11 Nov 2005 HI@LHC J. Schukraft 1

Future of Heavy Ions@LHCFuture of Heavy Ions@LHCFuture of Heavy Ions@LHCFuture of Heavy Ions@LHC

SPS/RHIC SPS/RHIC programsprograms

Initial LHC Initial LHC ProgramProgram

2008 - ~ 2017

Long Term Long Term OptionsOptions

> 2017

11/11/2005 HI@LHC J. Schukraft2

HistorHistoryy

AGS (1986 - 1998) Beam: Elab < 15 GeV/N, s ~ 4 GeV/N Users: 400 Experiments: 4 big, several small

SPS (1986 - 2003) Light Ions(O, S) : 1986 – 1992 Heavy Ions (In, Pb): 1994 - 2003 Beam: Elab =40, 80, 160, 200 GeV/N, s < 20 GeV/N Users: 600 Experiments: 6-7 big, several small, 3 ‘generations’

RHIC I (2001 – 2012 ?) Beam: s < 200 GeV/N Users: 1000 Experiments: 2 big, 2 small

Quark Matter 2005, Budapest3

Brookhaven Science Associates

Delivered Luminosity (Physics Weeks)Summary of RHIC Runs 1-5Summary of RHIC Runs 1-5Summary of RHIC Runs 1-5Summary of RHIC Runs 1-5

Year Run Plan Sample Physics 2001 Au-Au at 130 GeV/A 20 b-1 (6 wks) First look at RHIC collisions

2001 – 2002

Au-Au at 200 GeV/A Comm./run pp at 200 GeV Au-Au at inj. E: 19 GeV/A

260 b-1 (16wks) 1.4 pb-1 (5 wks) 0.4 b-1 (1 day)

Global properties; particle spectra; first look at hard scattering. Comparison data and first spin run Global connection to SPS energy range

2003 d-Au at 200 GeV/A

pp at 200 GeV

74 nb-1 (10wks) 5 pb-1 (6 wks)

Comparison data for Au-Au analysis; low-x physics in cold nuclear matter Spin Development & Comparison data

2004 Au-Au at 200 GeV/A

Au-Au at 62 GeV/A pp at 200 GeV

3740 b-1(12wks) 67 b-1 (3wks) 100 pb-1 (7wks)

“Long Run” for high statistics, rare events Energy Scan Spin Development: Commission jet target First measurements with longitudinal spin pol.

2005 Cu-Cu at 200 GeV/A

Cu-Cu at 62 GeV/A Cu-Cu at 22 GeV/A pp at 200 GeV pp at 410 GeV

42 nb-1 8wks 1.5 nb-1 12 days 18 b-1 39 hrs 30 pb-1 10 wks 0.1 pb-1 1 day

Comparison studies: surface/volume & impact parameter effects; Energy Scan Spin Development: Lum., Polarization First long data run for spin

3 runs Au-Au3 runs Au-Au

1 run d-Au1 run d-Au

1 run Cu-Cu1 run Cu-Cu

Energies: 22, 62, 130, 200 GeVEnergies: 22, 62, 130, 200 GeV2006: pp (spin) physics2006: pp (spin) physics

Quark Matter 2005, Budapest4

Brookhaven Science Associates

RHIC – a Uniquely Flexible High Luminosity RHIC – a Uniquely Flexible High Luminosity ColliderCollider

RHIC – a Uniquely Flexible High Luminosity RHIC – a Uniquely Flexible High Luminosity ColliderCollider

(Nucleon-pair luminosity A1A2L allows comparison of different species)

Luminosity increased by 2 orders of magnitude in 4 years.

Luminosity increased by 2 orders of magnitude in 4 years.

RHIC nucleon-pair luminosity delivered to PHENIX

Quark Matter 2005, Budapest5

Brookhaven Science Associates

FY 2006FY 2006 FY 2007FY 2007 FY 2008FY 2008 FY 2009FY 2009 FY 2010FY 2010 FY 2011FY 2011 FY 2012FY 2012

TOF and VTX construction; Muon trigger+ “Small” upgrades: HBD, FMS, DAQ

STAR HFT & PHENIX FVTX

Next Generation Detector UpgradesSTAR Forward/Inner Tracker SystemPHENIX Inner Tracker and Nosecone CalOther approaches?

RHIC Accelerator & Detector R&D

LHC Heavy Ion Program

EBIS construction RHIC II: construction

operation

Strawman schedule: depends on funding (TBD)*

Near and mid term: 2006-Near and mid term: 2006-20122012

Near and mid term: 2006-Near and mid term: 2006-20122012

Machine improvements, modest Machine improvements, modest LL upgrade upgrade

Many detector upgradesMany detector upgrades

R&D for RHIC II (eRHIC)R&D for RHIC II (eRHIC)

Quark Matter 2005, Budapest6

Brookhaven Science Associates

UpgradesUpgrades High T QCD…. QGPHigh T QCD…. QGP SpinSpin Low-xLow-x

PHENIXPHENIXe+e- heavy jet quarkoniae+e- heavy jet quarkonia

flavor tomog.flavor tomog.W W ΔΔG/GG/G

Hadron blind detectorHadron blind detector

Vertex TrackerVertex Tracker

Muon TriggerMuon Trigger

Forward cal. (NCC)Forward cal. (NCC)

XX

X XX X O O O O

O O

O OO O

XX XX

OO

OO

XX

STARSTAR

Time of Flight (TOF)Time of Flight (TOF)

MicroVtx (HFT)MicroVtx (HFT)

Forward TrackerForward Tracker

Forward Cal (FMS)Forward Cal (FMS)

DAQ 1000DAQ 1000

OO X X O O

X XX X

OO

OO X XX X

X X OO

OO

O OO OXX

OO

RHIC LuminosityRHIC Luminosity O OO O X XX X O OO O OO

X upgrade critical for successO upgrade significantly enhances program

A. Drees

RHIC Upgrade: overviewRHIC Upgrade: overviewRHIC Upgrade: overviewRHIC Upgrade: overview

Quark Matter 2005, Budapest7

Brookhaven Science Associates

Long term: 2013-2020Long term: 2013-2020Long term: 2013-2020Long term: 2013-2020

►eRHICeRHIC Added e+A and polarized e+p capabilitiesAdded e+A and polarized e+p capabilities New detector, augmented user New detector, augmented user

communitycommunity A+A, p+A, polarized p+p still availableA+A, p+A, polarized p+p still available Construction possible 2012-2014Construction possible 2012-2014

►eRHICeRHIC Added e+A and polarized e+p capabilitiesAdded e+A and polarized e+p capabilities New detector, augmented user New detector, augmented user

communitycommunity A+A, p+A, polarized p+p still availableA+A, p+A, polarized p+p still available Construction possible 2012-2014Construction possible 2012-2014

RHIC II Luminosity ~ 10 x current LRHIC II Luminosity ~ 10 x current L

(40 x design L)(40 x design L)

11/11/2005 HI@LHC J. Schukraft8

ALICE Baseline ALICE Baseline programprogram

expect ~ 10 year ‘baseline’ program 2008 – 2017expect ~ 10 year ‘baseline’ program 2008 – 2017 pp: after few years diminishing return in terms of running time <-> statistics HI: 3 D phase space to cover: statistics – beam type – beam energy

first 5 years first 5 years initial Pb-Pb run in 2008 (1/20th design L, i.e. ~ 5 x 1025 ) 2 Pb-Pb runs (medium -> design Luminosity L ~ 1027), integrate ~ 1nb-1

1 p A run (measure cold nuclear matter effects, e.g. shadowing) 1 low mass ion run (energy density & volume dependence) continuous running with pp (comparison data, some genuine pp physics)

following ~ 5 yearsfollowing ~ 5 years program and priorities to be decided based on results

lower energies (energy dependence, thresholds, RHIC, pp at 5.5 TeV) additional AA & pA combinations increased statistics

expect modest detector modifications & upgrades discussion has started, R&D to follow after 2007, decisions ~ 2009

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ALICE on the medium termALICE on the medium term finish baseline detector by ~ 2010finish baseline detector by ~ 2010

PHOS and TRD have ‘late funding’, expected to be complete by 2009/2010

new jet calorimeter (very important for jet-quenching)new jet calorimeter (very important for jet-quenching) US project, approved by DOE (CD-1 level) and LHCC to be installed by 2010 (very aggressive schedule)

Other ideas for > 2010Other ideas for > 2010 PID for pt 5 – 20 GeV (based on RHIC results) 2nd generation vertex detector (smaller beampipe) -> improve heavy quark physics detectors for forward physics (low-x on pA and AA) improved DAQ & HLT (more sophisticated and selective triggers) increased rate capability of TPC (faster gas, increased R/O speed)

ALICE pp runningALICE pp running expect to collect the needed pp statistics early (order 5 years ?) exceptions:

setting-up period prior to HI running (order few weeks every year) some comparison data with new detectors

(several weeks spread over several years ??)

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Long Term ProspectsLong Term Prospects Impossible to predict before first LHC results …Impossible to predict before first LHC results …

Possible directionsPossible directions increased energy: Unlikely

need at least factor of 10; energy density ~ ln (√s) currently no physics justification ( sufficient, hard probes abundant at LHC) however, I may be wrong…

increased luminosity: Quite likely some signals at LHC severely statistics limited

(eg Y production, -jets correlations) factor 4-5 may be possible, but by no means trivial factor > 10 very challenging & expensive (eg electron cooling ?)

better detector as the physics requires….

change of direction electron-nucleus scattering (eRHIC, eLHC?), high nuclear density (FAIR), .. ???

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HI Luminosity increaseHI Luminosity increase LHC Pb design LumiLHC Pb design Lumi

design L = 1027 cm-2 s-1, <L> ~ 0.3 – 0.5 Lmax (depends also on # expts) ALICE assumption: integrated L/year(106s) ~ 0.5 nb-1

design L close to several LHC limitations => could be optimistic !!!

Examples for statistics limited SignalsExamples for statistics limited Signals Y suppressions:

order 7000 Y, 1000 Y’’ per standard year in ALICE NA60: order 105 or more J/Psi !!!

-jet correlations (‘golden channel’ to study jet quenching) order 1000 -jet events/year with pt > 30 GeV need order 104 for fragmentation functions at high z (most sensitive to quenching)

Detector modifications to benefit from increase LDetector modifications to benefit from increase L current limitation is TPC (pile-up, possibly space charge) TPC designed for up to dNch/dy = 8000, expectation is more like 2000 – 4000

significant rate increase possible (faster gas, accept pile-up for high pt physics) muon spectrometer needs no modifications

3 – 4 years running at 4-5 x design L would give the needed order of magnitude increase in statistics !!

6/2006 Los Alamos J. Schukraft12

Quarkonia -> Quarkonia ->

Statistics for 0.5 nb-1

-J/: excellent

- ’: marginal

- Y: ok (7000)

- Y’: low (2000)

- Y’’: very low (1000)

Normalization on open bB -> J/ + X

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Quarkonia SuppressionQuarkonia Suppression New results indicate that J/Psi may not be suppressed at RHIC (or SPS)

Y may not melt even at LHC ! J/Psi, Y’ and Y’’ are more important than anticipated => need for more Luminosity

> 104 Y’ (Y’’) would require > 5(10) years at 0.5nb-1/year at LHC

J/Psi statistics ~ 30 k for NA60 J/Psi statistics ~ few 1000 for PHENIX

11/11/2005 HI@LHC J. Schukraft14

SummarSummaryy

ALICE Baseline program 2008 to at least 2017ALICE Baseline program 2008 to at least 2017 emphasis will be on Pb-Pb at highest energy to collect ~ 1-2 nb-1 (>3 high L runs ?) we need at least 10 years to collect sufficient statistics and investigate a minimum of different AA and pA combinations, at least two different energies (incl pp at 5.5 TeV) we need to run about 5 full years with pp at 14 TeV we need few weeks/year pp running after that we expect to have some smaller detector upgrades > 2010

LHC Luminosity upgrade to order 5x10LHC Luminosity upgrade to order 5x102727 cm cm-2-2ss-1-1 factor 5 to 10 above ‘baseline’, depending on ‘current LHC’ limitations

could come as early as possible (eg together with ‘super LHC’) significant physics benefits for hard probes ALICE detector should be able to run with some ‘modest’ upgrades