Full Proposal 3a

8/13/2019 Full Proposal 3a

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INDONESIA-NETHERLANDS WATER CHALLENGE




INTRODUCTION

Indonesia and the Netherlands have established an intensive and longstanding relationship when it comes

to water through a new Memorandum of Understanding signed in June 2012. It is in this context that the

Indonesia-Netherlands Water Challenge aims to strengthen the cooperation between Indonesia and the

Netherlands by engaging young Indonesian talent, promoting the exchange of knowledge and supporting

joint innovation. The theme of this first edition is Coasts and Ports Indonesia: People, Planet & Profit . This

first edition of the Indonesia-Netherlands Water Challenge aims to explore opportunities for such

integrated solutions, focusing on Jakarta Bay. The Hasanuddin University Team has appointed to focus on

the theme of BUILDING WITH WATER which is preservation of nature is a key concern for any coast and

port development. Therefore, hereinafter the Team will elabotares the coastal aspect on The Jakarta Bay

through the topic of THE IMPORTANCE OF MANGROVE RESTORATION SURROUNDING JAKARTA BAY. Thispaper will discuss the erosion problem in relation with the degradation of mangrove surrounding the

Jakarta Bay.

PROBLEM

Through a search on google maps and other data obtained from internet, the webs, it was known

that one of the main problems on Jakarta Bay coastline are coastal erosions, which is causing losses of

lands, fish ponds, instability of shoreline and other impact. This is most likely caused by the loss of

mangroves as a natural shore protection. The facts show that almost the entire length of the beach on theeast and west side erode. There are 12 observed points, 8 points on the east side (E1 to E8) and 4 points on

the west side (W1 to W4) respectively (see Figure 1), were selected to observe the shoreline change under

recent years.




3 E3 (6o2’17.41’’ S and

107o0’39.62’’E)

394

(2001-2010)

- - Very thin

mangroves

4 E4 (5o56’48.53’’ S and

107

o

0’37.8’’E)

- 100

(2001-2012)

Protected by

mangroves

No problem

West Side

Bay

1 W1 (6o2’19.2’’ S and

106o42’36.9’’E)

142

(2004-2013)

- No protections - Erosion

- Loss of

fishponds2 W2 (6o2’7.23’’ S and

106o42’15.69’’E)

106

(2004-2013)

- - No artificial

protections

- Very thin

mangroves

Table 1 shown that severe erosion have been occurring at location E1, E2 and E3 in the East Side.

These situations indicated by erosion average about 22 m/year, 35.3 m/year and 43 m/year respectively.

Same conditions have occurred at West Side represented by location W1 and W2 in which shoreline at W1

eroded about 15 m/year, while in W2 eroded about 11 m/year average. The important fact was shown on

location E4 where shoreline growth (accretion) about 100 m in 11 years or average 9.1 m/year. This

growth is expected to occur because of the availability of fairly thick mangroves as a natural protection. All

of these conditions can be seen in the photo of google in the Annex 1a-1f.

Jakarta Bay coastline lies in one coastal cell, stretching from Tanjung Pasir regency of Tangerang

(Banten Province) in the west, to the Tanjung Karawang (West Java Province) in the east. Coastal cell is afrontage within which the long and cross-shore transport of beach material takes place independently of

that in adjacent cells (Reeve D. et al., 2004). Total length of Jakarta Bay coastline is approximately 72 km

covering three administrative regions, namely DKI Jakarta, Banten and West Java Province (see Figure 1).

About 12.20 km long beach in the western is part of The Tangerang regency of Banten province, and

approximately 36.85 km in the east is part of Bekasi area of West Java.

This research study will discuss about The Importance of Mangrove Restoration Surrounding

Jakarta Bay. In order to deepen the discussion material, necessary restrictions on the scope of the study.

Therefore this paper will be discussed limited for East Side especially for the location of E1 E2 and E3 only




How big the impact of coastal erosion problems around Jakarta Bay can be measured by calculating extents

erode fishpond lands per unit time, the enormous loss of opportunity to earn revenue because the loss of

revenue from fish farming, and the loss of opportunity to increases production of fish farming due to the

loss of mangroves as a spawning ground marine biota . Based on google maps, we analysed how big landlost area due to erosion. Analysis of how big land area lost for each location can be seen in Annex 2a-2c.

The results is shown in table below.

Table 2. Land lost due to erosion

Locations Period (year)Length of Coastline

(km)

Loss of Lands

(m2) ha

E1 4 2.00 88,035 8.80

E2 9 1.27 270,337 27.03

E3 9 2.85 647,969 64.80

Sum 6.12 1,006,341 100.63

Loss Of Revenue Fisherman

The loss of fisherman income can be calculated from the estimated production of shrimp or fish

per year and multiplying it by the selling price and then minus costs to be incurred. According to S. Dewi

(2006), milkfish production in fishponds if it is not intensive farming can produce about 300-1000

kg/ha/season, and the results can be increased by 500% if carried out intensively. Milkfish harvest period is6 months or 2 times a year. Milkfish prices range from Rp 23,000/kg and barramundi around Rp. 50,000/kg.

Milkfish about 0.5 kg per one fish, and barramundi about 1 kg or more per one fish.

Shrimp farming based on Khoirun Nisa (2006) through two stages, the stage of nursery for 2

months, and 4 months for enlargement stage for size range between 30-35 shrimp/kg. While the shrimp

seed dispersal about 7-10 shrimp/m2 or 70000-100000 shrimp/ha. If calculated with death factor of shrimp

which is about 50%, then shrimp production at the end of the enlargement is about 35000-50000

shrimp/ha or about 1000 to 1400 kg/ha. Price shrimp according to L. Nuel (2013) revolves around

R 50 000 t R 60 000/k P i f h i d i J k t i 2013 b t R 50/ h i






There are two approaches to the coastal protection that can be applied to solve the problems of

shoreline erosion in Jakarta Bay, those are hard approach and soft approach.

Hard Approach

The hard approach is an approach that uses civil construction to resolve erosion/coastal abration, wave

energy damping and/or reduce the rate of sediment transport. Erosion and abrasion are generally resolve

by reducing the energy waves that hit the beach with a breakwater and/or strengthen the coastal cliffs

with seawall/revetment/dikes. Meanwhile, to resolve the transport of sediment along the coast then used

groins and jetties which are building stick out to the sea. Many types of building and the type of material

that can be used to resolve the problems in Jakarta Bay, but must be adapted to existing environmental

conditions such as environmental impact, cost, soil bearing capacity and other wider benefits.

Soft Approach

Soft approach is an approach that uses protection in general is naturally formed or restored condition by

human endeavor such as coastal vegetation (mangrove) and sand dunes or beach nourishment. On the

muddy shore generally grow vegetation such as mangrove especially for country located in the tropics and

sub-tropics. Indonesia is one of sub-tropical country that has a most coastal forest in the world. On a sandy

beach, there are generally sand dunes protection which is formed by natural processes. Beach

nourishment is one of human endeavor to re-sand beaches filler that has been eroded.

Selection Of The Best Methods

Selection of the best method is cerried in two stages, that is the stage of screening of the main criteria and

assessment phase of the additional criteria. The method selected must meet three main criteria mentioned

above. The chosen method is further analyzed the economic feasibility (B/C) to determine the best

method. The method has a value of B/C will be set to be the highest for the selected method is proposed to

resolve the problems in Jakarta Bay. Table 5 below presents a screening method that allows the

completion of the main criteria used by.

T bl 5 Filt i F P ibl S l ti With Th M i C it i




based on the assumption that constructs a large pile of stones above the mud layer thickness must use

mats and poles from bamboo or special timber. Thus obtained value of B/C = 1.065 which means

economically viable with very minimal value.

For alternative seawall from composite concrete and masonry will give the benefit of IDR5,080,320,000/tahun from salvage value and the re-establishment of land assets and shrimp farming

production, while to build a seawall structure it takes cost about IDR 10,000,000/m for a length of about

6.110 m so that the total cost is USD 61,200,000,000 for 10 years or 6,120,000,000/year, including survey

and design costs. The unit price is based on the assumption that weight constructs above the mud layer

thickness must use mats and poles from bamboo or special timber. Thus obtained value of B/C = 0.83,

which means not economically viable.

Soft Approach ( Green Belt Magrove)Annual benefit will be gained by replanting mangroves including procurement of temporary

protective structures to mangrove roots to be strong (2 years), can be calculated in the salvage value of the

land asset that is potentially eroded, shrimp farming production which is potentially lost due to erosion,

the value of the growing land asset which is ever lost by assuming growth of 9 –year, and potentila of

shrimp farming production per-year after rebuilt . Another benefit that can be taken into account is the

increased production of catching fish/shrimp/crab and aquatic biodiversity value . While the annual cost to

be incurred for the planting mangroves and the protection is the cost of the survey and measurement ,

design cost and construction including temporary silencers waves.

Age protection of mangroves to coastal is unlimited because it grows and develops by nature, and

as long as maintenance steps still maintained it will be unlimited age, but as an illustration we used age of

protection 20 years. Thus, the value of the benefits obtained ranged from IDR 7,607,760,000/year from

salvage value and the re-establishment of land assets and the value of shrimp farming production including

environmental services, while mangrove planting will cost around IDR 25,000,000/ha to about 52 ha wide

area, and requires waves silencer 650 units at a price of 1,000,000/unit . It also needs to be included

i t t b l t ith IDR 100 000/ /d Th th t t l t i b t




From the results of the feasibility analysis, it can be concluded that the method of protecting with

mangrove restoration into a green belt be the best solution. It is also consistent with the carrying capacity

of the coastal environment in which the type of beach is muddy.

OPTIMIZE THE SOLUTION

Design Optimization (Planting Of Mangrove)

Mangrove especially species of rhizopora, such as those growing in the study area, have been

intestigated by Thaha (2003) in relation of the technical capability of mangrove to protect coastline from

erosion. The result was presented in the form of empirical formulation where the wave transmission

coefficient (C t ) in a dimensionless variable such written below:

310

θ Cos2 L

Bi

H

nζ -expCsm

i H

t H

t C

with Ht is transmitted wave height, Hi is incoming wave height, ζ is relative root density of rhizophora, B is

shrub thickness, L = wave length, angle of incidence wave, C s = shoaling coefficient and m&n = constants

of 0.875 & 0.494 respectively. Figure 4 show the relationship between ζ and average root number (nos),

trees density (T d ) and relative water depth (d/z) where d is water depth and z is the height of aerial root of

rhizophora.

0,01

0,015

0,02

0,025

0,03

0,035

0,04

0,045

0,05

R e l . R o o t d e n s i t y ( z )

Td=1d/z=0,5

Td=0,25d/z=0,5

Td 0 25

Td=1d/z=1

Re

l a t i v e R o o t D e n s i t y ( )




From the simulations above, we obtained that the effective thickness of mangroves (green belt mangroves)

for protection is required 100 m. Picture below is given a sketch drawing of green belt mangrove

protection.

Figure 3. Sketch drawing of green belt mangroves protection

Fish Spawning Grounds

Coastal protection by mangroves beside can prevent coastal from erosion, it is also have many other

advantages. Mangroves are essential to fish production. They are extraordinary rich habitats that serve as

life support systems to about 75 percent of fish species caught in the area as well as to indeterminate

numbers of crustaceans and wildlife. Mangrove loss directly translates to losses in fish catch and food

l O i t t thi th i f tili th di t b th l f litt f




Opportunities For Alternative Jobs/Income Of Village Inhabitants (Tourism Industry)

Alternatives income for local inhabitants coming from something to do and something to buy.

Alternatives Income

dd ll d d l l h b k l d f h l f

plants are hard to find in areas that have cold climates. Various types of typical fauna found in mangrove forests is

also an attraction for tourists. Faunas which is often found in mangrove forests are birds, crabs, shrimp, and some

types of fish, mangrove forests in some areas were also found monkeys. This makes the mangrove forests into one

attractive destination for tourists, especially foreign tourist.Something To Do

Photograph Mangrove Education Walking Around (jogging) Looking Around With Boat

There are many activities to do in the tourist area of mangrove. The most important activities carried out in the

tourist area of mangrove is environmental education. Provides an understanding about the importance of

preserving the environment and fighting for the conservation of mangrove land is the primary key of the

ecotourism. Giving an understanding supported by mangrove planting activity with the expectation that the

mangrove land area will continue to grow. Some examples of cases in the tourist area in Bali showed that

mangrove areas mangrove tours made shooting area. Besides tourists can also cruise the mangrove tour. To builda integrity tourist areas, it is also possible to crossing to the thousand islands region with dock facility.

Something To Buy

Syrup Mangrove Mangrove Snacks Mangrove Souvenirs

In the mangrove tourist area, there are potential to developed syrup from mangrove fruits, so it can be used as a

source of income by residents around the location of the mangrove tourism development plan. Meanwhile, on the

other location mangrove tours are utilizing various snacks with fruit of mangrove trees. There is a potential tomake a mangrove souvenir too.




REFFERENCES

Bisma Center.com. 2011. Jual Bibit Udang Galah Di Jakarta. Accessed in 16 January 2014. Source:

http://bismacenter.ning.com/forum/topic/listForContributor?user=0qmg9ut1w2qjy&xg_source=activity&s

ort=discussionsStarted&page=2

BMKG. 2014. Prakiraan Tinggi Gelombang di Wilayah Indonesia. Accessed in 20 January 2014. Source:

http://www.bmkg.go.id/BMKG_Pusat/Meteorologi/Info_Maritim.bmkg

Fishyforum.com. 2009. Empang Bandeng dan Baramundi Baru Buka. Accessed in 16 January 2014. Source:

http://www.fishyforum.com/fishyfresh/fishypond/kolam-kiloan/24381-empang-bandeng-barramundi-

baru-buka-2.html

GPS Wisata Indonesia. 2014. Taman Wisata Alam Mangrove Angke Kapuk Jakarta. Accessed 18 January.Source: http://gpswisataindonesia.blogspot.com/2013/08/taman-wisata-alam-mangrove-angke-

kapuk.html

HARIAN PELITA “Kerusakan Mangrove Sangat Tinggi” Minggu, 30 September 2012, See more at:

http://harian-pelita.pelitaonline.com/cetak/2012/09/30/kerusakan-mangrove-sangat-tinggi#.UuR_6LSwrIU

Mangrove team 7.blogspot. 2013. Wisata Jelajah Mangrove-Dk. Tambaksari Ds. Bedono (Kecamatan

Sayung, Demak). Accessed 23 Desember 2013. Source: http://mangrove-team7.blogspot.com/?view=flipcard

Mitra Fresh Blogspot. 2013. Harga Udang Bisa Menanjak 20% Diawal 2013 . Accessed in 16 January 2014.

Source: http://udang-pancet.blogspot.com/2013/01/harga-udang-bisa-menanjak-20-diawal-2013.html

Mytravelingphotograph.blogspot. 2011. Mangrove Information Center Denpasar, Bali. Accessed 18 January

2014. Source: http://mytravelingphotograph.blogspot.com/2011_11_01_archive.html

Nisa Khoirun. 2006. Analisis Ekonomi Usaha Budidaya Udang Galah Pada Kelompok Tani “Mitra Gemah

http://bismacenter.ning.com/forum/topic/listForContributor?user=0qmg9ut1w2qjy&xg_source=activity&sort=discussionsStarted&page=2





http://www.fishyforum.com/fishyfresh/fishypond/kolam-kiloan/24381-empang-bandeng-barramundi-baru-buka-2.html



http://gpswisataindonesia.blogspot.com/2013/08/taman-wisata-alam-mangrove-angke-kapuk.html





http://mangrove-team7.blogspot.com/?view=flipcard



http://udang-pancet.blogspot.com/2013/01/harga-udang-bisa-menanjak-20-diawal-2013.html



http://mytravelingphotograph.blogspot.com/2011_11_01_archive.html


















ANNEXES




ANNEX 1 (PICTURE OF SHORE LINE CHANGE)

Annex 1a. Shoreline Change on West Side Bay-1 (W-1)

West side bay-1 (W-

1)

Year 2004 2013

Location 6o2’19.2’’ S and 106

o42’36.9’’E

Problems? Shoreline retreat about 142 m within 9 years or around 15 m/year by wave erosion

ErosionImpact?

Loss of fish ponds, sediment transport moved and deposited surrounding Jakarta Coastline

Victims? Fishermen community and farm entrepreneurs

Shore protection?

No more mangrove as a natural protection as well as no artificial protection

CoastalSediment

Dominantly mud coast, coastal alluvial sediment and volcanic lava (Van Bemmelen, 1949 inMartodjojo, 1984)

Annex 1b. Shoreline Change on West Side Bay-2 (W-2)

W t id




Annex 1c. Shoreline Change at East Side Bay-1 (E-1)

East side

coastline-1 (E-1)

Year 2006 2010


o59’13.35’’E


ErosionImpact?

Loss of Fishponds, sediment transport moved and deposited surrounding Jakarta Coastline


Shore

protection?


CoastalSediment


Annex 1d. Shoreline Change at East Side Bay-2 (E-2)

East side

tli 2




Annex 1e. Shoreline Change on East Side Bay-3 (E-3)

East side

coastline-3 (E-3)

Year 2001 2010


o0’39.62’’E


ErosionImpact?

Loss of fish ponds, sediment transport moved and deposited surrounding Jakarta Coastline


Shore

protection?


CoastalSediment


Annex 1f. Shoreline Change at East Side Bay-4 (E-4)

East side

tli



INDONESIA-NETHERLANDSWATER CHALLENGE


Coasts & Ports Indonesia: People, Planet & Profit

ANNEX 2 (MEASUREMENT OF SHORELINE CHANGE)

Annex 2a. Measurement Of Shoreline Change For Loacation E1






Annex 2b. Measurement Of Shoreline Change For Location E2






Annex 2c. Measurement Of Shoreline Change For Location E3






ANNEX 3 (ANALYSIS OF LAND LOSS AREA)

Annex 3a. Analysis Of Land Area For Location E1






Annex 3b. Analysis Of Land Area For Location E2






Annex 3c. Analysis Of Land Area For Location E3






ANNEX 4 (ANALYSIS CONTOUR AND CROSS SECTION OF LOCATION)

Annex 4a. Analysis Contour And Cross Section Of Location E1






Annex 4a. Analysis Contour And Cross Section Of Location E3




ANNEX 5 (WIND ROSE OF JAKARTA BAY)




ANNEX 5 (HARD APPROACH AND SOFT APPROACH)

Advantages DisadvantagesBreakwater - Can be effectively dissipate the

wave energy

- Can grow mainland coast

through the tombolo and salient

- Can be created as a protection

for fishing boats in behind

- Can be beach tourism

- Not environmentally

friendly

- Cost is high and getting

higher when mounted on

a muddy beach

Rip-RapRevetment

- Effectively protect the shoreline- Implementation easily

- The cost is relatively low

- Unable to restore erodedcoastlines.

Not environmentally

friendly

Seawall - Effectively protect the shoreline

- Can restore eroded shoreline - Not environmentally

friendly

- Cost of relatively high

- Keep maintenance

Groin - Can reduce sediment transport

coast

- Can grow coastline

- Not environmentally

friendly

- Only appropriate applied

with the waves at an

angle toward shore

- Cost of relatively high






ANNEX 6 (SKETCH DRAWING OF HARD APPROACH AND SOFT APPROACH)

Annex 6a. Sketch Drawing Of Rubble Mound Datached Breakwater For Location E1-E3






Annex 6b. Sketch Drawing Of Concrete Seawall For Location E1-E3






Annex 6c. Sketch Drawing Of Rubble Mound Groins For Location E1-E3





Coasts & Ports Indonesia: People Planet & Profit

Annex 6d. Sketch Drawing Of Green Belt Mangrove For Location E1-E3 (Choosen Method)

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