sept 2017


Thank you

The World’s first LPG Range Extended EV Cylinder Truck Adrian Heath, Transport Specialist

What matters to a Fleet Engineer

3/22/2018 │ Presentation title

• Reliability • Cost in pence per mile • Payload capability • Ability to do the days work • Maintenance requirements • Ease of use • Refuelling/recharging network • Vehicle life 10yr + (second user market) • Upfront cost payback

The world’s first range extended electric LPG cylinder truck

• Military grade Li-Ion batteries • 2 litre LPG steady state engine • Plug-in charging • 40 mile EV-only range with GPS ring-fencing • 250 mile RE range • Regenerative braking • Cleaner • Quieter • Lower carbon

World’s first LPG range-extended electric 16te cylinder truck

Emissions profile – on WTW basis

•Standard Calor truck 48te CO2 per annum •LPG RE EV Truck 8.6te CO2 per annum (82% saving) •BioLPG offers up to 80% further CO2 savings (94%

overall reduction) •NOx estimates to be 94% saving over Euro VI •PM virtually eliminated •Zero emissions in geo-fenced areas – Clean Air Zones

or LPG facilities.

Costs and Grant Funding

• OLEV have a grant fund for N2/N3 trucks • Up to £20,000 for first 200 • Developing 3 test cycles with LowCVP to replicate

true real world functionality (urban, inter-urban and long haul)

Costs and Grant Funding

• Based on 70,000km per annum payback 4 to 5 years without grant

• Vehicles kept for seven years • RE vehicle cost between 2-2.5 diesel vehicle cost and

reducing • OEMs monitoring the development

Next Steps

• Calor self funded this trial • Vehicle build scheduled April 2018 • IVA approval and final body build early May 2018 • UK shakedown trials start mid May 2018 • Initial trial running from Coryton, Essex into London

and South East • Additional trials West London and from Immingham • Vehicle made available to the LEFT team + plan to

share real time experience with fleet industry

3/22/2018

UK Rigid Truck Types

3 axle Concrete mixer

18-26te 3 axle 8 x 4 tipper 28-32te 2 axle <18te

Curtainsider

3/22/2018

LPG Range Extended

• Cleaner • Quieter • Lower carbon • 100% bio option

Alternative Transport Fuels: LPG & LNG Adrian Heath, Transport Specialist

What are the gaseous fuel alternatives?

• BioLPG: Dual fuel retrofit conversion/range-extended electric

• Natural Gas: Dedicated Vehicle offering via OEM’s

• Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)

• Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)

Options for fleets

LPG – Solutions and Infrastructure

LNG – Solutions and infrastructure

LNG – Solutions and infrastructure

• Solutions deployed can be operated on back to base and via a public network

• Investing £5M in refuelling infrastructure for next

generation vehicles

LNG for HGVs

LCNG Grid or System – Solutions and infrastructure

Calor’s own journey

Calor’s own journey (Cont/..)

Thank you Any questions?

Biomethane and Commercial Vehicles

Justin Laney General Manager - Fleet

Transport Carbon Performance

42

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

90,000

100,000

Trunking Fridge Home deliverytruck

Home deliveryvan

Other Total

CO2 Tonnes

CO2 Tonnes

43

Compressed Biomethane

Gas

Grid

Compressors Dispenser

Biogas supply from Anaerobic Digester

Biogas Clean-up/upgrading

plant

Supply from gas grid

250 bar

Renewable Transport Fuel Certificates (RTFCs) Issued

RTFCs Claimed

44

Dedicated Gas - Challenges

• Availability of trucks

• Availability of fuelling stations

• Fuel duty uncertainty – now fixed to 2024

• Biomethane reporting – now recognised

• Range – now 500 miles achievable

45

Outcomes

• 83% reduction in WTW CO2

• 35% reduction in fuel cost (payback at 360,000 km)

• 50% (approx.) reduction in noise

• Good driver reaction

53 dedicated gas trucks

46

Clean refrigeration

Typical trailer fridge units engines need to be:

• More efficient

• Cleaner (currently cEuro I (1992), Euro II (1996) from 2019

• Quieter

47

Alternatives

Dearman

48

Alternator Drive Cryogenic

• Gas engine, clean fridge

• Low noise

• Enhanced safety

49

Create Standard offering

enhanced access

Urban Operations

Urban Truck

Urban 4.25 tonne vehicle

• Alternative fuelled, ie electric or CNG

• Same regulations as 3.5 tonne diesel

• 50% greater payload potential drives business case

50

Best Case – 7 years

51

Tonn

es C

O2

70% reduction

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

90,000

100,000

Trunking Fridge Home deliverytruck

Home deliveryvan

Other Total

Reduction

Remaining

No growth

Requires 21,000 tonnes, or 275 GWhrs of biomethane

James Westcott CCO Gasrec

NATURAL GAS FOR TRANSPORT www.gasrec.co.uk

Experienced management

team

Gasrec

Refuelling infrastructure

Maintenance and operation

Commodity management

Distribution

Largest supplier of

gas to transport in

UK

8 Operational facilities

500,000+ vehicle fills

Experienced management

team

50,000 + operational

hours at EU’s largest facility

The only UK supplier of both LNG and CNG

Natural Gas for Transport 3/22/2018

Exist

ing

stat

ions

& C

usto

mer

s

Scunthorpe

Swindon

Enfield

Tamworth

Bristol

Bridgwater Various

DIRFT (M1) Various

Alperton

NATURAL GAS FOR TRANSPORT

Diesel

Today Tomorrow

LNG

CNG

Electric Final Mile

Long Distance

Medium Distance

Distribution

Local Delivery

Weight

Likely Transport Scenario

NATURAL GAS FOR TRANSPORT 3/22/2018

Major manufacturers set to extend range of gas vehicles in 2018

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

Scania 340hp

LNG/CNG

Volvo 450hp Methane/Diesel

Iveco 400hp

LNG/CNG

Volvo 420hp

LNG

Scania 410hp

LNG/CNG

Iveco 460hp

LNG/CNG

Volvo 460hp

LNG

Various dual fuel

convertors

Natural gas truck launch dates

3/22/2018


58 NATURAL GAS FOR TRANSPORT 3/22/2018

Infrastructure Options

Today refuelling around 210 vehicles per day from 35 per day in April 2013

3/22/2018

Large Open Access Facility (Example - Daventry International Rail Freight Terminal)


Permanent Gas Facility Tailored ‘back to base’ NGV refuelling facility (Example Tesco)

• Capacity for up to 100 vehicles

• Both LNG and CNG available

• 9-12 months deployment time

• Open Access Refuelling

3/22/2018 NATURAL GAS FOR TRANSPORT

Permanent CNG Facility (Pipeline – example Alperton)

• Capacity for 10-50 vehicles

• CNG Only

• Reliant on Grid capabilities

• 4-6 months deployment time


Skid LNG Station ‘Back to base’ NGV refuelling facility (example Bridgwater)

• Capacity for up to 30 vehicles

• LNG

• 2-3 month deployment time


NATURAL GAS FOR TRANSPORT 3/22/2018

3/22/2018


James Westcott

CCO

[email protected]

07530827699

mailto:[email protected]

Will Llewellyn, LoCity 20th March 2018

CNG/Biomethane-fuelled light commercial vehicles Experiences of an operator. Will Llewellyn Director, Red Kite Management Ltd.


• Fleet of gas powered light commercial vehicles ≤3500kg • Specialist gas vehicle rental service provider • Sale of new / used gas vehicles • Gas vehicle operators since 2011

• Integrated gas fleet solutions: Bringing fuelling solutions and

vehicles together to provide complete service provision for end user.

• Developing gas vehicle trials for end user

• Advising OEM’s to increase supply of gas vehicles in UK market

• Lobbying government to include CNG / CBM in low emissions strategy: DfT, TfL

• Objective: Increase number of gas vehicles on UK roads

Red Kite Management Ltd – What we do


Introduction

• Biomethane and CNG: Emissions advantages and increased cost savings

• Range vs electric vehicles WELL TO WHEEL • Operational aspects of running gas vehicles: Filling stations and user

feedback • Regulatory position / weight derogation to 4,250kg • The emerging market, residual value and opportunities • UK Market penetration: Fleets, trickledown to second hand market,

incentives for gas as a vehicle fuel

Biomethane is a carbon negative transport fuel: A harmonious relationship exists between waste and low carbon transport


Methane: A clean fuel


OEM dedicated gas vehicles ≤ 7,500kg GVW


Small CNG OEM vehicles – VW Caddy





Larger CNG vehicles: Sprinter NGT 3.5 - 5 tonne GVW


Model range

Van with Standard Roof

3.5t/5t*

Van with High Roof 3.5t/5t*

Van with Super-high Roof 3.5t/5t*

Traveliner with Standard Roof

3.5t

Traveliner with High Roof 3.5t

Chassis Cab and Dropside

3.5t/5t

Medium

Long


Engine details

• Mercedes-Benz M271 Petrol/NGT engine • Specifically designed and constructed engine version for

operation on natural gas • 4-Cylinder 1796cc with supercharger and charge-air cooling • Power output 156hp/115kW @ 5000 rpm • Torque output 240Nm @ 3000-4000 rpm • Type of fuel: Unleaded petrol min RON 95 (Premium) or

compressed natural gas (CNG) RON 130 • Fuel injection system: individual petrol and gas injectors per

cylinder


Fuel tank layout - Van Standard petrol and gas tank layout for van models

Gas tanks x 3

Total capacity

115 litre/18 kg

Petrol tank 100 litre


Fuel tank layout - Van

View from beneath vehicle with tank covers installed


Additional fuel tanks - Van

Optional equipment KQ3 additional gas tanks at rear. Provides total extra gas capacity of 84 litres/13 kg. Note that the spare wheel and carrier normally fitted in this position is displaced by the tanks. In this situation the spare wheel is replaced by Tirefit ex-factory.

Shown with tank covers installed


Fuel tank layout – Chassis Cab and Dropside

Standard gas tanks x 3 total capacity 210 litre/33 kg. Installed below chassis frame level. If required the outer 84 litre/13 kg gas tanks can be deleted individually to gain space (note deletion is only possible in conjunction with optional rear tanks KQ3).

Optional equipment KQ3 additional gas tanks at rear. Provides total extra gas capacity of 84 litres/13 kg. Note that the spare wheel and carrier normally fitted in this position is displaced by the tanks. In this situation the spare wheel is replaced by Tirefit ex-factory.


Fuel capacity summary

Volume capacity and number of gas tanks installed as standard equipment Total gas capacity in litres/kg for

standard vehicle

Total gas capacity in

litres/kg including optional

additional tanks at rear

Standard equipment Optional

equipment

25 litre 42 litre 48 litre 84 litre 28 litre

3.5t Van and Traveliner

1 1 1 3 115 litres

18 kg

199 litres

33 kg

3.5t Chassis Cab and Dropside

1 2 3 210 litres

33 kg

294 litres

46 kg

Note: All standard EU6 variants have a 100 litre petrol tank as standard equipment. Optional EEV compliant variants have a 15 litre petrol tank.


Fuel consumption and CO2 comparison - Sprinter Fuel tank

capacity

litre

Fuel tank

capacity kg

Urban Extra-urban Combined Vehicle range (Combined) CO2

litres/ 100k

m

kg/ 100k

m

mpg

litres/ 100k

m

kg/ 100k

m

mpg

litres/ 100k

m

kg/ 100k

m

mpg km miles g/km

Van and

Traveliner

Sprinter 316NGT Gas 115 18 20.2 13.2

14.0 11.1 7.3

25.5 14.5 9.5

19.5 189 118 260

Sprinter 316NGT Petrol 100 18.0

15.7 11.0

25.7 13.6

20.8 735 457 325

Sprinter 311CDI Diesel 75 12.2

23.2 8.2

34.5 9.7

29.1 773 480 256

Chassis cab

Sprinter 316NGT Gas 210 33 20.2 13.2

14.0 11.1 7.3

25.5 14.5 9.5

19.5 347 216 260

Sprinter 316NGT Petrol 100 18.0

15.7 11.0

25.7 13.6

20.8 735 457 325

Sprinter 311CDI Diesel 75 12.2

23.2 8.2

34.5 9.7

29.1 773 480 256

Optional

extra fuel

capacity

Sprinter 316NGT Gas 84 13 137 85

Sprinter 316NGT Petrol 0 0 0

Sprinter 311CDI Diesel 25 258 160

Fuel consumption comparison between petrol/diesel and gas is difficult as measurement units differ - l/100km figures quoted in tables above for performance on gas are calculated values. Consumption figures for gas quoted in kg/100km are actual test values. For comparative purposes the cost per km/mile offers a practical alternative. Calculations based on fuel consumption test EUDC 80/1268/EEC.


Refuelling

– Gas filler point integrated into normal refuelling location.

– Gas filler nozzle type: NGV1 – Filling pressure 200 bar – Reduced to 6.5 bar at

injection system

Gas filling point Petrol filling point


Weights and payloads Medium SR Long HR

Model Version Unladen weight kg Payload kg Unladen weight kg Payload kg

316NGT 3.5t GVW

Van 2366 1164 2582 918

Chassis Cab 2135 1365 2166 1334

TL7 2542 958

TL9 2594 906

Please note that the weights are in accordance with DIN Standard 70020: Includes driver (68kg), luggage (7kg) and fuel tank (petrol/diesel) 90% full and gas tanks 100% full. Does not include passengers. Vehicles with EEV certification 15 litre fuel tank will weigh ca. 60 kg less. Weights are for vehicles in ex-factory condition and exclude any additional options fitted. There is a normal production tolerance of +/- 5% applicable to the weights quoted. For comparison the figures for a similar Sprinter CDI diesel model are shown below.

Medium SR Long HR

Model Version Unladen weight kg Payload kg Unladen weight kg Payload kg

311CDI 3.5t GVW

Van 2192 1308 2378 1122

1826 1674 1857 1643

TL7 2348 1152

TL9 2400 1100

Braked trailer weight for 3.5t variants: 2000kg


Filling station: Slow Fill


Filling Station – Fast Fill


Summary • Biomethane a clean, useful fuel ideal for back to base fleets • Red Kite Management currently saving appx 20% vs diesel,

potential to save up to 40% in fuel costs depending on scale of operation.

• Lower carbon footprint than petrol or diesel • Biomethane a clean fuel – Low NOx, no particulates • Range of OEM vehicles available: CNG technology has built a

“bridge” to biomethane as a vehicle fuel. • Solid second hand market • Expertise and resources to deliver vehicle trials


Thank you

[email protected]

Daniel Lambert Commercial Director Air Liquide Advanced Business and Technologies UK

This document and the information contained herein is L'Air Liquide S.A. or one of its affiliates' property. The document is confidential business information and may furthermore contain confidential technical information. It is provided to certain employees of the Air Liquide group for their internal use exclusively in the course of their employment. Any reproduction or disclosure of all or part of this document to third parties is prohibited without the express written consent of an authorized representative within the Air Liquide group. If you have received this document by mistake, please immediately notify the sender and destroy the original message.

Air Liquide Presentation for LoCITY event 20/03/2018 l Air Liquide advanced Business & Technologies UK

91 2018 aB&T The world leader in gases, technologies and services for Industry and Health

Why gas for heavy goods vehicles?

• UK transport emissions are increasing, yet there is a lack of progress in reducing HGV emissions

• Dedicated gas is the only viable cleaner fuel OEM technology currently available for >26 tonne vehicles

• Opportunity to substitute LNG and CNG with biogas, increasing WTW CO2e savings to 70%, in comparison with diesel

• Dedicated gas represents best available technology for CO2e savings, until electrification/H2 becomes available

Source: Annex to the Low Emission HGV Task Force recommendations on the use of natural gas and biomethane in HGVs, Department for Transport (2014)


400

10,000

20

100 80,000t

1000t

Market situation in 2018

Market situation in 2025

Number of gas trucks

UK refuelling stations

Biomethane to mobility

• UK is a relatively mature market • Operators have solid experience of gas trucks, now ready to deploy Euro VI models • Initial deployment of ‘containerised’ stations now moving towards larger ‘fixed’ stations

UK Market Perspectives


Transition from dual-fuel trial to mono-fuel permanent fleet: • Dual-fuel gas truck numbers in decline since 2015, due to phasing out of trucks after 5 yrs, and lack

of viable Euro VI solution • UK market predominantly three-axel (6x2) and 400+bhp, but no viable mono-fuel right-hand drive

solutions available until 2017 • Policy support unclear

Market conditions starting to align, (similar to France c. 2016); promising signs for growth from 2018: • OEMs bringing 6x2, 400+bhp mono-fuel gas trucks to UK market from 2018 onwards • Major hauliers and supermarkets trialling gas trucks, and making plans for deployment at scale • Policy support crystallising (fuel duty differential frozen until 2024, Renewable Transport Fuel

Obligation to support biomethane as transportation fuel, urban clean air zones, etc.)

LNG trucks ≈ 70% CNG trucks ≈ 30%

Market background for gas trucks in the UK

UK new articulated truck registrations in H1 2017

Three-axel (6x2): 8219 Two-axel (4x2): 721

(source: SMMT)


Potential Benefits and Risks for Vehicle Operators

Benefits as outlined by vehicle operators • Air quality and noise improvements • Carbon emissions reductions • Commercial savings • Policy support (ULEZ, RTFO, etc.) • Collaborative performance evaluation across multiple vehicle types • New and/or retained business through demonstrable innovation • All vehicles Euro VI homologated and will not suffer from methane slip Risks to be addressed • Residual value of the vehicles • Lack of real world performance data (especially efficiency) • Gas vs diesel price over lifetime of the vehicles • Gas fuelling infrastructure coverage in the UK • Increased R&M and contingency costs


UK government funding support for gas trucks

80 gas trucks

5 Blueeze units (first trial in UK)

4 truck OEMs 6 vehicle operator partners

Including five leading logistics companies, and a major supermarket chain

£2.57 million of funding

Air Liquide has been awarded funding by the Office for Low Emission Vehicles & Innovate UK, to lead a trial of innovative gas trucks


- Underserved zone stretches from Manchester and Leeds down to Birmingham and Leicester

Current UK truck refuelling station deployment

- There is a clear need for more refuelling infrastructure in London and the south-east

Coloured markers show locations of main HGV depots of gas truck operators

Open-access / 3rd party access fuelling stations

CNG station

LNG station

Air Liquide station


Fuelling station deployment

Containerised station Multi-fuel station

Flexible smaller-scale solution, to build market ▪ Break-even: 10 trucks ▪ Capacity: 25 trucks

• Larger multi-energy refuelling facilities • Simultaneous refuelling of (bio)CNG, (bio)LNG,

liquid nitrogen for refrigerators • Strong synergies between different fuels ▪ Break-even: 25 trucks ▪ Capacity: 100+ trucks

97

This document and the information contained herein is L'Air Liquide S.A. or one of its affiliates' property. The document is confidential business information and may furthermore contain confidential technical information. It is provided to certain employees of the Air Liquide group for their internal use exclusively in the course of their employment. Any reproduction or disclosure of all or part of this document to third parties is prohibited without the express written consent of an authorized representative within the Air Liquide group. If you have received this document by mistake, please immediately notify the sender and destroy the original message.

End of presentation Thank you for your attention!

FUELS IN ACTION:

GAS

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