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Application ServersG22.3033-011

Session 10 - Main ThemeCOM+ Component-Based Computing Environments

Dr. Jean-Claude Franchitti

New York UniversityComputer Science Department

Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences

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Agenda

Web-Enabling Facilities (continued)Java Web Start (JWS)

COM / DCOM Component Model and OLECOM+ MTS Services: Transactions and SecurityCOM+ Message QueuingSummaryReadingsAssignment #7 (continued)

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Summary of Previous Session

CORBA 3 OMA ServicesCORBA 3 CCMCORBA 3 EnvironmentsSummaryReadingsAssignment #7

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Application Servers ArchitecturesApplication Servers for Enhanced HTML (traditional)

a.k.a., Page-Based Application ServersMostly Used to Support Standalone Web Applications

New Generation Page-Based Script-Oriented App. ServersFirst Generation Extensions (e.g., Microsoft IIS with COM+/ASP)Servlet/JSP EnvironmentsXSP EnvironmentCan now be used as front-end to enterprise applicationsHybrid development environments

Distributed Object Computing PlatformsProvide an infrastructure for distributed communications enablingStill need to merge traditional web-oriented computing with object computing

Object Management ArchitecturesDOC Platform + APIs to reusable services and facilities

OMAs+Client/Server Component Models -> J2EE, CCM, DNA

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Part I

Java Web Start

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J2EE Web-Enabling Component Models

Javasoft’s Applet Tutorial:http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/applet/TOC.html

Swing Applets:http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/uiswing/start/swingApplet.html

Java Web Start:http://www.javasoft.com/products/javawebstart/index.html

Servlets, Servlet filters, Cocoon/XSPsSee previous sessions and related session 3 handouts

Connected DevicesSee related session 6 handout on the Palm PlatformSee http://webdev.apl.jhu.edu/~rbe/kvm/

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Java Web Start (JWS) Technology

See http://java.sun.com/products/javawebstart/Applications do not require a browser oncedownloadedFiles are cached on the clientChecks are performed with the web server to ensurethat the latest version of the application is being used(ZAC!)Built on top of Java 2 SecurityLinks point to JNLP files which syntax is defined aspart of a Java Community Process specification

http://java.sun.com/aboutJava/communityprocess/jsr/jsr_056_jnlp.html

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JWS Application Launching

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Sample JNLP File

SwingSet2 Demo ApplicationSun Microsystems, Inc.

SwingSet2 Demo AppA demo

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JNLP Element to Launch an Applet

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JNLP API

BasicServiceClipboardServiceDownloadServiceFileOpenServiceFileSaveServicePrintServicePersistenceService

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Part II

Microsoft Platform Architectures(includes slides covered in previous sessions)

Also See: “http://www.execpc.com/~gopalan/misc/compare.html” “http://www.javacoffeebreak.com/articles/rmi_corba/”

“http://www.quoininc.com/articles.html”

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Microsoft Active Platform(Logical Architecture)

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Microsoft Active Platform(Features)

Logically centralized architecturePhysically de-centralized architectureScripting

Client-Side: Improved user interface and data validationServer-Side: Business rules and data accessVBScript and JavaScript built-in supportPerlScript support via ActiveX scripting engine (e.g., ActiveState’s)Ability to mix scripting languages

Active Server ComponentsProvide OS services to ASPsEncapsulate business rules to ease programminge.g., TextStream Component (FileSystem object)

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Microsoft Active Platform(Physical Architecture)

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Microsoft Component Object Model(Logical Architecture)

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COM IDL(stockMarket.idl)

Example:[uuid(7371a240-2e51-11d0-b4c1-444553540000),version(1.0)]library SimpleStocks{importlib("stdole32.tlb");[uuid(BC4C0AB0-5A45-11d2-99C5-00A02414C655),dual]interface IStockMarket : IDispatch{HRESULT get_price([in] BSTR p1, [out, retval] float *rtn);}

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COM IDL(continued)

Example:[

uuid(BC4C0AB3-5A45-11d2-99C5-00A02414C655),]coclass StockMarket{interface IStockMarket;};};

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DCOM Architecture Review

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DCOM Object Activation/Method Invocation(top layer - basic programming architecture)

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DCOM Object Activation/Method Invocation(middle layer - remoting architecture)

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DCOM Object Activation/Method Invocation(bottom layer - wire protocol architecture)

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COM+ = DCOM/COM + MTS

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DNA Web Architectures

FORM+ = Merger of Win32 GUI and Web APIs (~DHTML)STORAGE+ = OLE DBCOM+ = COM + MTS

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Distributed InterNetApplications Architecture (DNA)

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Microsoft DNA Environment(summary)

See comparison of EJB and MTS models:http://members.tripod.com/gsraj/misc/ejbmts/ejbmtscomp.html

Environment combinesCOM+ (DCOM+MTS) Component ModelWin32/SCM and DCOM/COM+ ServicesVisual Studio Development Environment

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Microsoft IIS with COM+/ASP FeaturesIDE:

Visual InterDev (ASP)Management of site development processScripting

Alternative IDEsMacromedia Drumbeat, Ultradev, DreamweaverNetObjects FusionMicrosoft FrontPage 2000Adobe GoLive

Server PlatformsWindows 2000/NTUse ChiliSoft for other platforms (http://www.chilisoft.net/)

Platforms: Solaris, Linux, AIX, HP-UX, WindowsImmunity from current IIS attacks (e.g., code red worms on Win 2000)Web Server: Apache, iPlanetChili!Beans support for Java (similar to Microsoft with COM+ and ASP for C++)

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Microsoft IIS with COM+/ASP FeaturesSee “Microsoft IIS, COM+, and ASP” in “Web Server Brains”COM+ / ASP

Equivalent to J2EE EJB / JSPIncluded in Microsoft Windows 2000 Advanced Server

COM+Attributes (declare what runtime services are needed by the component)Threads and database connection pools (access via Active Data Object API)

ASP Object Model sub-systemsHTTP requestCOM+ transactionExternal COM+ components

Other solution components:Visual Studio 6.0Internet Security and Acceleration Server (ISA)

static content caching, fault tolerance, load balancing, request handling

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Microsoft .NET PlatformSmart Devices + Windows XP + Web Services

http://www.microsoft.com/netFirst set of Microsoft Web Services

http://www.microsoft.com/net/hailstorm.asp

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Part II

Win32 and COM+ Services(includes slides covered in previous session and new ones)

“http://members.tripod.com/gsraj/misc/ejbmts/ejbmtscomp.html and related archives”and Session 10 Sub-Topic 1 Presentation on “A COM+ Application Scenario”

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DNA OMA Services

Activation ServicesDCOM Activation Framework

Naming and Directory ServiceDCOM Class and Object Naming (i.e., CLSIDs, ProgIDs, and Monikers)

Trading ServiceMicrosoft Active Directory

Transaction ServiceCOM+ MTS

Messaging ServiceCOM+ MSMQ

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Win32 Services

Win32 executable that satisfy several propertiesLifetime is controlled by the Service Control Mgr (SCM)

Service is registered with SCM, and understands and obeysSCM commands

Service has its own login session or shares one withanother service

Service runs as a user or local system and abides to applicablesecurity

Service implements a set of service-specific functions:Starting up, message handler, communication back to SCM

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COM+ Services

COM+ Catalog (v.s. Windows Registry)COM+ Load BalancingCOM+ In-Memory Database (IMDB)COM+ Object PoolingCOM+ Queued ComponentsCOM+ EventsC++ Compiler Changes

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DCOM Class and Object Naming(file moniker file: bind)

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DCOM Class and Object Naming(url moniker http:, ftp:, gopher: bind)

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DCOM Class and Object Naming(class moniker clsid: bind)

Display name for class monikers:display-name = "CLSID:" string-clsid-no-curly-braces*[";" clsid-options] ":"clsid-options = clsid-param "=" valueclsid-param = none currently defined

C++ example (tell moniker to use an object that can reada document instead of the document itself):ProgIDFromCLSID( &clsid, "xyz.activator.1")CreateClassMoniker( clsid, &pmkClass )MkParseDisplayName( pcb,"\\northamerica\central\employee.doc", &dwEaten,pmkFile )pmkFile->BindToObject( pcb, pmkClass, IID_IDispatch,&pDisp )

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COM+ Catalog v.s. Windows Registry

Stores COM+ application attributes, class attributes, andcomputer-level attributesGuarantees consistency among attributesProvide common operations on top of attributesTwo different stores

COM+ registration databaseMicrosoft Windows Registry (HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT)

COM components that do not require new COM+ servicesType libraryInterface proxy/stub registration

Unified logical view via COM+ Admin Library

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Microsoft Active Directory

Maintains user, security, and network resource information used on a Windows 2000 network DCOM components can store their activation

and connection information in the ADS COM objects can be exposed as APIs to ADS

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Trading Service - Active Directoryhttp://www.microsoft.com/windows2000/server/evaluation/features/dirlist.asp

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COM+ Load Balancing

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COM+ IMDB

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MSMQ MessagingUpon queued component instantiation

Local recorder proxy object is created

As the client makes method callsLocal recorder object serializes the calls into MSMQ messages

Client commits the object by releasing all references to itMessage is passed to the server via MSQMSpecial service running on the server de-queues messages andinstantiate the component using a player proxy

Upon failureA message is placed back on the queue

Getting back to the clientNo response neededResponse queues (asynchronous reporting)Pass by value interface references

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COM+ Queued Components

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Using COM+ Queued Components Svc.Example:

IOrder* pOrder = 0;CoCreateInstance( CLSID_Order, ... IID_IOrder, (void**) &pOrder );

pOrder->put_Customer( 2000 );pOrder->put_Quantity( 2 );CComBSTR bstrSKU( "3535-2334" );pOrder->put_SKU( bstrSKU );

long lOrderNumber;pOrder->Submit( &lOrderNumber );pOrder->Release();

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COM Event Handling Mechanisms

Events/Callbacks via client interfaceClient implements an interface defined by the componentUses Advise/Unadvise methods (see example in later slide)Events/notifications are handled via calls through the client interface

Connectable Objects via COM Events modelUses standard COM IConnect-ionPoint interfacesIncludes runtime recovery and minimal multi-casting capabilitiesObjects play the role of publishers/subscribersNo support for persistent connectionOverall complex Event model to use

COM+ Events modelIntroduces an event class object to decouple publisher and subscriber

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COM+ Events

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Using COM+ EventsCOM Event Model:

// Our event interfaceinterface IMyEvents : IUnknown{ HRESULT SomethingHappened( BSTR

bstrWhat );}// An interface on our componentinterface ISomeInterface : IUnknown{ ... HRESULT Advise( IMyEvents* pIEvents ); HRESULT Unadvise();}

COM+ Event Model:interface IEventClass : public IDispatch{ HRESULT put_EventClassID( BSTR bstrEventClassID ); HRESULT put_EventClassName( BSTR

bstrEventClassName ); HRESULT put_FiringInterfaceID( BSTR

bstrFiringInterfaceID ); ...};

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C++ Compiler Changes

Sample Attributes:in/out direction of parameter in a methodthreading modelcomponent housing (i.e., DLL or EXE)

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Creating an MTS ComponentExample:

try {

// create the MTS componentbank.IChecking server=

(bank.IChecking) new bank.Checking ();

// invoke business methods on the componentserver.createAccount (1234, "Athul", 1000671.54d);

}catch (Exception ex) {ex.printStackTrace ();

}

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Part III

Structured Application Design Tips

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Structured Applications Design TipsReuse: should focus on Domain Models/System Family ArchitecturesApplications should separate the various information elements (i.e.,content, logic, style, and architecture/handling schemes)Various content formats: presentation, message, storage, etc.Application architecture supports:

Web Enabling (WE), XML Enabling (XE), Data Enabling (DE), EnterpriseSystem Assurance Enabling (ESAE)

Various application support services to support:Interactions with users via content (content + logic) - WEEncoding of user requests as secure (portable) messages (content generation) -XE/ESAEProcessing of user requests via logic (content + logic) - XERendering of content via logic using style (content + style + logic) - WE/XEQuerying information via logic (content + logic) - XE/DEInteractions with back office via content (content + logic) - XE/ESAE

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Generic Architecture Blueprint+ Architecture Design Methodology + Mgmt

XML Application Infrastructure(logic)

XML Application Services(logic)

Applications of XML(structured content/object data, style information)

Technology Infrastructure(hardware platforms)

XML Applications(logic) Logical View Implementation View

Process View Deployment View

Use CaseView

Use CaseView

Applicationsof

XML

Structure

Style

XMLApplications

Content

Management

Processing

Querying

Rendering

Applicationand

TechnologyInfrastructure

AdditionalServices

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Sample Conceptual Architecture Diagram(e.g., virtual classroom environment)

Technology Infrastructure (OS and hardware)

XML Application (logic )

XML Application Infrastructure (logic)

Applications of XML (content/style) XML Application Services (logic )

Legend

Presentation Enabling(posting, querying, locating, viewing)

SMIL

JSP Engine / SMIL Viewer(processing, rendering)

Web Community Avatar-Based Chat Platform

Web-Based Infrastructure(lightweight client machines, server platforms)

Q&A Enabling(questions capture, integration, viewing)

XLF

3rd Party Tool

SMILAuthoring

Tool

XLF Processing/Rendering

XML POP Framework(processing, rendering)

XMLAuthoring

Tool

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Investigating Logging Infrastructure(e.g., virtual classroom environment)

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Refined Application Architecture Blueprint(e.g., virtual classroom environment)

Users—

Sales TradiDesk

UserInterfaces

ClientAdministrator

Marketing

Client

Support

Phone

PDA

Connectivitye-Business

Portal e-Business Services

Data Repositories

LegacySystems

Web

Visitor

VPN

Facilitator

FacilitatorAdministrator

UserData

LegacyDatabases

XML-Based ApplicationData

Back-OfficeSystems

ComponentManager

XML/WebEnablingFacilities

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Mapping Application to App. Infrastructure

Business Constraints

Application ModelContent Model

Web Interface

Data ModelLogical Data

PrinciplesAssumptions

Constraints

PresentationNavigation

Look and Feel

Business modelOrganization

Location

Process

Logical Application ModelExecution &

MarketSystems

EFIExecutionSystems

FXExecutionSystems

MarketSystems

Core Components

ServicesEvents

Externalization

Licensing

Messaging

Naming

Persistence

TransactionSecurity

Common Facilities

Backup /Recovery

Channels

ErrorHandling

XML POP

Help XML MOM

Monitoring

PerformanceTuning

Query / Search

Reporting

SystemAdmin

Domain SpecificClient API

EFI ExecutionInterface

FX ExecutionInterface

MarketInstrument

Reference data

Markets

Portalinterfaces

Client Handler

Client to Corecomponents

Handler

Global Front EndSystem

ClientInterface

Components

Technology Infrastructure Model

Execution &Market

Systems

InstrumentRepository

ForeignExchange

MarketSystems

EuroFixed

Income

Core ComponentsClient Handler

Preferences andOperating

Constraints

Sun E220/Solaris 2.6nC

ipher SSL acceleratorW

ebsphere:- H

TTP svr- servlet engine- jsp engine

Web ServerServlets & JSP

StreamingServer

(https & http)

Sun E220/Solaris 2.6TIBC

O Stream

ing SvrnC

ipher SSL accelerator

Global Front EndSystem

Client ServicesAdministrator

XML, SWIFT, FIX,Email, Fax

ClientWorkstation

System Admin& Support

Sun E420/Solaris 2.6200GB raid5 Disk ArrayiPlanet Enterprise SvrWebtrends

Admin/ReportingServer

Database Server

Sun E4500/Solaris 2.650G

B Disk Array

Sybase 11.9.2

Security &Entitlements Srv

Sun E420/Solaris 2.6enC

omm

erce GetAccess

50GB D

isk ArrayApplicationServer

Sun E420/Solaris 2.6W

ebsphereM

Qseries

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Sample Logical Architecture Diagram(e.g., virtual classroom environment)

Uni

vers

ity In

tern

et L

AN

Uni

vers

ity In

trane

t WAN

University Intranet LAN

Professor

Facilitators

Clients

Students

Presentation Enabling:AuthoringPosting

Q&A Enabling:AuthoringPosting

BusinessFunctions Users

NT &Unix

Win2000

IVR

UniversityInternet or

Intranet LANs

UniversityInternet LAN

PBX-Based Service

Connectivity

Facilitator Interfaces

Call Forwarding,Teleconferencing, etc.

Front Office Apps

Ft Off. & Web Apps

Portal Mgmt.Interface

Maintenance Apps

Web-EnabledApplications

Client Interfaces

Telephony-BasedServices

Web-EnabledApplications

"Lights Out" Svcs

XML, Email, Fax

e-BusinessPortal

Integrated Data Architecture Layer

e-Business Services

Front Office Apps

Data Mining

Educational Applications(Custom Java Applications)

Facilitator Application,Channel, and Client/

System Admin Interfaces

Business Intelligence(Customer Analysis, Course Planning)

Customer Care Services(Call Center Support: Educational & Systems)

Personalization Interface

Channels Interface(Browsers, PDAs, WAPs)

Remote Training Interface

Customer Calls Handling(ACD, Flex-Routing, Call Center Mgmt.)

CSR Assisted Services(Product Support, Issue Resolution, Proactive

Account Mgmt.)

Email XMLInterfaces Fax

Internet-Based Services(XML interfaces, Email, Browser)

Collaborative Applications(2D Avatars, Classroom Navigation, Chat, Events)

Real Time Services(Web Channels, Chat, TV Events, etc.)

Collaborative Applications(2D Avatars, Classroom Navigation, Chat, Events)

Voice/Data IntegrationTeleweb / Web Integration Services

(Consolidated Messaging, Telephone-Based WebServices, Video Conf., etc.)

(via VPN)

Software / Global ContentMonitoring / Backup

PBX-Based Services

TeachingAssistant

Presentation Enabling:Authoring

Q&A Enabling:Integration

System Support:MonitoringSystem Admin.Help Desk

FaxbackIVR

Telephony Svcs

NT &Unix

Win2000

UniversityInterne or

Intranet LANs

Front Office Apps

Ft Off. & Web Apps

"Lights Out" Services

Telephony Svcs

PDA/WAP Applications

Win2000 Web Applications Client Interface

(Presentation querying, locating, and viewing -Questions capture and Q&A viewring)

Self Care Services(tutorials, online help)

In scope

Out of scope

Legend:

WAP Server

(via VPN)

Third Party Data

Content-Mgmt Repository

XML-based presentationoriented publishing

templates

Component ManagerApplication Server Back-Office SystemsXML/Web Enabling Facilities

Client Request HandlerSubnet (within DMZ)

Web Server

Servlet Engine

Client Request HandlerFirewall

Component ManagerFirewall

Servlets/JSPs: session hdlr SMIL presentation hdlr Q&A hdlr XML MOM/POP hdlr etc.

Facilitator/Client Admin. Servlets

System Administration Servlets

Legacy Systems

Chat PlatformApplication Logic

Chatroom Component

ChatUser Component

Client & SystemAdministration Component

Entitlement & SecurityComponent

ConnectorsCourse Production Systems)

Support Services

Process Automation &Dynamic Content Mgmt.

Session/State Mgmt.

Site Development Svc.

XML Core Services(Doc Hdlr, Version Manager)

DataWarehouse-DrivenProcessing

Legacy Operational Data

DesktopFilesystems

In Memory Database

Customer ProfilesTime CriticalInformation

Global Application Data Replicas

Business Information Warehouse

Operational Data StoreClient Knowledge Engine

Metadata Repository

XMLMOM & POPTemplates

Educational ResearchEducational News

etc.

SMIL DataXLF Data

Operational Data

Local Account DataEntitlement/Security Data

etc.

JSP Engine

Client Request Handler API

University SystemsFirewall

Client Administration

Login, Authentification,Non-Repudiation

Router

Presentation Enabling:QueryingLocatingViewing

Q&A Enabling:CaptureViewing

Registration Systems

Accounting Systems

Sales/Marketing Systems

Internal Administration

Course Development Systems

Human Resources Systems

Payroll Systtems

Course Production Systems

Proxy Server

Support Systtems

Client Support Systtems(carreer management, alumnirelations, library support, etc.)

Database Management Systems (DBMS)

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Sample Logical Architecture Diagram(e.g., virtual classroom environment)

Facilitators, and Production Interfaces

Component Manager

XML/Web Enabling Facilities

Firewall

Database Server

ApplicationServer

Uni

vers

ity In

trane

t LA

N (d

ual)

Firewall

Firewall

Router

Router

Firewall / IIOP Proxy Server

Tape SiloVeritas NetworkBackup (shared service)

University Mgmt. Firewall

University Systems & Network Management Environment

IntrusionDetection

Connects toall devices below

Security &Entitlements Srv

IntrusionDetection

Intrusion Detection

Internet

UniversityIntranet LAN Professor/TA

HSRP

Sun E220/Solaris 2.6nC

ipher SSL acceleratorApache H

TTP severTom

Cat servlet engine

TomC

at jsp engine

Alteon AC3

Sun E220/Solaris 2.6Checkpoint Firewall-1StonebeatIONA Wonderwall Proxy Server

Sun E220/Solaris 2.6C

heckpoint Firewall-1

Stonebeat

Sun E420/Solaris 2.6W

ebLogic

Sun E4500/Solaris 2.650G

B Disk Array

Sybase 11.9.2

Sun E420/Solaris 2.6enC

omm

erce GetAccess

50GB D

isk Array

Web-EnabledApplications

FacilitatorApplication andClient/SystemAdministration

Interfaces

Students, Professor, and TA Interfaces

Web-EnabledApplications

Clients/FacilitatorsApplication/Admin

Interfaces(e.g.,SOJA Applet)XML, Email, Fax

CollaborativeApplications

(e.g., Chat Applet)

Channels Interface

Sun E420/Solaris 2.6200GB raid5 Disk ArrayiPlanet Enterprise SvrWebtrends

Admin/ReportingServer

LoadBalancers

Web ServerServlets & JSP

Engines

Intrusion Detection

Sun E220/Solaris 2.6Checkpoint Firewall-1Stonebeat

NFR

Flight Recorder

Rem

ote-1N

FR Flight R

ecorderR

emote-1

Client Request Handler

Servlets/JSPs:- session handler- SMIL presentation handler- Q&A handler- Cocoon 2 XML POP handler

NFR Flight RecorderRemote-1

ClientWorkstation

Professor/TAWorkstation

Back-Office Systems

Client Administration

Internal Administration

ProgramAdministrator

Uni

vers

ity In

tern

et L

AN

(dua

l)

Support Services

XML Core Services

Session/State/EOD Mgmt

Dynamic Content Mgmt

Chat PlatformApplication Logic

ChatUser Component

ChatRoom Component

Global Application Data

SMIL DataXLF Data

Operational Data

Content Mgmt. Repository

XML POPTemplates

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Part IV

COM+ Application Scenario

See Session 4 Sub-Topic 1 on“Distributed Communications Enabling”

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Part V

Conclusion

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SummaryJWS provides the convenience of desktop applications fordownloaded applications with Zero Client AdministrationMicrosoft’s DOC platforms implement the OMA architecture

Provide platform specific support for servicesSupport an integrated set of horizontal and vertical facilitiesCapabilities are bundled with the Operating System

COM+ introduces a new naming service technologyDNA provide transactions and messaging servicesDNA support web-enabling which is being extended withtrading capabilities via Web ServicesCOM+ simplifies application development

Server Components v.s. Client ComponentsEnterprise apps v.s. workgroup apps

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Show by example that COM+ makes it:As easy to develop Server Components as it is todevelop Client ComponentsAs easy to deliver enterprise apps as it is to deliverworkgroup apps!

Goals

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Readings

ReadingsBuilding Application Servers: Part II, and IIIHandouts posted on the course web siteExplore COM+ EnvironmentRead related white papers/documentation on the COM+environments

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Project FrameworksProject Frameworks Setup (ongoing)

Apache Web Server (version 1.3.20, www.apache.org)Perl (version 5.x, www.perl.com), PHPMicrosoft IIS with COM+ and ASP (), ChiliSoftApache TomcatMacromedia JRunApache Cocoon 2/XSPVisibroker, OrbacusRMI-IIOPWebLogic, WebSphere, JBoss, Enhydra, OpenEJBInprise AppServer, iPlanet.com iPlanet, Sybase EAServer, Oracle 9i, IONA iPortal,Xoology Concerto, Aligo M-1, Advanced Network Systems WebIxGOAL Group OpenCCM, ExoLab.org OpenCCM, iCMG K2-CCM (C++), MICO/E(Eiffel ORB), JavaCCM, TAO Group, IONA iPortal (no CCM), Borland AppServer(no CCM), Sourceforge MI-3 (“Mission Impossible 3”) and CIF projects

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Assignment

Explore the references to DNA Application Server technologyHomework #6 due date is 11/19/01Homework #7: due date is 11/26/01

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Next Session:XML-Based Capabilities

in Component-Based Environments

EAI EnvironmentsB2Bi EnvironmentsChannel Independence and Pervasive Devices