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Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a CatalystProject Contract No.: SES6/CT/2004/502661

NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD)

Assessing the Durability and Integrity of Natural Gas

Infrastructures for Transporting and

Distributing Mixtures of Hydrogen and Natural Gas

Gaz de France - Isabelle Alliat

TNO – Jan Heerings

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NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD)

Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a CatalystProject Contract No.: SES6/CT/2004/502661

OBJECTIVES (1/2)

How much % of H2 is acceptable?SAFETY = Potential leakages of H2 and failure of gas

pipes

Effects of hydrogen on the durability of materials and components used in the natural gas transmission and distribution networks and end user infrastructure What are the H2 leakages in steel pipes? in PE pipes?

in gas appliances? How does H2 effect the initiation and growth of defects

in pipes? In which conditions? Has H2 an ageing effect on PE pipes? Etc.

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NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD)

Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a CatalystProject Contract No.: SES6/CT/2004/502661

Transmission pipelines Potential Threats

0100200300400500600700800900

1000

Incidents

OutsideForce & 3rd

Partydamage

OtherFailures

Corrosion Malfunctionof Control/

ReliefEquipment

Combined Gas & Liquid Incidents 1990-2001

Liquid

Gas

(Various)

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NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD)

Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a CatalystProject Contract No.: SES6/CT/2004/502661

Transmission pipesThreats, in more detail

General MIC AC DC SCC

Corrosion

Dents Gouges

Mechanical damage (Third party)

Weld defects Laminations

Material Imperfections

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NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD)

Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a CatalystProject Contract No.: SES6/CT/2004/502661

Potential Effect of Hydrogen, in terms of material performance

Embrittlement

FatigueRate

FatigueThreshold

MaterialPerformance

How fast does a cracklarger than the threshold grow ?

What is the combination of crack size,material and loading conditions representingthe maximum allowable condition to rupture?

At what K does an existing crackstart to grow ?

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NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD)

Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a CatalystProject Contract No.: SES6/CT/2004/502661

Transmission pipelines Assess the effect of H2 on steels

State of the art Gaseous H embrittlement of steels

Degradation of steel ductility = more brittle Easier initiation of internal cracks (with or without

applied stress) Delayed failure ruptures under mechanical loading Reduced fatigue life Reduced threshold stress intensity factor (KIH) for

cracks initiation Higher crack propagation rate under cyclic loading

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NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD)

Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a CatalystProject Contract No.: SES6/CT/2004/502661

Transmission pipelines Assess the effect of H2 on steels

Scope = steels for pipes & welds & defects

Mechanical strength and fracture behaviour

Fracture toughnessBurst resistance Fatigue behaviour

Deterministic and Probabilistic Approaches

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NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD)

Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a CatalystProject Contract No.: SES6/CT/2004/502661

Transmission pipelines Assess the effect of H2 on steels

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NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD)

Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a CatalystProject Contract No.: SES6/CT/2004/502661

Transmission pipelines Assess the effect of H2 on steels

Experimental methodologyMachined sample Tile cut in the

pipes

CT specimen

W=100 mm

a=0.5W

Crack in axial direction

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NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD)

Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a CatalystProject Contract No.: SES6/CT/2004/502661

Transmission pipelines Assess the effect of H2 on steels

Experimental methodologyPart of pipes Closed-end

pipesRing

Glass cell

Internalhydraulic

pressurization room

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NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD)

Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a CatalystProject Contract No.: SES6/CT/2004/502661

Distribution network Assess the permeability of PE

Purpose = identify the leakage of gas and assess the potential risks (safety)

Scope = PE for pipes (PE80, PE100) & welds (electro-fusion)

State of the art Few works were published on H2 permeation Quite thin literature on ageing of PE

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NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD)

Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a CatalystProject Contract No.: SES6/CT/2004/502661

Distribution network Assess the permeability of PE

Permeation measurement on samples & pipe

sections and welds

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NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD)

Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a CatalystProject Contract No.: SES6/CT/2004/502661

Distribution network Assess the permeability of PE

First results

Permeability

Diffusivity0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

0 1 104

2 104

3 104

4 104

5 104

Evolution des quantités de CH4 et de H

2 purs dans le PE

CH4, 80°C, 21.6 barH

2, 61°C, 21 bar

Am

ount

CH

4 (

cm3) A

mount H

2 (cm3)

Time (s)

a

PA

laPe

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NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD)

Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a CatalystProject Contract No.: SES6/CT/2004/502661

Distribution network Assess the effect of H2 on ageing of

PE

Ageing testing

Impact of H2 on residual properties

Thermocouple

Polymer disk (diameter 100 mm and thickness 3 mm)

Hydrogen

Vacuum system

Ageing cell

Thermocouple

Polymer disk (diameter 100 mm and thickness 3 mm)

Hydrogen

Vacuum system

Ageing cell

Chemical linkChemical linkChemical linkChemical link Macromolecular chainMacromolecular chainMacromolecular chainMacromolecular chain MicrostructureMicrostructureMicrostructureMicrostructure Macroscopic behaviourMacroscopic behaviourMacroscopic behaviourMacroscopic behaviour

IRTF TREFDMTA

DSCSAXS

Mechanical propertiesPermeation behaviour

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NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD)

Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a CatalystProject Contract No.: SES6/CT/2004/502661

Distribution network Assess the reliability of gas meters

Purpose = identify the leakage of gas (safety) and assess the metering

Scope = domestic gas meters with polymer membranes

G4 (up to 6m3/h) and G6 (up to 10m3/h) European manufacturers

• Actaris• Elster• Kromschroeder

• Nuovopignone

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NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD)

Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a CatalystProject Contract No.: SES6/CT/2004/502661

Inner grids Assess the permeability of PE

Testing materials & devices used in houses Scope = gas-valve combination, connection

between end-using devices and house installation, and whole end-using device (like boiler)

Metals : copper, steels, cast iron, ductile iron, etc.

Polymers : PE, PVC, elastomers, etc.

This task starts at month 18 (October ‘05): definition of test conditions

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NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD)

Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a CatalystProject Contract No.: SES6/CT/2004/502661

Durability Assessment Tool

Develop new software tool for predicting damage impact on pipeline strength

Verification of software simulation : estimation of lifetime of networks

User guide for operation with NG/H2 mixtures

The results from the WP3 “Durability” will be used in the WP4 “Integrity” for updating the inspection, repair and integrity management tools

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Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a CatalystProject Contract No.: SES6/CT/2004/502661

NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD)

Operational Management of Integrity

TNO – Jan Heerings

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NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD)

Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a CatalystProject Contract No.: SES6/CT/2004/502661

Balance between Integrity controlling factors

MaterialPerformance

Mechanicalloading (operations)

Defectsize

StructuralReliability

orPoF

Repair requirements

Inspection requirements

Changing material performance changing acceptable defect size modified operating window modified inspection & repair requirements

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NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD)

Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a CatalystProject Contract No.: SES6/CT/2004/502661

Potential Effect of Hydrogen, in terms of maximum acceptable

defect size

Maximum allowable dimension of corroded spot

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

10 100 1000

Defect length L (axial direction) [mm]

Dep

th o

f co

rro

ded

sp

ot

dc

Rc = 1.0 MAOP

Rc = 1.5 MAOP

Rc = 1.7 MAOP

Rc = 1.9 MAOP

MSYS = 369 MPaMSUTS = 520 MPa

Varioussafety margins

Example of typical result :

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NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD)

Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a CatalystProject Contract No.: SES6/CT/2004/502661

Inspection requirements

UT

MFL

MFL Inspection – most frequently used technology

MFL tools have around80% of the world wideInspection market

Plus -• Robust • Works in liquid or gas• Tolerant to dirt• High speed 4m/sec• Good detection & sizing (+/- 10% wt @ 80% confidence)• Good for small pits (>7mm dia)

Minus• Indirect measure of wall• Not good for axial defects• Not good for gradual thinning

Data from GE PII

Which requirements are needed ?Which improvements are possible ?

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NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD)

Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a CatalystProject Contract No.: SES6/CT/2004/502661

Repair requirements

Grinding

Weld deposit

Metallic sleeves (bolted or welded)

Composite sleeves

Advanced metallic sleeves (GE PII ESR)

Cut and replace defective section of pipe

Which requirements are needed ?Which improvements are possible ?

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NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD)

Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a CatalystProject Contract No.: SES6/CT/2004/502661

Integrity Management

Threat Identification

Repair &MitigationMeasures

Integrity (PoF) &Consequence (CoF)Assessment

RiskEvaluation

Inspection &Monitoring

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NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD)

Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a CatalystProject Contract No.: SES6/CT/2004/502661

Challenge in Naturalhy

Translation of changed material properties towards Decision-making on WHEN and HOW to INSPECT and REPAIR

Main deliverables:• Improved inspection methods• Improved repair methods• Integrity Management Tool & Resource Allocation

Taking account of:

• Percentage of hydrogen in mixture• Material of construction• Operating conditions• Age of pipeline, historical inspection data• CP measurement data and level of protection• Coating survey measurements

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NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD)

Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a CatalystProject Contract No.: SES6/CT/2004/502661

THANK YOU