GE Industrial Lighting Application Brochure 1977

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l-ndustriol Lighting ond Productivity

Properly appl ed ndustr a I ghting cana signif cant factor in atta n ng

c goals: hlgher

increased economy.use of energy. Modern ightand ghting systems today en-

any piant to enjoy adequate levelsi umination w th re atively low

tures for equipment and n manyower cost ol operatlon.

To the lst ol techniques common y

as alfecting productiv ty use oland money-sav ng equ prnent,

production techn ques. andoyee anotivation programs

',rr bo-ooeo -'rooFrn to--1 " q rgmanuiacturers are

6a..no L dworp 'hdt berla ighr rq .

important contributor. too. asby an lncreasing numberspecif c ndustrial case histor es n

mproved lght ng has lmprovedty by a measurable arnount.

--t,'f."f ! t'-=

,-'-ii,i' ,..; :i '.

average hourly product on wageHo wever, better lghting cansLrbstant a y allect the workers'

perlorrnanceOf the severa elements that contribute

to an mproved ndustrial vsual en

vironment and to ts benef ts lightings one of the most effective andeconomica . Even with the presentconcern for enerqy managernent and thehigher cost of e ectr c ty t is st ll

Pract cai to conserve energy andreduce cosis by nsta I ng h gh elfic encylightinq syslems using soLrrces deve oped bv General Electr c. Describedn detai later they are app lcab e to both

n^^

,-d .--o. r,od ,o-t -o ranSo. good lght ng has many potential

benef ts n product vity. economy.and enerey. For these reasons. invest ngn good ndustria ght ng espec al y

n the renovat on of outdated systemsfrequently y elds a fast payback anda handsorne return on nvestment.

Lighting and EconomicsThe purpose of industr a light ng lsproduct v ty. Good lighting nsures the

abil ty to see tasks. A satislactorv y/sua/environment a lo\\s workers to seebetter and work rnore eflectively. Fast,accLrrate see ng often rneans fast.accurate working.

Good liqht nq can enhance pro

duct vlty and save operating do ars atthe san're t rne Often. convers on toa modern liOhtinq system can pay fortse f when operat ng costs arecompared to those ol the ight sourcereplaced. When productlvity goa s

reqLr re ncreased ight levels, the outputand qual iy gain fror| a proper y des gnedsystem can eas ly exceed the cost of

more ght''The average ndustr al wageinc ud nq lrinqe benet ts has been

55 60 per hour" (U.S Department ofLabor): the cost of industr al ightingenergy 2.66C per hour (EdisonE ectr c lnst tLtte) . Th s means thalwages as an ndustria cost element are27, t mes greater than ighting enerayconversely. ightin g energv constitutesess than five tenths ol I !,; that of the

i -::;;".a -v.,/

;rf" 4

peasant vsua envronment.ri ths de firaknq shop p!s an ade.t!ate amounl of ioht has b-.e.,..lrL,dr.nray Red!ced worker 1!nr over anl .eatcr work areas are s .te b-..-.i ts

lbs.n ral: n!t DrodLrci of

, t "'r!:



lndustrial Lighting and Productivity, cont.

Examples ofLighting Productivity lnc reas e

1n a relight ng project for a manufacturer

of mater als handllng ro lers, theiLlLrmlnation leve! was increased froTn 30

to 200 footcandles. This change resultedn ach eving the same product on ln

two 10 hour shifts that had previously

required three.

Produclivity lncrease

n a warehouse study. workers wererequired to search, ocate and recordprice nformation lor l5 productsirorn 30 b n locations. Performance t rne

was recorded at I ve footcandies and

at 50 footcandles. At the atter level,productivjty increased an average

of 13.5% through reduced time for taskperformance.

Reduced Downtime

At a hosiery rnils knitt ng machlnerepa r shop. manage.nent acknowiedgeda 107o lncrease in product on afterinsralldt on or d.100-foorcandlo liqh- 1g

system. The ncreased lllumin ationiaci itated workers' ident fication of parts

needlng replaceTnent. Previously,many defective parts were overiookedand machines were sent back to

production. resu ting n more downt rneand higher repair cost.

Lighting Benefits lnclude:IMPROVEDproduct vity

morale and rnot vat on

safetYvisua env ronment

corporate rnagehousekeep ng

DECR EAS EDproduct rejection

eye stra n

fat gu e

attr t ona bs ent eeis m

employee dissatisf action

Fewer Accidents

n a large forge shop a lighting increasefrom 15 to 150 footcandles wasaccompan ed by a 24 8'o ed .. o^ -industria accidents. (For minimumsalety light levels, consu t the 1973 Life

Safety Code. Occupationai Safety andHealth Acti the National Electr cal Code

of the Natlonal F re Protection

Associatlon; and the Federal Construction n dustry Salety Act.)

Ouality ol Lighl

L ght ng quaiity is light ng comfort.Light ng comfori s the control of br ghtness particular y that of the light ng

eq ulpment. the task, and the areasimmedlate y surrounding both. 1t

includes control ng the reflectiv ty ofthe room surfaces and the equ pmentfinishes. t also refers to the ba ance oibriqhtness (the briqhtness ratios )

of a these elements. Properly ba ancedthese nterrelations prodLlce a good''v sual environ ment.

lndustr al managers are increas nglyaware that a good environment is

important. They are applying this con-cept whlch, until a few years ago,!r.lJ reier.eo lor orlce \ et tne f e

clerk s paid somewhat ess thana mach ne operator whose seeing task

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l.*- -. -

,;- __ ={},- ..F

-+--

-

A rnodern lghting syslem using 400 watt Lucalox high-pressure sod !m amps prov des good see ng condll ons whie reqir ring less energy than oldersystems to prodLrce the same amo!nt oi ight



Visuol Envi ronment Criteriq

fixture type

lam p type

positionand

visualtask

equipment contrastsand iinlshes

objects in the

spatiaperception

-n work

place

visual composition ofthe working area

light in g

-

systemdesign

leve ofum nat on

f xture spacing

fixture height

lighting ma intenance

eye movement variations in seeina ab ty

it

balance ofsyst ern

the effects of age

brightness ofwork place

llghtin g

environrnent

room f nishesand contrasts

contrast ofwork place

Z\N

Some of the rnany factors that shou d

when an effective visual environment

II'lIIIII

be considered

is being planned.

the work plane

ocular fatigue



Visual Environment Criteria, conl.

Visibility ol TasksFour lactors affect v sibi ty: time. size,

contrast. and brightness. li viewing

tirne is short, size s small, or ccntrast ispoor, higher quartlty and controlledguality oi illurninat on wlll lncreasevislbllity.

Quantity of LighlThe diffic!lty of a task dictates thequantity of ght. The American National

Standards lnstitute (ANSI) has

approved specif c footcandlerecommendations for a wide rangeof industrial funct ons. These have

been based upon years ofexperimentatlon n univers tylaboraties, subjective analysis, and

application experience. This Standard'was sponsored by and s avallable from

The llluminating Engineering Saclety.

345 East 47th St., New Yotk. NY

10017.Ihey are summarized n Table 1.

' American Nat ona Standa.d Praclice lortndustrlaL Liqht noi A I I 1-1973

Table l.

Casua/ see ng lasks can be done more easiy and q! ck y w th a m nimumiqht nq l€vel oi 30 (3 2 hlx) footcandles

Medlum tasks are done nrore acc!rately wlth a minimum oi T 00 footcand es

(l , ,, Wori pd.e'.'d 6 bc a .aqaFiiqi.po p

Aough tasks which requlre ideni fication oi itenrs by read ng large markings.need a minim!m of 50 ioolcandles (5.4 h x) ln th s example, theworker is able 1o quickly locate and accurate y dent fy the coi s becaLsegood Light ng makes lt easy to read low contrast marking.

SEEINGTASKS AND MINIMUM RECOMMENDED LIGHTING LEVELS

Seeing Task Description RecommendedFC. - (HLX)- -.

CasualRough

Med urn

F ne

Extra Flne

non-critica taskslarge, eas jly identif iable

o bjectsmost manufacturing activ tlesintricate tasks, detailed

assemb y

very sma I parts, inspect on

30 (3.2)

50 (s.4)

100 (11)

500 - (54) +

1000 + (1 10) r

+These eve s us!a y prov ded by s!pp ementarv I ghting

' 'A iootcand e or !minance s lhe arnolnt oi ight reach nq a suriace One iootcandle s one l!menreaching a. area of one square lool Simi arly one ux s one umen reach ng an area oi one sq!are meter' ' This co Lrmn denoles Hectol!x. the melric measuremenl oi ll!m nal on leve!s estab ished by IhelntematianalSystem al Units lSl).

L ght ng evel recomrnendations are lrased !pon lhe see ng ab I 1y of young adu ts w th norma eyesighlOlder eyes and s!bnorma v s on requ re a compensating fcrease n Lminal on leve

Th-. recommendat ons a so spec iy the minlmLrm. mainla ned gh1 ng on lhe task Because. with

time amp oulp!t decreases and'1

ri acc!m! at on increases. I xt!re elf ciency s owered Th!s. thelnlrtrl i umlnat on eve wi be somewhat higher lhan lhe recornmended ma nta ned evel.



II

F/ne dela ls command workers axention and nrr cate lasks are performedquicker when ighted lo a minimum of 500 iootcand es (54 htx) Properighling reduces faliqLre and increases p.oduct on ell c encv.

Exira i/re elements ol a task are easier ro see when tow contrast s oiisetwilh 1000 foolcand es (l l0 h x) of ight.

Quality ol LightLight ng quality refers to controllngbrlghtness

-notonly that ol the arnp

and ilxture. but also that wh ch is

reflected irorn the task and other oblectsn a roorn.

When we see dn oojFct we pe ceivoits briqhtness and contrast wlth itsbackground, the amount of which is

contingent Lrpon its reflectance.For examp e, if an object has

a reilectance of 5070 and s I uminatedat 120 footcand es, its br ghtness s

60 footlamberts (.50 x 120) . Foot-larnberts" (fL) have the sarne un ts ofrneasurernent as iootcandles : lumensoe "oJa c'ool. Br'gl-lcF55 0'lan p.and lum naires are described usingthe same term.

'Brightness" is often referred to as"luminance. "Brightness" refersto a person's mpression of the relat veintenslly of light. "Luminance is

lqe le( hnr.a ler.r .seo w-en meas- inqthe quantity of light seen by the eye. lts expressed as "footlamberts'(fL) Toavoid confusion n this publication wewlll continue to use brightness toexpress the amount of ght ernitted,transm tted, or reflected by an object10 ward the eye

The lmportance ofControlling BrightnessIt is easier and less fatiguing to see atask in an environment in whichbrightnesses are properly controlledand balanced. Good task contrast givesthe task the highest visibi,ity andattention, thus m in im izing the tendencyfor a worker's eyes to stray. However,beyord the task area, contrast should besomewhat less. Excessive briAhtness or

contrast in the general iield of viewbecome distractions or even annoyancesand should be removed or controlled.For recommended brightness ratios,see Table 2, below.

The techniques to control brightnessare explained in greater detail onpaoe 15 under the section, "OtherConsiderations.

Table 2-Recommended Maximum Luminance Ratios

EnvironmentalClassification

ABC1. Between tasks and adjacent

darker surroundings 3to1 3to1 sto12. Between tasks and adjacent

lighter surroundings 1to3 Ito3 Itos3. Between tasks and rnore remote

darker surfaces 10to T 201014. Between tasks and more remote

lightersurfaces 1toT0 1to205. Between uminaries (or windows,skyl ghts, etc.) and surfacesadjacent to them 20 to 1

6. Anywhere within norrnal field ofview 40 to 1

'Lum.ance rat o contro noi practicaA nterorareas where retleclances oi ent re space can beconlroted in inewith

recommendalions for opt murn see ng conditions.B Areas where rellectances ol immedtate work area can be cofrro ed but conrrot oi

renrote surround is im tedC Areas (lndoor and outdoo4 where il s comp elety impractica to contro reflecrances and

d "r.r, o d le' d1!r'o14 enld !ondrUon



Visual Environment Criteria, cont.

ln lhis 3 lo 1 Brightness Bat o. the lask

(geomerric oblects) is lhree times /ighier than ils

n th s I to 10 Brighlness Rat o lheiask

(geomelrjc obiects) s ten limes darke.lhan ilsmore remoie sutroundings.

n this 1-to 3 Brightness Rai o. the task

(qeomelr c objecls) s ihree t mes da,'ker than ils

t IR| '-El- '-'S- -.-.,.,.',:'i:'!X.:

i -.,:, ....\4.1,':i,:rl.. .\d._Xl

' .,, \.-':..,t.1f!{{fColors and ref eclance of bench tops. equ pment.

mach nery. !n forms and walls are ba anced

to g ve needed conlrasl and to control the br ghl _

ness ratio within the norrna fie d oi v ew Res! t

s easler lasl€r see ng wilh sLrsta ned efficlencySmal areas ol dark€r. more saturaled co ors

can be added to make the space more nterest ng

and pleasant See Table 3 th s page lorrecomm€nded ref ectances

B. ghlness conlrasl ol !minaire w th cei ing backgro!nd is ba anced with n a 20 to 1 ratio in lh s

examp e by pa nting ce lng wh ie and se ect ng a contro ed br ghtness fixlure with l0% upward I ght

:1hIEi:;'".f#r,eJ

Table 3-Recommended Rellectance Va luesApplying to Environmental Classifications A and B, Table 2

Surlaces

Ceiling

WallsDesk and bench tops,

rnachines and equ iPment

Floors

Reflectance*(per cent)

B0 to 90

40 to 60

25 to 45not less than 20

'Fei eclance shou d be maintained as near as pracl ca to recommended va ues.



Plonning ond Choosing lndustriol Lighting Systems

l\,4ost industrial functions, in genera.can be ighted with any of the commonlarrp-f ixture combinations. However,

lhe or ude-t 'r'ranageme^t ot e-ergyand economy suggests us ng the mosteiiicient systern compatible with taskrequirement. Planning and choosinga light ng systern require knowledge oflamp and lumina re performance.

CHOOSING THE LAMPThere are three rnajor lamp types:ncandescent, f luorescent, andhigh- ntensity discharge (HlD). With n

the H D category there are threeclassiflcations: Luca ox@, [email protected] mercury vapor. Al types differin e ectrical ch aract eristics. efi cacy' .

lumen rnaintenance, life, color, size,5lâpe and cosl. lheqecâraLIeri.r ("

are explained be ow and shown in

fab e 4.

Electrical CharacteristicsThe lncandescent lamp operatesdirect y from the voltage tor which it wasdesigned; all others require auxi aryequipment which transforms and/or'eqLlates voltage, li.nits c ur rent. elc.Tl'ese aJXrliar'e5 corsLrrre wattage inaddition to that required by the lam p.

Whereas incandescent and fluorescent amps attain full output as soonas they are energized, H D larnps

do so some time after energization. nlhe event ol even a momentarypower interruptlon, they have to coolfor a period before their arcs restr keand light output is resLrmed. Thesewa .'t-Jo and ra s he t:n es vary asindicated in the tab e.

EfficacyA lamp's umen output is rated (asshown in the General Electric LampCatalog) accordlng to its average nitiallurnens. Dividing that va ue by ltswatts determines its efficacy in lumens-per-watt (LPW). Lumens-per-wattvaries considerably among the severaltypes of lamps. lt also var es rylthl,the amp types the higher wattagesusually produce rnore LPW thanthe ower wattages. Thus, the mosteconomical light ng system is normallythe one which uses larnps havingthe highest practicable efficacy. AnI PW corpar.,o^ S shown ^ Tdb e 5.

oBeg stered trademark of lhe General E!ectr c

' Eiiicacy , n I ghting lerm no ogy. refers to a

lamp s Lumens per walt ; efi c ency tolhe fixture s !men output

'iivded by the

amp s l!men outpul

Table 4.

TY PE

ofLA l\./l p

APPROXII/IATE RANGE OF LAMP CHARACTERISTICS

Average % FELATIVLumensperWalt Lumen Average Warm-up/ COST

lvlain Rated Life Restrike ojWattages' lnitial Mean lenance (Hours) (lvlinules) LIGHT

Luca ox 70-1000 83,140 15-121 90 91 20-24,000 3-4l.5 1 LowestMu t Vapor 175-1 000 80-1 T 5 62 92 77-80 10-15,000 2 5/i 0-20 Med umlvlercury Vapor (DX) 50 T000 32 63 25 48 75-89 16,24,000+ 5 7/3,6 HighFluorescent (CW) 40 215 74-84 49 74 66-88 12-20,000 I tmrnediate Med urnncandescent 100 1500 17 24 15 23 90-95 750 2500 tmmediate Highest

'Lucalax 6szes N/l! I Vapor 3sizesi merc!ry vapor: Tsizes f uorescent & incandescent: range n-roslconrnron y used for nduslr a app icat o.ns

Lumen MaintenanceEil cacy depreciates as a lamp is used.Again, the amount (and rate) of'edLced PW var -s with dn o type\and wattage. lt is necessary tobe familiar with lumen ma ntenance(the opposite of "depreciation") becauselllumination evels are normallycalculated as maintained" footcand es

-alevel which can be expected after

the amps have been operated forsome specified t me. The GE LampCataloq o ov:de< ..1ea- lLr-en ral ngslor fluorescent and H D lamps.

LifeLamp life s another var ant. The ratedlife of a lamp (another item inc udedin the GE Lamp Catalog) is that numberof hours at which it is expected that50% of a group of them is likely to failLamp life is an important factor inlighting maintenance (replacementand labor) costs;however, long life. by

Table 5.

itself, does rol necessarily contributeto low, overall cost of a lighting systern.

ColorDiiferent lamp types generate ghtwh ch is composed of energy fromvarious portlons of the vlsible spectrum.lncandescent and Lucalox larnps appear''warrn"; mercury-vapor, fluorescent,and Multl-Vapor appear "cool". Allproduce completely acceptablei lumination. but because of theirspectral ch aracterist ics, tend toemphasize colors in wh ch they arestrong, demean those n which they arewea k.

CoslUnit lamp cost is a small part of ightlng-system cost. Although amps withhigher light output usual y cost more,a smaller quantity is needed for a

specified ight nq level. Lighti-9 cosrs.therefore, tend to decrease when higher-priced larnps are used.

60 70 80 90

Lumens Per Watl (Avg.).

100 110 120 130 't40 1

Ballast walts not included.

10 20 30 40 50



Planning and Choosing lndustrial Lighting Syslems, cont.

LUCALOX@The preceding factors indicate thatLucalox h gh-pressure sodium amPs

are usua ly the best econorfic choice forindustrial genera lighting. They arehigh n efficacy (rnore than twicethat of rnercury). hlgh in lumenmaintenance and lfeThese combined

RETROFIT LAMPSln addltion to the large select on ollamps for general lighting, there

are several which are deslgned toreduce energy or to upgrade exlstlngsystems-simply by lamp substitution.. Wall \.4 spr v l uo.escent rdrrps

are avai ab e lor 4 ft Rapid Start,SLirnline. High Output and PowerGrooveo lamp fixtures. These redLrce

wattage 147. to 20%r lght output.about 127. to 18%. App cations arelirnited to indoor amb ents of 60"F orhiqher. Ballasts and fixtures must be

checked for compatibi ty. Watt [,4iser

lamps were spec flcally designed tostart and operate sat sfactor ly on

common y used commercial baLlasts

However. all reduced wattagefluorescent lamps have characterlst cs

that affect ba last lfe. The effect is

variable. but in nsta ations whereballasts have cornponents deterioratedby age, temperature or poor malntenancpractices, higher than normal ballast

factors more thanoffset their h ghert]n t cost.

specific al on.

M U LT I-VAPO R@

M ult -Vapor rnetal-halide arnps, nextto Lucalox ln

efficacy, are usuallythe secondeconomic choice.Whi e prov ding

;;;'".';;;'""

-

appearance. the lower initial ight

output and poorer lumen ma ntenanceusual y results in a higher cost oflight. Also the selection of dlfferentwattages is more lirnited than other H D

MERCURYMerc ury-vapor lam ps, successful y

used by the m lllons for many years,

are gradually belng displaced by

Luca ox and Mult -Vapor lamps. They

are. nevertheless, appropr ate forcertain Low footcandle, low-mount ng-height applications. usual y out

FLUORESCENTF uorescent lamps (wh e s ight y

ower in efficacy than Mult -Vapor) maybe preferred n some instances where,by virtue of large surface area and

d flusion, they produce softer reflectionsi- -hr-y male ialc a']d/or equ pmp'lt.Battery operated fluorescent flxturesare usefu for provldlng emergencY

liqhtino for safety. Where excellentcolor rendition is required, specia y

des gned fluorescent amps must be

us ed.

I NCA N DESCENTlncandescent lamps are seldom used

for industrial general lighting because oftheir low efticacy and comparativelyshort llfe. They ior fluorescent)are useful. however, in seldorn occupledareas and/or where instant turn-oni\ reqLrred. Ihcv are also sJpe or-particularly in the self-containedreflector types for some inspection

and accent liohtinq and for additionaltool point illuminat jon. lncandescentlamps, too, are useful for batteryoperated emergency llghting. Lexano

coated larnps should be used as

indicator lamps on machines. Theirhigher brlghtness perrnits the use

of lower wattage larnps than when

standard ceram c coated lamPS are

us ed.

Ouartzlineo''Ouartzlin e lncandescents are GE

spec a purpose amps wh ch. I ke theconvent onal types. ofier nstant on/offoperation (no warrn-up phase).

Add tional y they are sornewhat moreei{ic ent. they maintain maxlmum lghtout put roughly twice as lon g, andthey produce a whiter I ght n industr a

appl cat ons, they are used primar ly

for supplementa lighting (see page 18). '

la lures may occur shortly alter

Lucalox larnpsare becom ng

the standardof indLrstr a

liaht no

re amping. Energy cost savings asso-ciated with these lamps are usua ly

in excess of any increase n ballastreplacernent costs.. I- line Mu ti-Vapor lamps in

400-watt and I000 watl sizes canreplace mercury-vaPor lamPs

of equal wattage n i xtures whichhave com patib e ballasts.(Ballasls and tixtures must be

checked for compatibi ty.)I line Mult Vapor lamps can upgradea sub-standard mercury I ghting systemby increasing llumination by 50!/o, or m

w th no increase ln energy use.. F Z tL>r-V.Lucalo( la.r-p \ t50-watt and 215-watt) will operateon com patible 175-watt and25o-watt mercury ballasts. At thereduced wattage, light outputmay be increased 50% to 100%.NOTE: Your GE Lamp Sales

Representatlve can provideinstruments to determine wh etherI-lineor E-Z Lux lamps willoperate ln your iixtures.. E-Z Merc(Tl\l) ampS are se/l-

ballasted mercury-vapor amps forreplacement ln lrcardescenfsockets. Substituting the 160-,300-. 450-, and 750-watt sizeslor incandescent lamps ofcornparable wattage will greatlyincrease lamp life (thus reducemaintenance cost). They will ,']ol,

however, make any significantdifference in maintained ight

output. Retrofit lamps are con





Planning and Choosing lnduslrial Lighting Systems, cont.

brightness controlling lenses or louvers

should be considered.H lD Jurninaires are being used r.ore

frequently in many types of applica-

tions. N.4ost of their reflectors are made

of prismatic glass, aluminum, or a

glass/aluminum combination.

Another H lD lu rn inaire is the"enclosed':type. Similar in design to

those described above, it prevents dirtfrom coming in contact wlth thereflecting surface. A flat, gasketed,

clear-qlass cover seals the bottom; a

clear-glass, gasketed coLlar sealsthe top. The lu m inaire can be vented topermit alr to exit when the larnp is

turned on and to enter when it is turnedoff. A filter (usually ceramic oractivated charcoal) keeps dust anddirt out, and keeps the reflector cleanand efficient.

Recently H I D fixtures have been

designed to use the efficient H I D sourcesat lower mounting heights. These fixturesshould be selected to have good

brightness control and provide a fairlywide beam spread of light.

1\.4ost are available with open tops thatprovide the jmportant upward com-ponent of light. The opening also permitsthe flow ol larnp-heated air which has

sufflcient velocity to prevent airbornedirt from being readily deposited on thereflecting surface. Solid top fixtures tendto cause excessive dirt deposits and

need more irequent cleaning.

MECHANICAL FEATURES

A well-made fixture is easier to install

and to maintain. Some of the importantmechanical aspects to evaluate areits materials, its construction, and its

auxiliarydevices.

Good quality industrial fixtures aresomewhat more rugged than officefixtures. Reflectors for fluorescent typesare finished with baked, syntheticenamel, or with porcelain enamel.Although industrial fluorescent lum inares

are not normally equipped with lateralbaffles, such devices are frequentlyrecommended because they provide

optimum briqhtness control lrrespectiveof occupant/f ixture orientation. lfthe visualtasks are highly specular,fixtures using diffusing plastic bottomcovers should be used. ln criticalareas aluminum fixtures or fixtures with

A machine shop lighled with HID lLrminaires

designed for ower mounl ng heighls. These

lum naires use 250 wati Lucalox lamps.



ElectricalCharacterislics Fixturemanufacturers match the ballasts forfluorescent and HID iamps to the

specified voltage. There are a number ofdifferent bal ast types each with ltsown intr ns c mer it-bJl a f Ltl oiscuss onis beyond the scope of this publication.F xture and/or ballast manufacturerswill supply pertlnent data to anyone whorequests it.

Auxiliary Devices-Many

fixtures,especially the HID industrial types, haveaccessories that provide functional,installation. and maintenanceadvantages.

Remote ballasting is possible whenhigh ambient temperatures exist orilsJf f icient clea.ance precludas hanginga complete fixture because of exceSSiveoverall depth. A flexible cord-and-p ugunit connects ballast and fixture. Wireguards can be attached to reflgctors forlamp and/or lens protection.

HID fixtures can be equipped iorstandby lighting-a 250 watt quartzincandescent lamp (about the sizeof a ipstlck case) can be mountedinside the reflector. After momentarypower interruptions, the quartz lampautomatically lights until the H I D lampcools down, restarts and regains some60% of its ful light output. Normally,quartz larnps are not used in all fixturesbut are strategically placed for safe

movement of personnel.

Hazardous-Location Fixtures Somefunctions need I qhtino equipment thatwill not cause ignition of ambient

explosive vapors or dust, or if suchexplosion occurs, the f xture must con,lain il The eqJ o.nent is 11ore expe-sive(the metal parts are usually castings);

its choice is qoverned by code. Eachapplication shouid be planned, withquallfied advisors, for the specific

problem. Because of the higher cost ofthese fixtures it is even more im-portant to use the rnost efficient llghtsource that is available.

A generalized drawing of an exptosion prootiixture, design€d for locarions where amb entexp osivevapors or dust is present. Manytypes

of such equ pmenr are avaitabte trom fixture

&An aircraJt spray booth s rtghted with srandardf uorescent lixlures located outside the areabeh nd the sealed panels.



Colculoting the Lighting Requirement

Calculaling the LightingRequirement

The accepted procedurefor

calculatingnterlor lighting evels s by use ofthe ES Zonal Cavlty System.' Although

these calculatlons afford optimumaccuracy-and are fully explained in theES Handbook it s often necessary

to have only a quick approximat on ol thequantity of ighting equipment needed

to satisfy an lllumination level spec lication. There are several rules of thumbwhich serve that purpose.

Spacing Method The following table

indicates approximate base maintalnedfootcandles levels according to fixturespacing. For evels other than the basequantity, the level ls changed

inversely and proportionally to a changein spaclng-i.e., doubljng the spaclng(in one direction), halves the level;

halving the spacing doubles the leve.Doubling the spacing in both directionsreduces the level to one-fourth.

'I E.S Lighting Handbook, Lllum nalingEng neering Society. New York NY. 10072

L GHTING SYSTEMAPPROXII\,4ATE FOOTCAN DL ES'

ON SPAC NGS' OF

Lamp Watls 10' x 10- 15-x 15 20 xzo 25 x25 30 x 30

70100150254400

1000175400

10005075

100

250400

1000

35 15

55 25

95 45

180 80

300 r 35

85 35

200 90300

l0t52A 10

45 20

60 30

rT5 s0300 r 40

t015 10

25 15

45 30

75 50

21 0 135

2A 15

50 35

165 105

[rulti-Vapor

lMerc!ry Vapor(Deluxe White)

10

20

95t02575

TO

15

3080

t020

50r5

Fluorescent CONTINUOUS ROWS OF 2-LAMP FIXTURES ON SPACINGS' ol:(Cool While) 6ll. I tt. 10lt. '1211. 15 ft

40-W Rap d Start75 W Sliml ne

1 10 W High Oulput215 W Power Groove

120120185

300

90 70

90 1A

T40 110225 180

60 50

60 5090 75

150 124

"Spac nos assumed within max murns establ shed by fixl!re manuiacl!rer

Table 6.

Lumens-per-Square-Fool Method'" Less accurate than the previous method,

this one permlts a fair y reasonable ca culation by using the amp lurnens as givenin the GE Lamp Calalog and substituting n the iormula:'

Tota Lamp Lumens per

2 x area per ilxture

Or, Jor a given footcandle level, transposing the lorrnu a io determine area per

fixture:Ar.dper -'.ture lolal la-oLU-e"pF f YlL e

2 x iootcandles(The '2' n rhe denom nator assumes ossofhafthe umens in lixture !tilizationlarnp depreciatlon, and dirt accumulation.)

Table 7.

Walts-per-Square-Foot Melhod" -A convenlent. popular. quick approximation:

Lucalox ............... .I6watts/sq lt

lvlut Vapor ....... 2.swatts/sq ltPer 100 F uorescent . ..... . ............... 3 0 watts/sq ft

Footcand es Mercury-Vapor . 3 5 watls/sq ft

lncandescent (reflector amp) .8 5 watts/sq ft

"Both lhe Tab e and Lumen per Square-Fool Method are based upon /a,'ge ln'lustrial areas.

where room w dlh lW) is s x t mes lhe I xture mount ng height (MH).

For mediunr sized areas (where W = 3lVH). reduce loolcandles and ncrease

watlage T5ol,

For sma areas (v/here W = l'/H) reduce ioolcandles and ncrease wattage

50%L!ca ox fixlures and incandescent rel ector amps tend to be more elliclent

an.l have hlgher um€n rna ntenance characteristics: th!s. for these

sources ncrease the footcand e value aboul 25%

Table 8.



Olher Considerotions

N

:'n.t - ''',1

''l

.t.

E

-itll s 'l

l

f-lI re

3G6

Utilization and Room SurlacesRoom surfaces should be as h ghlyref ective as practicable because oftheir slgn ficant effect upon lightingsystern utilizationi however, fewoccupants would feel comfortable n theover-stimulation ol an al -white room.Because

the wall brightness usuay has

a great impact on visual comfort. thosesuriaces are usLra y toned down to apleasing co or hav ng a reflectanceof between 4070 an60%.

Ce ng- -r'6-16 oF llat w1 le da . -

ened by t me, it wi I still provide betterrel ectance than any other co or. ltis good pract ce to cont nLre the whitedown the wa ls to the leve ol thebottor.s of the fixtures or to the chordeve of the 9e ing trusses (these. too.should 5e similar y f nished)

*--

L ght-co ored floors not on y contribute to good lighting ut ization (iightref ected lrom them is especiallybenef cial in luminat ng the lowershelves of storage racks), they also havea subtle rnpact upon worker att tude:sLrbstantial evidence indicates suchlloors are conduc ve to better

housekeeping personnel are ess likelyto litler

The mportance of proper roomreflectances to lighting util zat on rnaybe evaluated by nspecting a luminaire s"coefficient of utilizat on ' table. Thesecoefficients are the percentage ofa fixture s light reaching the work planefor specilied room propo(ions andref ectances. lf the respective ceilingand wa I reflectances are 80o/" and 50%.the utilization wi I be much higherthan ii those suriaces reflected 107o and'10% (a condition that can exist in apoorly mainta ned factory). lllum nat onevels are directly proportional to

these utilizat on factors. Thus, for aspecified number of f xtures, h gher re-flectances wlll increase the illurninationior, for a specif ed i lumination, feweriixtures wi I be requ red.

I

'i

l



Other Consideralions, conl.

t,1-''

S!bstanl aly more ighl red!ced absentee sm. improved mora e. and reduced conrpla nrs about eye fat gue i. thls work area.

. ,:.c".:1

-;,:.t ;r

Visual Environmenl andFoom Su rlacesThe choice of roorn-surtace colors can

mean the difference between creat ng

a pleasant visual environment or a

oJrl o'e; oelween satis'action a-d di--appointment; between ordinary and

outstanding I

Wall and other vert cal suriaces areperhaps the mosl important areasfor prov dlng aesthetlcs in a

factory space-a bit of color (and some

vd idl onl pn'ancetkpe.rv o rre_lln choosing and applying color, the

benefit of artistlc talent is helpful;nevertheless, the following guidelines

may suggest effect ve techniques:1. tJse paints that Provide a matte

iln sh.2. Choose colors that are com-

patible with the intendedlight source; in fact, selectcolors utder that light source.

3. Avoid the monotonY of a singlecolor on all walls. APPIY smallarnounts of contrasting colorand/or tlnts or shades ofthe predominant color:a. on end walls.b. on vertical structural rnem-

bers and intermedlatecolurnns.

c. on a "zonal" basls as

defined by the limits of a

chosen series of columnlines.

4. Consider the use of othermaterials e.g.,Textolite@,

heavy-duty v nyl, real orsimulated brick-on a fewsrnall wall areas.

These techniques in conjunction withthe recom mended reflectances arenot only functionally and aesthetically effective, they serve to enhance visualcomfort. They also provlde thebackground for a iurther environmentalenhancernent which is gaining popularityin industrial interiors: the applicationof color to factory equipment.

Visual Environmenl andMachinery SurlacesFor years, industry has imposed visualmonotony by equipping its shopswith acres of "mach ne green" or "ma-

chine gray." The modern tendencyto provide relief by pa nting rnach neryvarious colors has a good psycho ogicalmpact upon the workers. In large plants

where workers are sufficiently deepin the lnterior to preclude their seeingthe walls, colorful machinery provldesthe on y color in their environment.

Reliable help is available from paint

rnanufacturers, rnany of whom haveconducted cons derable researchin machinery-color applicatjon.

oFeg stered tradernark ol the General E ecir c Company.



-.::iPLANN ING THELIGHTING LAYOUTEssent a to a successfu layout is a p an

view (to scale) of the space to belighted and, ln sorne lnstances, elevationdrawings. These should show thelocations of beams, trusses. colurnns,and other mechan cal leatures that w ll

aifect a good installation.Foreknowledge of production-

equipment ayout facilitates ightinglayout: it permits planning fixturespacing and/or wattage to provide

varying illumination leve s which arecompatible with different tasks. Unfortunately. particularly w th respectto rew construction. rnachine locationmay be one of the last things to be

resolved. For that reason, factory light-ing ayouts have traditiona ly beenplanned to provide an entire factory areawith a uniform illumination levelappropriate to the most frequent y

occurring, visually-demanding task.

Spacing Once the quantities of fixtureshave been calculated, t is necessaryto determ ne the installation geometry.The calculated spacing may have tobe modified to conforr. to the buildingstructure. Spacing may have to benarrowed or widened, or it maybe necessary to abandon a uniiormdistance

between iixtures; however, theapproximate area pet t'ixture shouldbe maintained. lf not extreme. theseadjustments are not ser ous especiai y

with h gh-rnounted fixtures. Oneshould be careful, however, not toexceed the spacing to-.nounting helghtratio (S/MH) prescribed by thena.lu'actJ"er. 'the layout 'nd calessuch spacing ls excessive, a fixture withbroader d stribution or an increasednumber of lower wattage iixtures wi I benecessary.

Because spacing should be plannedto permit the overlap of beams fromadjacent fixtures, it is good practice to

space fixtures such that no singlefixture contributes more than 5070 of theillumination at any point on the workplane. Further, in the event of a larnpfailure, spacing should be suffic ent y

close to preclude an excessive decreaseoJ illumination in the area below thefailed amp.

Assenrbly work nlhspanl scarredoLrtunderl20tol30ic(nreasuredarvaroLrs ocations) t saLuca oN o amp svstem (400 wall) n sea ed fixt!res w th charcoa ftrers [,4osr of rhese are mo!.ted inc usters ot iour lxtures at l50 height. on 35 x l7 spacing

Above two pholos are a before afd aiter seq!ence. This ro!qh assemb y area was converled rrom af !rorescent system to Luca ox o lamps lo prov de. econom cally. an incr€ase from a 25,35 lc range to a70 90 ranlle The prev ous sysiem har:190 watt f uorescenl amps in 2 tamp fixtures. i2 x 12 on center.at a I2' mounl ng he glrl The system now !ses Llca or amps tn a targer fixture hav ng ens enc osure toapproach the q!a tv us!a y assoc ated wilh Jluorescent ighl nq F xulres are on 20' x 15 cenre.s



Other Considerations, cont.

The proxlm ty oi outer rows of fixturesto their adjacent walls is mportant tothe adequate brightening of those

s u rf aces-es peclally if they are of lowreflectance. Wall-to-llxture spacingshould not exceed 74 to 73 the nteriorspacing- There is also a functionaladvantage to close-to-the-wall f ixturemounting. Because the wall absorbs ightand because there are no contributingfixtures beyond it, the illumination leveladjacent to them is reduced. Movlngthe fixtures closer to the wall increasesthe peripheral, horlzontal illuminat jon

often the location of importantbenc h wor k.

Wh te enameled two lamp um naires wereananged lo coniorm to the work areain th s exarnple of oca ight ng

Local Lighting-Many shop operationsrequire levels of illurnination in excessof what is economically feaslblefrom the overhead systern. Fluorescentlamps-often on adjustable armsor in spec al locations are the mostconvenient methods to add thesenecessary footcandles.

'See General Electr c TP-121-R lor add tionainiormal on on supplemenlary I ghting

This s!pp emenla umlna re can be conlrolled by

rhe so r a lo p-l iddi' o.a b iqh _.q< or l"elask wilhoul glare. The surrounds and backgroundare well lighled by the general lighl ng syslem

SupplementaryLighting Occasionaly.the general lighting system s notapproprlate to providing the best vis bilityof some isolated task (inspection,color matching, quality control, etc.).These spec al functions usua ly occupya relat vely srnall area of a plant;hence, it ls not necessary to forego theeconomy of good general llghtingto sat sfy thpse cpec dl eqUirr'me-t,Su pplementary liohtino var es

considerab y with need. lt requiresndiv dual analysis beyond the jmits olth s publication. n general, however

large-area, diffused ftuorescent lightingbest serves sh ny suriaces:contro led,grazing bear.s of ght (incandescent) is

better for textured materials.'Switching Control The un formarrangement of fixtures does provide forcontingencies where ir l-1ay be des r -

able to change light ng leve s ifll'e elecrrical p'a.s .clude p oper c'r-cuit control. With three-phase electr calsystems it is prudent to circuit thefixtures such that consecutlve i xturesln both longitudinal and atera rows.a eon differert phases. With any cir -

cuitry, the alternate switching offixtures has several advantages: (1) it

permits changes of Iight level to conformto changes of functional ocat on;(2) in the event of imposed enerqyrestrictions, temporarily reduced light ng

is feasible; (3) during non-productiveperiods or during housekeepingact vities where lower levels are sul-i cient, reduct on is sirnplified. Low-voltage remote control is a relativelyinexpensive way to modify existingswitching. Program control incorporating tlme clocks, photo-cells or bothcan be

"sedfor autornarically reducinq

levels according to predeterm nedschedules.

;

Other Elements of Lighting Design



ANALYZING THE COSTOF LIGHTINGlf investigation indicates there areseveral optional lghting systems wh chw ll satisfy a plant s illuminationrequirements, the decision shou d bebased upon economics. A plant

manager or a consultant will deter-mine not on y which system will savethe most energy and operating dollars,but also which will provide the fastestpayback and greatest return onnvestment.

A comparative cost ana ysis shouldbe made for both new construction andmajor lightjn g-renovatlo n projects.It is a simp e process; but because it is

engthy, it is best handled by anestablished com puter program suchas that provided by Genera Electricthrough its Lamp Sales Repre-senralives. lt involves thc inpLl o'bds clamp and lu m ina re data and costs;lnstallation. energy, and maintenancecosts. The computer provides totaland relative owning and operating costs,

payback. and return on investrnent.These data suggest the tremendous po

tential lor energy and cost savingsby !s ng Lucalox I ght ng systernsl (Thepotentral increases with incr easedenergy rates.)

The lollowing Table ls one exampleof the savings in energy and do arsthat are possible by convert ngan neJfic ent mercury System to a neweli cient syste.n using Lucaloxo lamps'See GELamp Dvs on Plblcaton Wh chL gh1 ng Syslem? 260 4406.

Summary of a TypicalCost Analysis

COMPARATIVE LIGHTING PERFORMANCEoLD (H1000) NEW (LU400) NEW (LU1000)

COSTS PER 1O,OOO SQUARE FEETNEW (LU400) NEW (LU1000)

% CHANGELU400 LU1000

0 50 *56 { 48 *17 | 6 I22t 604

175 t 200 t

% DECREASELU400 LUl000

ITEM

No./LampsTOTAI KW

ln itial FC, Avg.N,4 aint'd. FC, Avg.Maint'd FC/Watt/Sq.

IT EM

lnitial CostAnnual Energy

Annual Operating *

Annual Owning* -

Total Owning &

Operating

Relative Owning& Operating

850918181

92

oLD (H1000)

$o5499

57160

$5716

1000k

8s0404151

11266

425480191

147

$8521241828171133

$59 70287 7

3395

X

4841

X

X

5651

X

$39s0

69ok

$4123 31

72%

28

Annual Savings

Betu rnl lnvestment

Pay-Back

'lnc udes amp replacenrenl cleaning.and abor costs"Owning Cost l5%ol l]m naire. w ring. and abor costs

(O d Operating New Operating)

$2899 $2321(Annua Sav ngs : lnltia Cost)

34% 39Yo( nitia Cost - Annual Savings)

2.94 yrs. 2.57y(

s.

The above table compares the economies of an old 1 000-watt rnercury vapor system (mounted at 55 feet above thework plane) to two renovation options: 400-watt or 1000 watt Lucalox. The new LU400 system could bemounted on existing out ets; the LU l000, on staggered. alternate outlets (existinq spacina is approximately 16.3 ft. X1 6.3 ft. )

The energy rate s 20lKWH; demand charge, 91.80/KW/rnonth.These data suggest Lucalox'tremendous potential for energy and operating economy a potentia which increasesas enerqy rates increase.



Other Considerations, cont.

MAINTAINING THELIG HTI NG SYSTEMMalntaining a llghting syster. is lnsuringa return on investment. lt makes littlesense to nvest in lamps, fixtures,and energy if their product ilJumination

js go ng to be ignored.

Lighting system performance s

analogous to that of an automobile.From the time either is new. itsperformance gradua ly but impercept bly

dPcl -PS. WFen eilrer \ 'luned .p.the user experiences renewedexhilaratlon.

The primary causes of gradual I ght

loss are lamp lumen depreciat on

and dirt accumulat on on ium na re androom surfaces. With a loss in illum na-

t on, one rnay expect a ossin productivity.

Lighting maintenance is establish ng

those activ tles which will cor.pensatefor llght loss: replacing lamps and

c eaning um na res and, occas ona lyrenovating room surfaces. There ar-o

two philosophles on lamp replacernent:

5oo/ e an p nq a'd gtoup 'Fla'noinqSpot Relamping-Replacing larf ps asthev fa is funct onal y sensible, butwith many systems. rnay proveexpens ve over a per od of tirne. withfluorescent lghting. lor exar.p e,

the cost of abor to change a lamp is

usually greater than that cost of the arnp

itseli. ln fact, lamp cost js alwaysPr\ lhdn enPrg\ (o\': 'labo co<l ,s

a signifjcant factor, it is only prudent toseek ways to reduce it to nvest gate

rnore econornlcal rna ntenancePractices.Group Relamping RePtac;6q larrttbelote lhey burn out may appearto be a foolhardy policy; however, rnanyf rms are adopt ng this methodbecause management has convinceditseli that this practice ls economicallysound because t does reduceabor cost.

Group relarnp ng involves replacementat some convenient tirne which rep-resents a percentage of rated averagelamp ife perhaps 60% to 80%. Atthat nterval, all amps are replaced andall fixtures are c eaned. ln a largep ant (or aboratory or ofJice) this pro

gram might be divided such thatdifferent portjons of the plant I ghtingwou d be maintained sequentially over aperiod of two or three years (contln-gent upon hours of larnp operation).Because a few lamps may fail prior to thescheduled group relamp ng period,about 10% of the better used ampsmaybe reta ned for spot relamping in thosesockets.

This procedure not only reducesllghtlng-rr]a ntenance cost, lt alsoassures higher rnaintained lightinglevels a-d t"e associared bene'ts

General Electr c offers a computer-proqram serv ce which, on thebasis of your own input data, will printout a series oi group-replacementoptions. Ask your GE Lamp Representative ior details and an appropriateinput data for.n. "

'See GE Lamp Business D vis onpublication. "Systemat c LightingMa ntenance. 223-9369 R.

Economics oi re amp ng are based on stallst caaverage anrp serv ce iie plus rep acemenl

FLUORESCENTLAMPMORTALITY GeneTalLighiingTypes

FLUORESCENT LUMEN MA NTENANcE (srandard whire)



US ING THE LIGHTING FOB

HEATING: ELECTRICALSPACE CONDITIONING

The purpose of I ghting is to servevisual need; but lighting does produce

heat-which supplements that provided

by the heating system. Using the heat oflight is called "Electrical Space Condi-

tloning" (ESC) and was iirst proposed

by Genera Electric in the 1930s.The majority ot industria buildings

are one-story, where heat trom the in-

stalled lum jnaires automatically takescare of heat losses through the roof tothe extent that its BTU/hr output per-mits. Luminaires near the perimeter al-so help corrpensate for losses throughwalls and windows. (The BTU/hr heat-

ing potential oi lghting is the product ottre lgrlino watts. inc ud n9 ba rd-lc.times 3.4.) ln multi-story build ngs, heatredistr bution systems are need to best

- 'e liol'ring and olhe 're..ra heal qa ns.Water storage of excess heatcan also conserve energy lor n ghts andweekends. These concepts can reducelhe use of more critical fuels, oil and gas,in the buildinq's heatlng system.

-:1.,.t : /." t: --'

,,1 :'

Th s 32,000 sq lt Cleve and. Ohio p ant. inc!!d ng ollices. eng neering. produciion an'i bu k siorage areas is ma nta ned al 75'F wilh o!tsidelemperatureat 0"F. The E ectr calSpace Cond ton ng designed ior th s p anl ncludes a 160 fc (17 hlx) ight ng systemand per meter e ectr c heal ng

aL



'l 2 Representotive I ndustrio I Li g hti ng Appl icotions

Air Conditioning Equipmentln this plant, a rnajor relighting program eifected anincrease in iootcandles frorn 25 to 65, for assemb y

wo rk. By using H I D sources, th e power costswere reduced more than 5 0%. The p ant wasorig nally ghted with an equal number ol twin

lumuna res for 50o-watt incandescent larnpsa ternating space between twin units for 400 wattmercury lamps. Phase of the program involvedrep acing the tw n 5oo-watl ncandescent larnpunits with single 40o-watt Luca oxo larnp fixtures.950 urninaires are used in an area o1920' x 600with a 47 ceiling. Phase I of the program wasa replacement of the twin 400-watt mercLrry Ltnits witha single 400 watt Luca ox lamp and fixture. Pay

back per od was aboul 2 years.

Machine ShopRelight ng Lrsing 4700 high y elficientLucalox arnps, comb ned with

repa nt ng, enab ed th s manufaciLlrer tomodernlze his headquarters facil tyand provide over three t rnesthe amount of light wh le creating a rnore

P easant. Productive worklngenvironment. The conversion wasaccomp ished without expensiverewiring costs. The fixtures, des gned foruse at lower.nounting heights. prov deadequate lighting on vertlcal sur,faces and minimize shadows. The resulthas been less set-up tirne andincreased productiv ty.

Melalworking Machinery Manulacluren the design stages of th s system. lum nation on machine surlaces

adequate for close to erance work and acceptable color rend t onwere object ves of rnanufacturing management The resu twas a m nlmum ght leve ol 100 fc ach eved through use of fixtureswith 400 watt Lucaloxo amps. spaced l4 x l4 at 30 mountingheight A suspended ce ing of 2 x 4 acoustical paneis, nsta led tocover bar loists and electr cal/rnechanical equ pment, a solorfls a p enum for heat nq and venti at ng S!spendinA the lixtu relrom joists. centered n .12 x 2 open ng in the cel ng ti e promotes airilow through the f xture to maintain c ean ness (and. thus.ight eve )



.)r :Sign MakingFor assemb y in s gn mak ng, Multi-Vaporo 400-wattlamps were chosen for the r color qua ities. Tw n

Lrnits spaced on 20 x 2A centers and mounted at a22 height produce a max mLrm of I30 lc, a min mum of100 The cornpany reports ts workers are pleasedwith the system due to ts rendering oi colors.

-.,-''

gtF

Irl

sProduction Training ClassroomThis ls a classroom where ernp oyees are instructed in thetechnlques of e ectronic cornponent assemb y and testing. Themanufacturer wanted the room to c ose y resemb e the actuaworking condlt ons that the employees would encounter on the job.Luxalox (25o-watt) lamps n 2' x 2 lens bottom luminaires are

spaced B x 12' on center. and prov de I 00 to I80 fc

Hosiery MillDouble rows of two amp f xtLtres n the nspection area and singlerows n the loop ng area us ng Power Groove f uorescent ampsprov de about 400 fc on the see ng tasks. A more pleasant procluctivewoTk area is prov ded compared to the old system that on yproduced about 60 fc and did not have any upward iqht wh chresulted in a dark gloomy space. The company reports better than '15

percent increase n productivity in some operations, a reductionn rejects and mproved safety, mora e and housekeepinq.

!

;



'12 Representotive lndustriol Lighting Applicotions

Fine Assembly-Elecl ronic s

This systern combines genera and

supp ementary iqhting to achieve therqhl evels needpd Ior ntricale worl, In

electronics. The general lightingis provlded by BJoot high output cool

wh te lluorescent larnps. The

shie ding is mu t layer polar zingpane s. This produces 350 fc m nimum,425 max. The supplementa light ngputs up to 500 fc on the task. with a unitcontaining a magnifier and oneCircline f uorescent lamp. After theconvers on,-from an o der fluorescentsystem providing about 150 tc

workers reported lewer headachesand ess fatigue; the manufacturer ob-served less absenteelsm.

)| 'y

,..t

'.u#

Prinling Plant

Accurate color appraisal throughout th s pr ntlng plant was requ red-Chrornalineo fluorescent lamps providjng over 100 footcandlesmade this possible. Where co or judgments are made n limitedareas, high color renderlng sources like Chromallne and Deluxe

Cool White iluorescent should be used and highly etficjent sources

like Lucalox@ can be used to reduce lightlng costs in other areas.

Control And Compuler Rooms

The illumination requirement for thls electr cal systerncontrol room was 130 fc on horizontal surfaces. Thetasks are not necessarily difficult, but speed andaccuracy of seeing are critical. The ighting wasaccomplished through use of 4-lamp fluorescentheat-removal trotfers with parabolic wedge louversfor good visual comfort and rninimum reflection ln

the meter iaces and other shiny surfaces. The lamptype s 4o-watt rapid start fluorescent. Vertjcalllumination on the walls, ceiling and iloor is in the60-90 fc range. No glare glass is jnstalled on these f lighted lnstruments, whlch are dirnmer-equipped.

.,,.|

Plant



'tl

D e [rJiaKii]g

D e mak nq s an extreme y crit ca anal

Prec Se oPerai on. S nc-o m St:tkesif al d e can be very cost v So this com

PanY PLrt an unLrsLral amoLtnt orthoughl nto ts ghting system and

ôl_oa'. o ^-.green plants. dt)corat ve \,!al

treatanent and ght ng system prov d ng400 footcand es are al mora e

-o...1 o - .- o

nter or: The Oht nq systeaa a soprov des the heat. at 72'F accurate towilh I l,''F.vaadroppedT barce ing serving as a r retuTn p enLtrn

The system Lrtil zes t uorescento .^ lrr'0.W. -a td-pt,o.to.

with ow brightncss pr smat c lenses Thebu ild ng o!1,ner has aneasured pro

dLrction ncreases of 30 35% n the newarea and observes that workers nowkeep the equ prnenl areas neat (not thecase belore convers on) The owneralso be ieves the rnproved workingcond t ons he p h m to reta n d e

makers n an area of hlgh cornpetlt on

for sk I ed workers.

!

Fa raahute f:o tdingParachute lold ng is not a part cu ar v d fficLr t task. but it is a criticaone. in th s area. the interior of the structLlre s pa nted wh teto get the fLr I benef t of the ight ng. Based on an econorr c ana ys s

Luca ox o was selected as the most economica system. Over gOO

^ 400-watt LLrcalo^ ,rmps in Lltl light vent ated I xtures are moLrnted

'".o o . a o on ô o l. 0 A.er-oe l.rn ndt on

,.o _.a i. r, roo o^ nqle rafts and rel n sh ng prope er b ades

"dachi!'re S[ro0This 'T]ach ne shop vr'as former y lthted with l0O0 wamercLrry soLrrces lt wars re ghted with 1000 waltLucaloxG'on 20 x 30 spacing and mounted at60 The system provides an average of 1OO lc throLrghoLrt an area 65 x 160 in size Thro|gh both re ightingancl repaintin!l the area. the coaapany feels ernp oveemarr:r e has been enhanced and work q!a ty hasbeen rnproved A

rrajorrealLrct

on n relectshas been rea 7{,'d



Other GE Publicqtions

TP.105 / LIGHTING MAINTENANCE

Covers the benefits of p anned lightingmaintenance programs. nforrnat on

on group relarnping and spotreplacement of lamps.TP-109 / HID (High lntensiiyDischarge) LAMPSConta ns technical lnformation aboutthe greatly expanded lines ol h ighintensity discharge larnps, includ ng

economic data and typica applications.TP-110 / INCAN OESCENT LAMPSDescribes general classes of lampsano ope ar'nq cha.acte'istics. Baciclamp parts, how larnps are made, typesof fllaments, bu bs, bases and fillinggas are thoroughly d scussed.TP--I-I1 / FLUORESCENT LAMPS

A conc se coverage of fluorescentamp parts and operatlon, phosphor

materials and spectral data. classes ofla^rpc. ba-ic lanp 5y.le'n.. bal asls.and other lamp characteristics.

TP.114 / OFFICE LIGHTINGA 28-page brochure covering all phases

of office light ng. Well-lllustrated

to show specific applications in manyoffice s tuations. lncludes lightingfor such areas as drafting rooms,exteriors. parking ots.TP-115 / BUILDI NG FLOODLIGHTINGAn array of floodlighting examples and

a discussion of various technlques.Both interior and exterior applicat ons

are covered.TP.118 / LIG HT MEASUREMENT

AN D CONTROLDlscusses terminology and readily

available llght-measuring devlces.

Six basic methods of contro ling lightafter it is emitted are explained.

Technical Literalure AvailableGenera ELectric has available nurnerous brief technlcal publica

tions on lamps and lighting applications. These are revised continually to keep the information as up to date as possible. Consultyour local GE saes representatve tor publications that will meetyour needs.

TP-121 / SUPPLEMENTARYLIGHTINGCovers various light sources and

specialized liqhtinq techniques.Discusses the individual control oflighting quantity and qua ty to improveseeing ab lity.

TP-142 / INFRAREO HEATING FOR

PEOPLE AND PROOUCTS

A useful guide for designing infraredinstallations in the factory, store and

office, horne and farm, indoors and

o utdoors.TPC-16RUsed for making qu ck estimates oflamps and fixtures needed for a

planned lighting installat on. Step by-

step instructions.





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GE Industrial Lighting Application Brochure 1977

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