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Application ServersG22.3033-011
Session 10 - Main ThemeCOM+ Component-Based Computing Environments
Dr. Jean-Claude Franchitti
New York UniversityComputer Science Department
Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences
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Agenda
Web-Enabling Facilities (continued)Java Web Start (JWS)
COM / DCOM Component Model and OLECOM+ MTS Services: Transactions and SecurityCOM+ Message QueuingSummaryReadingsAssignment #7 (continued)
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Summary of Previous Session
CORBA 3 OMA ServicesCORBA 3 CCMCORBA 3 EnvironmentsSummaryReadingsAssignment #7
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Application Servers ArchitecturesApplication Servers for Enhanced HTML (traditional)
a.k.a., Page-Based Application ServersMostly Used to Support Standalone Web Applications
New Generation Page-Based Script-Oriented App. ServersFirst Generation Extensions (e.g., Microsoft IIS with COM+/ASP)Servlet/JSP EnvironmentsXSP EnvironmentCan now be used as front-end to enterprise applicationsHybrid development environments
Distributed Object Computing PlatformsProvide an infrastructure for distributed communications enablingStill need to merge traditional web-oriented computing with object computing
Object Management ArchitecturesDOC Platform + APIs to reusable services and facilities
OMAs+Client/Server Component Models -> J2EE, CCM, DNA
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Part I
Java Web Start
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J2EE Web-Enabling Component Models
Javasoft’s Applet Tutorial:http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/applet/TOC.html
Swing Applets:http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/uiswing/start/swingApplet.html
Java Web Start:http://www.javasoft.com/products/javawebstart/index.html
Servlets, Servlet filters, Cocoon/XSPsSee previous sessions and related session 3 handouts
Connected DevicesSee related session 6 handout on the Palm PlatformSee http://webdev.apl.jhu.edu/~rbe/kvm/
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Java Web Start (JWS) Technology
See http://java.sun.com/products/javawebstart/Applications do not require a browser oncedownloadedFiles are cached on the clientChecks are performed with the web server to ensurethat the latest version of the application is being used(ZAC!)Built on top of Java 2 SecurityLinks point to JNLP files which syntax is defined aspart of a Java Community Process specification
http://java.sun.com/aboutJava/communityprocess/jsr/jsr_056_jnlp.html
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JWS Application Launching
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Sample JNLP File
SwingSet2 Demo ApplicationSun Microsystems, Inc.
SwingSet2 Demo AppA demo
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JNLP Element to Launch an Applet
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JNLP API
BasicServiceClipboardServiceDownloadServiceFileOpenServiceFileSaveServicePrintServicePersistenceService
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Part II
Microsoft Platform Architectures(includes slides covered in previous sessions)
Also See: “http://www.execpc.com/~gopalan/misc/compare.html” “http://www.javacoffeebreak.com/articles/rmi_corba/”
“http://www.quoininc.com/articles.html”
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Microsoft Active Platform(Logical Architecture)
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Microsoft Active Platform(Features)
Logically centralized architecturePhysically de-centralized architectureScripting
Client-Side: Improved user interface and data validationServer-Side: Business rules and data accessVBScript and JavaScript built-in supportPerlScript support via ActiveX scripting engine (e.g., ActiveState’s)Ability to mix scripting languages
Active Server ComponentsProvide OS services to ASPsEncapsulate business rules to ease programminge.g., TextStream Component (FileSystem object)
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Microsoft Active Platform(Physical Architecture)
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Microsoft Component Object Model(Logical Architecture)
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COM IDL(stockMarket.idl)
Example:[uuid(7371a240-2e51-11d0-b4c1-444553540000),version(1.0)]library SimpleStocks{importlib("stdole32.tlb");[uuid(BC4C0AB0-5A45-11d2-99C5-00A02414C655),dual]interface IStockMarket : IDispatch{HRESULT get_price([in] BSTR p1, [out, retval] float *rtn);}
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COM IDL(continued)
Example:[
uuid(BC4C0AB3-5A45-11d2-99C5-00A02414C655),]coclass StockMarket{interface IStockMarket;};};
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DCOM Architecture Review
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DCOM Object Activation/Method Invocation(top layer - basic programming architecture)
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DCOM Object Activation/Method Invocation(middle layer - remoting architecture)
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DCOM Object Activation/Method Invocation(bottom layer - wire protocol architecture)
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COM+ = DCOM/COM + MTS
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DNA Web Architectures
FORM+ = Merger of Win32 GUI and Web APIs (~DHTML)STORAGE+ = OLE DBCOM+ = COM + MTS
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Distributed InterNetApplications Architecture (DNA)
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Microsoft DNA Environment(summary)
See comparison of EJB and MTS models:http://members.tripod.com/gsraj/misc/ejbmts/ejbmtscomp.html
Environment combinesCOM+ (DCOM+MTS) Component ModelWin32/SCM and DCOM/COM+ ServicesVisual Studio Development Environment
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Microsoft IIS with COM+/ASP FeaturesIDE:
Visual InterDev (ASP)Management of site development processScripting
Alternative IDEsMacromedia Drumbeat, Ultradev, DreamweaverNetObjects FusionMicrosoft FrontPage 2000Adobe GoLive
Server PlatformsWindows 2000/NTUse ChiliSoft for other platforms (http://www.chilisoft.net/)
Platforms: Solaris, Linux, AIX, HP-UX, WindowsImmunity from current IIS attacks (e.g., code red worms on Win 2000)Web Server: Apache, iPlanetChili!Beans support for Java (similar to Microsoft with COM+ and ASP for C++)
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Microsoft IIS with COM+/ASP FeaturesSee “Microsoft IIS, COM+, and ASP” in “Web Server Brains”COM+ / ASP
Equivalent to J2EE EJB / JSPIncluded in Microsoft Windows 2000 Advanced Server
COM+Attributes (declare what runtime services are needed by the component)Threads and database connection pools (access via Active Data Object API)
ASP Object Model sub-systemsHTTP requestCOM+ transactionExternal COM+ components
Other solution components:Visual Studio 6.0Internet Security and Acceleration Server (ISA)
static content caching, fault tolerance, load balancing, request handling
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Microsoft .NET PlatformSmart Devices + Windows XP + Web Services
http://www.microsoft.com/netFirst set of Microsoft Web Services
http://www.microsoft.com/net/hailstorm.asp
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Part II
Win32 and COM+ Services(includes slides covered in previous session and new ones)
“http://members.tripod.com/gsraj/misc/ejbmts/ejbmtscomp.html and related archives”and Session 10 Sub-Topic 1 Presentation on “A COM+ Application Scenario”
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DNA OMA Services
Activation ServicesDCOM Activation Framework
Naming and Directory ServiceDCOM Class and Object Naming (i.e., CLSIDs, ProgIDs, and Monikers)
Trading ServiceMicrosoft Active Directory
Transaction ServiceCOM+ MTS
Messaging ServiceCOM+ MSMQ
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Win32 Services
Win32 executable that satisfy several propertiesLifetime is controlled by the Service Control Mgr (SCM)
Service is registered with SCM, and understands and obeysSCM commands
Service has its own login session or shares one withanother service
Service runs as a user or local system and abides to applicablesecurity
Service implements a set of service-specific functions:Starting up, message handler, communication back to SCM
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COM+ Services
COM+ Catalog (v.s. Windows Registry)COM+ Load BalancingCOM+ In-Memory Database (IMDB)COM+ Object PoolingCOM+ Queued ComponentsCOM+ EventsC++ Compiler Changes
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DCOM Class and Object Naming(file moniker file: bind)
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DCOM Class and Object Naming(url moniker http:, ftp:, gopher: bind)
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DCOM Class and Object Naming(class moniker clsid: bind)
Display name for class monikers:display-name = "CLSID:" string-clsid-no-curly-braces*[";" clsid-options] ":"clsid-options = clsid-param "=" valueclsid-param = none currently defined
C++ example (tell moniker to use an object that can reada document instead of the document itself):ProgIDFromCLSID( &clsid, "xyz.activator.1")CreateClassMoniker( clsid, &pmkClass )MkParseDisplayName( pcb,"\\northamerica\central\employee.doc", &dwEaten,pmkFile )pmkFile->BindToObject( pcb, pmkClass, IID_IDispatch,&pDisp )
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COM+ Catalog v.s. Windows Registry
Stores COM+ application attributes, class attributes, andcomputer-level attributesGuarantees consistency among attributesProvide common operations on top of attributesTwo different stores
COM+ registration databaseMicrosoft Windows Registry (HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT)
COM components that do not require new COM+ servicesType libraryInterface proxy/stub registration
Unified logical view via COM+ Admin Library
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Microsoft Active Directory
Maintains user, security, and network resource information used on a Windows 2000 network DCOM components can store their activation
and connection information in the ADS COM objects can be exposed as APIs to ADS
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Trading Service - Active Directoryhttp://www.microsoft.com/windows2000/server/evaluation/features/dirlist.asp
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COM+ Load Balancing
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COM+ IMDB
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MSMQ MessagingUpon queued component instantiation
Local recorder proxy object is created
As the client makes method callsLocal recorder object serializes the calls into MSMQ messages
Client commits the object by releasing all references to itMessage is passed to the server via MSQMSpecial service running on the server de-queues messages andinstantiate the component using a player proxy
Upon failureA message is placed back on the queue
Getting back to the clientNo response neededResponse queues (asynchronous reporting)Pass by value interface references
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COM+ Queued Components
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Using COM+ Queued Components Svc.Example:
IOrder* pOrder = 0;CoCreateInstance( CLSID_Order, ... IID_IOrder, (void**) &pOrder );
pOrder->put_Customer( 2000 );pOrder->put_Quantity( 2 );CComBSTR bstrSKU( "3535-2334" );pOrder->put_SKU( bstrSKU );
long lOrderNumber;pOrder->Submit( &lOrderNumber );pOrder->Release();
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COM Event Handling Mechanisms
Events/Callbacks via client interfaceClient implements an interface defined by the componentUses Advise/Unadvise methods (see example in later slide)Events/notifications are handled via calls through the client interface
Connectable Objects via COM Events modelUses standard COM IConnect-ionPoint interfacesIncludes runtime recovery and minimal multi-casting capabilitiesObjects play the role of publishers/subscribersNo support for persistent connectionOverall complex Event model to use
COM+ Events modelIntroduces an event class object to decouple publisher and subscriber
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COM+ Events
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Using COM+ EventsCOM Event Model:
// Our event interfaceinterface IMyEvents : IUnknown{ HRESULT SomethingHappened( BSTR
bstrWhat );}// An interface on our componentinterface ISomeInterface : IUnknown{ ... HRESULT Advise( IMyEvents* pIEvents ); HRESULT Unadvise();}
COM+ Event Model:interface IEventClass : public IDispatch{ HRESULT put_EventClassID( BSTR bstrEventClassID ); HRESULT put_EventClassName( BSTR
bstrEventClassName ); HRESULT put_FiringInterfaceID( BSTR
bstrFiringInterfaceID ); ...};
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C++ Compiler Changes
Sample Attributes:in/out direction of parameter in a methodthreading modelcomponent housing (i.e., DLL or EXE)
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Creating an MTS ComponentExample:
try {
// create the MTS componentbank.IChecking server=
(bank.IChecking) new bank.Checking ();
// invoke business methods on the componentserver.createAccount (1234, "Athul", 1000671.54d);
}catch (Exception ex) {ex.printStackTrace ();
}
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Part III
Structured Application Design Tips
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Structured Applications Design TipsReuse: should focus on Domain Models/System Family ArchitecturesApplications should separate the various information elements (i.e.,content, logic, style, and architecture/handling schemes)Various content formats: presentation, message, storage, etc.Application architecture supports:
Web Enabling (WE), XML Enabling (XE), Data Enabling (DE), EnterpriseSystem Assurance Enabling (ESAE)
Various application support services to support:Interactions with users via content (content + logic) - WEEncoding of user requests as secure (portable) messages (content generation) -XE/ESAEProcessing of user requests via logic (content + logic) - XERendering of content via logic using style (content + style + logic) - WE/XEQuerying information via logic (content + logic) - XE/DEInteractions with back office via content (content + logic) - XE/ESAE
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Generic Architecture Blueprint+ Architecture Design Methodology + Mgmt
XML Application Infrastructure(logic)
XML Application Services(logic)
Applications of XML(structured content/object data, style information)
Technology Infrastructure(hardware platforms)
XML Applications(logic) Logical View Implementation View
Process View Deployment View
Use CaseView
Use CaseView
Applicationsof
XML
Structure
Style
XMLApplications
Content
Management
Processing
Querying
Rendering
Applicationand
TechnologyInfrastructure
AdditionalServices
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Sample Conceptual Architecture Diagram(e.g., virtual classroom environment)
Technology Infrastructure (OS and hardware)
XML Application (logic )
XML Application Infrastructure (logic)
Applications of XML (content/style) XML Application Services (logic )
Legend
Presentation Enabling(posting, querying, locating, viewing)
SMIL
JSP Engine / SMIL Viewer(processing, rendering)
Web Community Avatar-Based Chat Platform
Web-Based Infrastructure(lightweight client machines, server platforms)
Q&A Enabling(questions capture, integration, viewing)
XLF
3rd Party Tool
SMILAuthoring
Tool
XLF Processing/Rendering
XML POP Framework(processing, rendering)
XMLAuthoring
Tool
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Investigating Logging Infrastructure(e.g., virtual classroom environment)
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Refined Application Architecture Blueprint(e.g., virtual classroom environment)
Users—
Sales TradiDesk
UserInterfaces
ClientAdministrator
Marketing
Client
Support
Phone
PDA
Connectivitye-Business
Portal e-Business Services
Data Repositories
LegacySystems
Web
Visitor
VPN
Facilitator
FacilitatorAdministrator
UserData
LegacyDatabases
XML-Based ApplicationData
Back-OfficeSystems
ComponentManager
XML/WebEnablingFacilities
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Mapping Application to App. Infrastructure
Business Constraints
Application ModelContent Model
Web Interface
Data ModelLogical Data
PrinciplesAssumptions
Constraints
PresentationNavigation
Look and Feel
Business modelOrganization
Location
Process
Logical Application ModelExecution &
MarketSystems
EFIExecutionSystems
FXExecutionSystems
MarketSystems
Core Components
ServicesEvents
Externalization
Licensing
Messaging
Naming
Persistence
TransactionSecurity
Common Facilities
Backup /Recovery
Channels
ErrorHandling
XML POP
Help XML MOM
Monitoring
PerformanceTuning
Query / Search
Reporting
SystemAdmin
Domain SpecificClient API
EFI ExecutionInterface
FX ExecutionInterface
MarketInstrument
Reference data
Markets
Portalinterfaces
Client Handler
Client to Corecomponents
Handler
Global Front EndSystem
ClientInterface
Components
Technology Infrastructure Model
Execution &Market
Systems
InstrumentRepository
ForeignExchange
MarketSystems
EuroFixed
Income
Core ComponentsClient Handler
Preferences andOperating
Constraints
Sun E220/Solaris 2.6nC
ipher SSL acceleratorW
ebsphere:- H
TTP svr- servlet engine- jsp engine
Web ServerServlets & JSP
StreamingServer
(https & http)
Sun E220/Solaris 2.6TIBC
O Stream
ing SvrnC
ipher SSL accelerator
Global Front EndSystem
Client ServicesAdministrator
XML, SWIFT, FIX,Email, Fax
ClientWorkstation
System Admin& Support
Sun E420/Solaris 2.6200GB raid5 Disk ArrayiPlanet Enterprise SvrWebtrends
Admin/ReportingServer
Database Server
Sun E4500/Solaris 2.650G
B Disk Array
Sybase 11.9.2
Security &Entitlements Srv
Sun E420/Solaris 2.6enC
omm
erce GetAccess
50GB D
isk ArrayApplicationServer
Sun E420/Solaris 2.6W
ebsphereM
Qseries
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Sample Logical Architecture Diagram(e.g., virtual classroom environment)
Uni
vers
ity In
tern
et L
AN
Uni
vers
ity In
trane
t WAN
University Intranet LAN
Professor
Facilitators
Clients
Students
Presentation Enabling:AuthoringPosting
Q&A Enabling:AuthoringPosting
BusinessFunctions Users
NT &Unix
Win2000
IVR
UniversityInternet or
Intranet LANs
UniversityInternet LAN
PBX-Based Service
Connectivity
Facilitator Interfaces
Call Forwarding,Teleconferencing, etc.
Front Office Apps
Ft Off. & Web Apps
Portal Mgmt.Interface
Maintenance Apps
Web-EnabledApplications
Client Interfaces
Telephony-BasedServices
Web-EnabledApplications
"Lights Out" Svcs
XML, Email, Fax
e-BusinessPortal
Integrated Data Architecture Layer
e-Business Services
Front Office Apps
Data Mining
Educational Applications(Custom Java Applications)
Facilitator Application,Channel, and Client/
System Admin Interfaces
Business Intelligence(Customer Analysis, Course Planning)
Customer Care Services(Call Center Support: Educational & Systems)
Personalization Interface
Channels Interface(Browsers, PDAs, WAPs)
Remote Training Interface
Customer Calls Handling(ACD, Flex-Routing, Call Center Mgmt.)
CSR Assisted Services(Product Support, Issue Resolution, Proactive
Account Mgmt.)
Email XMLInterfaces Fax
Internet-Based Services(XML interfaces, Email, Browser)
Collaborative Applications(2D Avatars, Classroom Navigation, Chat, Events)
Real Time Services(Web Channels, Chat, TV Events, etc.)
Collaborative Applications(2D Avatars, Classroom Navigation, Chat, Events)
Voice/Data IntegrationTeleweb / Web Integration Services
(Consolidated Messaging, Telephone-Based WebServices, Video Conf., etc.)
(via VPN)
Software / Global ContentMonitoring / Backup
PBX-Based Services
TeachingAssistant
Presentation Enabling:Authoring
Q&A Enabling:Integration
System Support:MonitoringSystem Admin.Help Desk
FaxbackIVR
Telephony Svcs
NT &Unix
Win2000
UniversityInterne or
Intranet LANs
Front Office Apps
Ft Off. & Web Apps
"Lights Out" Services
Telephony Svcs
PDA/WAP Applications
Win2000 Web Applications Client Interface
(Presentation querying, locating, and viewing -Questions capture and Q&A viewring)
Self Care Services(tutorials, online help)
In scope
Out of scope
Legend:
WAP Server
(via VPN)
Third Party Data
Content-Mgmt Repository
XML-based presentationoriented publishing
templates
Component ManagerApplication Server Back-Office SystemsXML/Web Enabling Facilities
Client Request HandlerSubnet (within DMZ)
Web Server
Servlet Engine
Client Request HandlerFirewall
Component ManagerFirewall
Servlets/JSPs: session hdlr SMIL presentation hdlr Q&A hdlr XML MOM/POP hdlr etc.
Facilitator/Client Admin. Servlets
System Administration Servlets
Legacy Systems
Chat PlatformApplication Logic
Chatroom Component
ChatUser Component
Client & SystemAdministration Component
Entitlement & SecurityComponent
ConnectorsCourse Production Systems)
Support Services
Process Automation &Dynamic Content Mgmt.
Session/State Mgmt.
Site Development Svc.
XML Core Services(Doc Hdlr, Version Manager)
DataWarehouse-DrivenProcessing
Legacy Operational Data
DesktopFilesystems
In Memory Database
Customer ProfilesTime CriticalInformation
Global Application Data Replicas
Business Information Warehouse
Operational Data StoreClient Knowledge Engine
Metadata Repository
XMLMOM & POPTemplates
Educational ResearchEducational News
etc.
SMIL DataXLF Data
Operational Data
Local Account DataEntitlement/Security Data
etc.
JSP Engine
Client Request Handler API
University SystemsFirewall
Client Administration
Login, Authentification,Non-Repudiation
Router
Presentation Enabling:QueryingLocatingViewing
Q&A Enabling:CaptureViewing
Registration Systems
Accounting Systems
Sales/Marketing Systems
Internal Administration
Course Development Systems
Human Resources Systems
Payroll Systtems
Course Production Systems
Proxy Server
Support Systtems
Client Support Systtems(carreer management, alumnirelations, library support, etc.)
Database Management Systems (DBMS)
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Sample Logical Architecture Diagram(e.g., virtual classroom environment)
Facilitators, and Production Interfaces
Component Manager
XML/Web Enabling Facilities
Firewall
Database Server
ApplicationServer
Uni
vers
ity In
trane
t LA
N (d
ual)
Firewall
Firewall
Router
Router
Firewall / IIOP Proxy Server
Tape SiloVeritas NetworkBackup (shared service)
University Mgmt. Firewall
University Systems & Network Management Environment
IntrusionDetection
Connects toall devices below
Security &Entitlements Srv
IntrusionDetection
Intrusion Detection
Internet
UniversityIntranet LAN Professor/TA
HSRP
Sun E220/Solaris 2.6nC
ipher SSL acceleratorApache H
TTP severTom
Cat servlet engine
TomC
at jsp engine
Alteon AC3
Sun E220/Solaris 2.6Checkpoint Firewall-1StonebeatIONA Wonderwall Proxy Server
Sun E220/Solaris 2.6C
heckpoint Firewall-1
Stonebeat
Sun E420/Solaris 2.6W
ebLogic
Sun E4500/Solaris 2.650G
B Disk Array
Sybase 11.9.2
Sun E420/Solaris 2.6enC
omm
erce GetAccess
50GB D
isk Array
Web-EnabledApplications
FacilitatorApplication andClient/SystemAdministration
Interfaces
Students, Professor, and TA Interfaces
Web-EnabledApplications
Clients/FacilitatorsApplication/Admin
Interfaces(e.g.,SOJA Applet)XML, Email, Fax
CollaborativeApplications
(e.g., Chat Applet)
Channels Interface
Sun E420/Solaris 2.6200GB raid5 Disk ArrayiPlanet Enterprise SvrWebtrends
Admin/ReportingServer
LoadBalancers
Web ServerServlets & JSP
Engines
Intrusion Detection
Sun E220/Solaris 2.6Checkpoint Firewall-1Stonebeat
NFR
Flight Recorder
Rem
ote-1N
FR Flight R
ecorderR
emote-1
Client Request Handler
Servlets/JSPs:- session handler- SMIL presentation handler- Q&A handler- Cocoon 2 XML POP handler
NFR Flight RecorderRemote-1
ClientWorkstation
Professor/TAWorkstation
Back-Office Systems
Client Administration
Internal Administration
ProgramAdministrator
Uni
vers
ity In
tern
et L
AN
(dua
l)
Support Services
XML Core Services
Session/State/EOD Mgmt
Dynamic Content Mgmt
Chat PlatformApplication Logic
ChatUser Component
ChatRoom Component
Global Application Data
SMIL DataXLF Data
Operational Data
Content Mgmt. Repository
XML POPTemplates
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Part IV
COM+ Application Scenario
See Session 4 Sub-Topic 1 on“Distributed Communications Enabling”
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Part V
Conclusion
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SummaryJWS provides the convenience of desktop applications fordownloaded applications with Zero Client AdministrationMicrosoft’s DOC platforms implement the OMA architecture
Provide platform specific support for servicesSupport an integrated set of horizontal and vertical facilitiesCapabilities are bundled with the Operating System
COM+ introduces a new naming service technologyDNA provide transactions and messaging servicesDNA support web-enabling which is being extended withtrading capabilities via Web ServicesCOM+ simplifies application development
Server Components v.s. Client ComponentsEnterprise apps v.s. workgroup apps
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Show by example that COM+ makes it:As easy to develop Server Components as it is todevelop Client ComponentsAs easy to deliver enterprise apps as it is to deliverworkgroup apps!
Goals
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Readings
ReadingsBuilding Application Servers: Part II, and IIIHandouts posted on the course web siteExplore COM+ EnvironmentRead related white papers/documentation on the COM+environments
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Project FrameworksProject Frameworks Setup (ongoing)
Apache Web Server (version 1.3.20, www.apache.org)Perl (version 5.x, www.perl.com), PHPMicrosoft IIS with COM+ and ASP (), ChiliSoftApache TomcatMacromedia JRunApache Cocoon 2/XSPVisibroker, OrbacusRMI-IIOPWebLogic, WebSphere, JBoss, Enhydra, OpenEJBInprise AppServer, iPlanet.com iPlanet, Sybase EAServer, Oracle 9i, IONA iPortal,Xoology Concerto, Aligo M-1, Advanced Network Systems WebIxGOAL Group OpenCCM, ExoLab.org OpenCCM, iCMG K2-CCM (C++), MICO/E(Eiffel ORB), JavaCCM, TAO Group, IONA iPortal (no CCM), Borland AppServer(no CCM), Sourceforge MI-3 (“Mission Impossible 3”) and CIF projects
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Assignment
Explore the references to DNA Application Server technologyHomework #6 due date is 11/19/01Homework #7: due date is 11/26/01
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Next Session:XML-Based Capabilities
in Component-Based Environments
EAI EnvironmentsB2Bi EnvironmentsChannel Independence and Pervasive Devices