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Major elementsMajor elements: : usually > 1 wt.%
control properties of magmas
major constituents of essential minerals
Minor elementsMinor elements: : usually 0.1 – 1 wt.%
substitutes for major elements in essential minerals or may form small amounts of accessory mins.
Trace elementsTrace elements: : usually < 0.1 wt.%
substitutes for major and minor elements in essential and accessory minerals
49.2 60.09 0.8188 50.622.03 95.9 0.0212 1.3116.1 101.96 0.1579 9.762.72 159.7 0.0170 1.057.77 71.85 0.1081 6.690.18 70.94 0.0025 0.166.44 40.31 0.1598 9.8810.5 56.08 0.1872 11.583.01 61.98 0.0486 3.000.14 94.2 0.0015 0.090.23 70.98 0.0032 0.200.7 18.02 0.0388 2.400.95 18.02 0.0527 3.2699.97 1.6174 100.00
WHOLE ROCK ANALYSIS OF A BASALT
Wt%Molecular
Wt.Wt%/Mol. Wt. Mole%
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
FeOMnOMgOCaONa2OK2OP2O5
H2O+
H2O-
Ba 5Co 32Cr 220Ni 87Pb 1.29Rb 1.14
Sr 190Th 0.15U 0.16V 280Zr 160La 5.1
Trace Elements (ppm)
structural water
1 wt.% = 10,000 ppm1 ppm = 0.0001 wt.%
adsorbed water
ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES
Energy Source AbsorptionDetectorSample
EmissionDetector
Output withabsorption trough
Output withemission peak
Absorbedradiation
Emittedradiation
Whole Rock Analyses - X-ray Fluorescence (XRF)
X-rays excite inner shell electrons producing secondary X-rays
- Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP)dissolved rock mixed with Ar gas is turned into plasma which excites atoms; generates X-rays
- Instrumental Neutron Activation (INAA)nuclei bombarded with neutrons turning atoms radioactive; measure emitted X-rays
- Mass Spectrometry(MS)atoms ionized and propelled through a curved electromagnet which seperates the ions by weight (good for isotope analysis)
Mineral Chemical Analyses - Electron Microprobe (EM)
incident electron beam generates X-rays which whose characteristic wavelengths are measured (WDS)
- Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS)incident electron beam generates X-rays which whose characteristic energies are measured; attached to UMD’s SEM
- X-ray Diffractometry(XRD)Incident X-rays are diffracted by characteristic mineral structure
CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF COMMON ROCK TYPES THAT APPROXIMATE MAGMA
COMPOSITIONS
Rock - Peridotite Basalt Andesite Rhyolite PhonoliteSiO2 42.26 49.20 57.94 72.82 56.19TiO2 0.63 1.84 0.87 0.28 0.62Al2O3 4.23 15.74 17.02 13.27 19.04Fe2O3 3.61 3.79 3.27 1.48 2.79
FeO 6.58 7.13 4.04 1.11 2.03MnO 0.41 0.20 0.14 0.06 0.17MgO 31.24 6.73 3.33 0.39 1.07CaO 5.05 9.47 6.79 1.14 2.72Na2O 0.49 2.91 3.48 3.55 7.79K2O 0.34 1.10 1.62 4.30 5.24H2O+ 3.91 0.95 0.83 1.10 1.57
Total 98.75 99.06 99.3 99.50 99.23
Magma - Ultramafic Mafic Intermed. Felsic Alkalic
CIPW NORMATIVE CALCULATIONS Mode is the volume % of minerals observed Norm is the weight % of minerals calculated
from whole rock geochemical analyses by distributing major elements among rock-forming minerals
1) 2)
3)
4) 5)
6)
7) 8) 9)
10)
11)
13)
12)
14) 15)
Numbers show the order that mineral are figured.See Winter (2001) Appendix for instructions.
GEOCHEMICAL PLOTS
Objective: to show the co-variation of elemental components that may give insight to magmatic processes such as- partial melting magma mixing country rock assimilation/contamination fractional crystallization
(or crystallization differentiation)
Types: bivariate (X-Y) triangular normalization plots (spider diagrams)
MOST PLOTS ARE APPROPRIATE FOR MOST PLOTS ARE APPROPRIATE FOR
LIQUID COMPOSITIONS ONLY!!!LIQUID COMPOSITIONS ONLY!!!
HARKER VARIATION DIAGRAMS
Winter (2001) Figure 8-2. Harker variation diagram for 310 analyzed volcanic rocks from Crater Lake (Mt. Mazama), Oregon Cascades. Data compiled by Rick Conrey (personal communication).
The “Daly” GapReal or an artifact of the variation of SiO2 concentration with differentiation
Variation of major and minor oxide abundances vs. SiO2 (thought to be and
indication of the evolved character of a magmatic system)
Primitive Evolved
LiquidLines of Descent
INTERPRETING TRENDS ON VARIATION DIAGRAMS
Rollinson (1993)
Figure 8.7. Stacked variation diagrams of hypothetical components X and Y (either weight or mol %). P = parent, D = daughter, S = solid extract, A, B, C = possible extracted solid phases. For explanation, see text. From Ragland (1989). Basic Analytical Petrology, Oxford Univ. Press. (From Winter
Extraction CalculationsAddition-Subtraction Diagram
INTERPRETING TRENDS ON VARIATION DIAGRAMS
Scattered Trends
-not all liquids
-not comagmatic
-polybaric fractionation
-sample heterogeneity
-varied data sources
MAGMA SERIESMAGMA SERIESRELATED TO TECTONIC PROVINCES
CharacteristicSeries Convergent Divergent Oceanic ContinentalAlkaline yes yes yesTholeiitic yes yes yes yesCalc-alkaline yes
Plate Margin Within Plate
35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 750
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Na2O+K2O
SiO2
Picro-basalt
BasaltBasalticandesite
AndesiteDacite
Rhyolite
Trachyte
TrachydaciteTrachy-andesite
Basaltictrachy-andesiteTrachy-
basalt
TephriteBasanite
Phono-Tephrite
Tephri-phonolite
Phonolite
Foidite
Na 2
O +
K2O
SiO2
Sub-alkaline
Winter (2001) Figure 8.11. Total alkalis vs. silica diagram for the alkaline and sub-alkaline rocks of Hawaii. After MacDonald (1968). GSA Memoir 116
SUBALKALINE DISCRIMINATION DIAGRAMS
40506070809010010
15
20
Al2O3
AN
Tholeiitic
Calc-Alkaline
AFM DiagramTholeiitic--Calc-Alkaline boundary after Irvine and Baragar (1971). Can. J. Earth Sci., 8, 523-548
Na2O + K2O
Fe2O3 + FeO
MgO
ALUMINA/ALKALI DISCRIMINATION DIAGRAMS
Winter (2001) Figure 18.2. Alumina saturation classes based on the molar proportions of Al2O3/(CaO+Na2O+K2O) (“A/CNK”) after Shand (1927).
Common non-quartzo-feldspathic minerals for each type are included. After Clarke (1992). Granitoid Rocks. Chapman Hall.
Winter (2001) Figure 8-10 b. Alumina saturation indices (Shand, 1927) with analyses of the peraluminous granitic rocks from the Achala Batholith, Argentina (Lira and Kirschbaum, 1990). In S. M. Kay and C. W. Rapela (eds.), Plutonism from Antarctica to Alaska. Geol. Soc. Amer. Special Paper, 241. pp. 67-76.
Figure 9.8 Examples of discrimination diagrams used to infer tectonic setting of ancient (meta)volcanics. (a) after Pearce and Cann (1973), (b) after Pearce (1982), Coish et al. (1986). Reprinted by permission of the American Journal of Science, (c) after Mullen (1983) Copyright © with permission from Elsevier Science, (d) and (e) after Vermeesch (2005) © AGU with permission.
TECTONIC PROVINCE DISCRIMINATION DIAGRAMS
TRACE ELEMENTS IN IGNEOUS PROCESSES
Transition Metals
Rare Earth Elements
Goldschmidt’s (1937) Rules of Element Affinity1.Two ions with the same valence and radius should exchange easily and enter a solid solution in amounts equal to their overall proportions (e.g. Rb~K, Ni~Mg, Mn~Fe)
2.If two ions have a similar radius and the same valence: the smaller ion is preferentially incorporated into the solid over the liquid (e.g., Mg > Fe in Olivine)
Ionic Field Strength (Charge/Radius)Alkalis
PreciousMetals
TRACE ELEMENT COMPATIBILITY
Compatibility – degree to which an element prefers to partition into the solid over the liquid phase .
Kd(i)1 – Mineral-Liquid Partition Coefficient for element i in mineral 1
Kd(i)1 = C(i)
mineral 1/ C(i)liquid (C(i) - concentration of element i in wt. %)
Kd(i)1
> 1 – Compatible, Kd(i)1
< 1 – Incompatible
D(i) – Bulk Rock Partition Coefficient for element i
D(i) = x1 Kd(i)1 + x2 Kd(i)
2 + x3 Kd(i)
3 + .... (x1 – proportion of mineral 1)
INCOMPATABILITY OF TRACE ELEMENTS
PARTITION COEFFICIENTS (CS/CL)
Table 9-1. Partition Coefficients (CS/CL) for Some Commonly Used Trace
Elements in Basaltic and Andesitic Rocks
Olivine Opx Cpx Garnet Plag Amph MagnetiteRb 0.010 0.022 0.031 0.042 0.071 0.29 Sr 0.014 0.040 0.060 0.012 1.830 0.46 Ba 0.010 0.013 0.026 0.023 0.23 0.42 Ni 14 5 7 0.955 0.01 6.8 29Cr 0.70 10 34 1.345 0.01 2.00 7.4La 0.007 0.03 0.056 0.001 0.148 0.544 2Ce 0.006 0.02 0.092 0.007 0.082 0.843 2Nd 0.006 0.03 0.230 0.026 0.055 1.340 2Sm 0.007 0.05 0.445 0.102 0.039 1.804 1Eu 0.007 0.05 0.474 0.243 0.1/1.5* 1.557 1Dy 0.013 0.15 0.582 1.940 0.023 2.024 1Er 0.026 0.23 0.583 4.700 0.020 1.740 1.5Yb 0.049 0.34 0.542 6.167 0.023 1.642 1.4Lu 0.045 0.42 0.506 6.950 0.019 1.563Data from Rollinson (1993). * Eu3+/Eu2+ Italics are estimated
Rar
e E
arth
Ele
men
ts
Compatible
BEHAVIOR OF TRACE ELEMENTS DURING PARTIAL (BATCH) MELTING
CL/Co = 1/[D(i)(1-F) + F]
F - Fraction of LiquidD(i)- Bulk Distribution Coefficient for Element i
As D(i) 0 (strongly IE)
CL/Co ≈ 1/F
Normal Range of Partial Melting in the Mantle
Winter (2001) Figure 9-4. Rare Earth concentrations (normalized to chondrite) for melts produced at various values of F via melting of a hypothetical garnet lherzolite using the batch melting model (equation 9-5).
Degree of Partial Melting (F)
From Rollinson (1993)
Com
patib
leC
ompa
tible
Inco
mpa
tible
Inco
mpa
tible
BEHAVIOR OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS DURING PARTIAL (BATCH) MELTING OF THE
MANTLE
BEHAVIOR OF TRACE ELEMENTS DURING FRACTIONAL
CRYSTALLIZATION
Rayleigh Distillation: CL/Co = F(D
(i)-1)
F - Fraction of Liquid RemainingD(i)- Bulk Distribution Coefficient for Element i
From Rollinson (1993)
BEHAVIOR OF TRACE ELEMENTS DURING FRACTIONAL CRYSTALLIZATION
From Rollinson (1993)
Com
patib
leC
ompa
tible
Inco
mpa
tible
Inco
mpa
tible
Bulk Rock Partition Coefficient of Ce,Yb, and Nifor Crystallization of:
1) Troctolite (70% Pl, 30% Ol)
D(Ce) = xPl Kd(Ce)Pl
+ xOl Kd(Ce)Ol
= .7*.103 + .3*.007 = 0.092
D(Yb) = xPl Kd(Yb)Pl
+ xOl Kd(Yb)Ol
= .7*.07 + .3*.065 = 0.069
D(Ni) = xPl Kd(Ni)Pl
+ xOl Kd(Ni)Ol
= .7*.01 + .3*25= 7.5
2) Olivine Gabbro (63% Pl, 12% Ol, 25% Cpx)
D(Ce) = xPl Kd(Ce)Pl
+ xOl Kd(Ce)Ol + xCpx Kd(Ce)
Cpx
= .63*.103 + .12*.007 + .25*.09 = 0.088
D(Yb) = xPl Kd(Yb)Pl
+ xOl Kd(Yb)Ol + xCpx Kd(Yb)
Cpx
= .63*.07 + .12*.065 + .25*.09 = 0.074
D(Ni) = xPl Kd(Ni)Pl
+ xOl Kd(Ni)Ol + xCpx Kd(Ni)
Cpx
= .63*.01 + .12*25 + .25*8 = 5
TRACE ELEMENT BEHAVIOR DURING FRACTIONAL CRYSTALLIZATION
F (fraction of liquid remaining)
Rayleigh Distillation: CL/Co = F(D-1)
Conclusions: Fractional crystallization of mafic magmas gradually increases the concentrations of similarly incompatible elements, but has a minimal effect on their ratios; and strongly decreases the concentrations of compatible elements
F (fraction of liquid remaining)
CL/Co CL/CoTroctolite Olivine Gabbro
TRACE ELEMENT BEHAVIOR DURING FRACTIONAL CRYSTALLIZATION
EXAMPLE FROM THE SONJU LAKE INTRUSION
E. Compatible Elements
RARE EARTH ELEMENT(REE)DIAGRAMSCOMPARES RATIOS AND NORMALIZES TO A STANDARD
COMPOSITION
Light REE Heavy REE
From Rollinson (1993)
Fractional crystallization increases the REE abundance, but has a neglible effect on the REE pattern
REE commonly normalized to chondrite composition – thought to approximate the unfractionated composition of the earth.
Fractional crystallization of olivine from a komatiitic melt
REE RATIO DIAGRAMSFrom Rollinson (1993)
Fractional Crystallization - minimal change in
REE ratios
Partial Melting - significant
change in REE ratios
TRACE ELEMENT NORMALIZATION PLOTS (SPIDER DIAGRAMS)
Most LeastIncompatible Elements
(likes magma)Compatible
Elements(likes minerals)
Roc
k/S
tand
ard
Com
p*
Common Standard Compositions for Normalizing• Chondritic meteorite• Avg. Mid-ocean Ridge Basalt (MORB)• Primitive Mantle• Primitive Ocean Island Basalt (OIB)
Enriched
DepletedNegative Anomaly
Positive Anomaly