National Academy of Agricultural Research ManagementN.Sandhya Shenoy

Gender issues in Agriculture

. . . . . . . .NSS, NAARM

The first 3 chapters of Genesis describes a worldin which food was freely available and could beobtained with no hardship.

Isa Vyasam Idam Sarvam YatkinchaJagathiyam Jagath Thena Tyaktena

Bhunjita Maa Grutha Kasyasi Dhanam“Everything in this universe belongs to the lord.You should only take what is really necessary foryourself. So long as we treat the planet carefullyand take only our share, the planet will provide forour needs”

NSS, NAARM . . . . . . . .

Sustainable Agriculture

. . . . . . . .NSS, NAARM

“Successful management ofresources for agriculture tosatisfy the human needs whilemaintaining or enhancing thequality of environment andconserving natural resources”Technical Advisory Committee,CGIAR, 1988

Growth process imposes new forms of

deprivations, dislocations, exclusion

and alienation

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Human beings and Natural Resources

Depletion of Natural resources

Where has it led ?

• Deforestation

• Desertification

• Overgrazing

• Over fishing

• Marginal lands

Decreasing sustaining capacity of Agriculture

. . . . . . . .NSS, NAARM

Soil degradation

107.4 mh degraded area ( 71% of cultivated area)

Source : TERI ( 2006)

Exploitation of Natural Resources and WomenLand

• Overgrazing of pastural lands

• Land degradation by Wind erosion

• Land degradation by water salinity

• Depletion of forest resources

Increased hours for search for fuel wood and fodder

. . . . . . . NSS, NAARM

Exploitation of Natural Resources and WomenWater

• Discharge of effluents

• Deforestation

• Construction of irrigation projects

Water logging & siltation

Several hours in search of water for families

Water Scarcity

. . . . . . . NSS, NAARM

Asian & African women on average walks 6 kmsand average load on head is 20 litres (Source:Asia-Pacific Forum on Women, Law andDevelopment)

NSS, NAARM

Urbanisation and migration have

Exploitation of Natural Resources and WomenWork

Largest workforce in agricultureyet

increased her work

Crop Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep

Paddy N (B) FP (M) TP(F) W1 (F) W2 (F) H&T (B)

Pisanam)

S (F) FA (M)

Paddy N(B) TP(F) W(F) H&T (B)

FP (M) FA (M)

Banana FP (M) PL (M) FUR (M) W1 (F) FA1 (M) RS (M) FA2 (M)

W2 (F) W3 (F) H(M) H(M) H(M)

Black gram S(F) H(F)Green gram S(F) H(F)

Livestock

Cow SG (B) Sell (M) OG (B) Calv (F)Goats DeW

(M) Sell (M) Calv (F) SG(F)Poultry CF (F) Buy (M) Sell(M)

Child rearing &household act. (F)

Morappanadu village, Tuticorin dist

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H( F)

H(F)

Gujja Village, Nalgonda

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Thus ….

Women have slowly become primary victims of deepening

environmental crisis as they are the main users of household

biomass and subsistence needs

. . . . . . . .NSS, NAARM

Emerging Paradigms . . .

Changing Scenario of Agriculture

Higher production with boundaries

Management of Natural Resources ( MNR)

Need to make woman a tool for sustaining the production systems

. . . . . . . .NSS, NAARM

Changes in Perspective

Shifting emphasis in Research & Extension

Dominating Discipline Considering farmersas …

Production Stage1950 - 1975

Economic Stage

Ecological Stage

Institutional Stage

1975 - 1985

1985 - 1995

1995 onwards

Plant & Animal BreedingGenetics

Recipients of external knowledge

Agro-ecology & Anthropology

OD, HRD & Training

Sources of information for technology designEconomics & Agronomy

Contributors of ITK,Victims & Cause for

Unsustainable development

Full collaborators to Res.& Extn., Develop alliances

between different Org.

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Coping with Paradigm Shift …

Sustainable Production

systems

MPTS on farm lands

AquacultureSeed industry

High tech. Ag

Social forestry

IPM

Recycling

Livestock participatory extension

NSS, NAARM

The Road ahead• Macro policies on MNR

- Access & control of knowledge, decision making,property rights

• Empowerment- Attitudinal, Technological, Planning

• Women in Genetic Conservation- Tribal, Rural women

• Decentralisation of Planning- Gender sensitisation at all levels

Women’s role must be participatory and not dole taking

Sustainable / Green technologies

Integrated farming systems, Agro-forestry, Silvi-pastoral, Diversified Multi-storied cropping, Microwatersheds, Contour cultivation, Drip irrigation, Cleancultivation, Seed selection and treatments, Usage ofBio-pesticides, Bio-fertilisers and Botanicals,Recycling bi-products and wastes, Ethno-veterinaryand ITK practices

. . . . . . . .NSS, NAARM

Strengthening LinkagesGender sensitive, location-specific, interdisciplinary researchthrough PRA & PTD

Networking R&D, NGO, grass-root level women organisations

Leadership training for professional women for key decisions andpolicy making to genderise R&D

Refresher training for professional women in R&D, Extension

More women beneficiaries in IVLP, LLP and KVK Trainings

Farm women Day involving R&D, NGO, women entrepreneurs forawareness and interest creation

Documentation of successful ITKs with recognition

Vocational training by R&D and NGOs

Databank on available technologies and training facilities information

. . . . . . . .NSS, NAARM

If we have to preserve our mother earth, this

mother of the family has to be empowered for

continuing her zeal for sustenance of nature’ s

bounty.

. . . . . . . .NSS, NAARM

Sustainable Agriculture

. . . . . . . .NAARM

“Successful management ofresources for agriculture tosatisfy the human needs whilemaintaining or enhancing thequality of environment andconserving natural resources”Tech.Advisory Committee, CGIAR, 1988

Characteristics:* Ecologically sound

*Economically viable

* Socially just * Humane * Adaptable

ITK refers to information gained over a period of time, passed on from generation to generation by word of mouth.

Defining ITK

Indigenous technical knowledge (ITK) refers to the unique,traditional, local knowledge existing within and developedaround the specific conditions of women and menindigenous to a particular geographic area (Grenier, 1998)

ITK is the sum total of knowledge and practices which arebased on peoples’ accumulated experiences in dealing withsituations and problems in various aspects of life, and suchknowledge and practices are special to a particular culture(Wang, 1998)

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Local knowledge (LK)

Traditional Knowledge (TK)

Native Wisdom (NW)

Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK)

Related Terminology

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Importance of ITK

There is an old African proverb: "When an oldknowledgeable person dies, a whole library dies”

Indigenous technical knowledge has two powerful advantages over outside knowledge (Kothari, 1995)

• it has little or no cost• it is readily available

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ITK

Local Experience

Farmers’ participation

Group Action

Collective wisdomQuick information exchange

Quick TOT

Draws strength from

Provides

Support to Programmes Programme Economy

Favourable Environment

Scattered in space and time.

Sometimes difficult to distinguish from meresuperstitions/ taboos.

Cannot be manipulated independently of social,political, economic structures.

Poor generalizability.

Limitations of ITK

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ITK is based on experience often tested over centuries of use adapted to local culture & environment dynamic and changing stored in people's memories and activities expressed in stories, songs, folklore, proverbs, dances,

myths, cultural values, beliefs, rituals, community laws, local language and taxonomy, agricultural practices,equipment, materials, plant species and animal breeds

Communicated orally by examples,& culture

The Concept ...

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CharacteristicsAccumulated informationRespond to day-to-day situations and problemsProduct of informal research or experimentationUnique to a cultureUsually communicated over generations by word of mouthLocation specific, Use local/indigenous materialsContribute to sustainabilityCost effective, less capital intensiveImportant in resource conservation and recyclingScientific validity to be establishedRecognition brings pride to farming communityConsistent to a location

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Most ITKs forgotten and lost because of

The oral tradition

Suppression of indigenous technology

Lack of understanding regarding importance of indigenous technology by all concerned

No serious attempt to document the indigenous technology

With the result, relatively few well documented ITKs

ITK - Forgotten and Not Documented

NSS,NAARM

Rainfed and irrigated farming

Rain water management

Methods to check soil and water erosion

Practices to check wind erosion

Tillage and intercultural management

Crops and cropping systems

Pest and disease management

Methods of weather forecasting

Probable areas of ITK(as identified by the NATP mission unit on collection,

documentation and validation of ITK)

NSS,NAARM

Horticultural Crops

Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry

Fisheries & Aquaculture

Farm Implements

Ethno-botany and Agro-biodiversity

Grain/Seed Storage

Probable areas of ITK (as identified by the NATP mission unit on collection,

documentation and validation of ITK)

NSS,NAARM

Homestead management

Fuel management

Wood stove/ chullah and thermal efficiency

Waste water management

Garbage disposal and management

Food product development

Agro, animal based yarn/ natural dyes

Low cost housing materials

Ethnic food

Probable areas of ITK (as identified by the NATP mission unit on collection,

documentation and validation of ITK)

NSS,NAARM

NAARM

Contribution of Women in Sustenance

Seed selection and storage

Trap crop growing

Forestry

Livestock care

Fodder

Shelter crops

Knowledge on wild plants

Water/Waste recycling

ITK relevance to sustainable agriculture- Nutrient Management

NSS,NAARM

ITK relevance to sustainable agriculture- Nutrient Management

Khus (Vetiver grass) – vegetative barrier for soil conservation in dry lands, vulnerable areas for soil erosionProtect waste-weirs, stabilize drop structures, controls rills formation. completely stopped sheet erosion, slowed runoff, trapped silt to form natural terrace over the years (Gundlupet tq.,Mysore, Karnataka )

Less Cost - 1/10th of engineered soil conservation sytems, Wide adaptability - Himalayan foothills, Rajasthan deserts, Delhi swamps, A.P wastelandsCultivation on 100% slopes (45o) and unstable lands

(Vetiver Information Network, World Bank)

NSS,NAARM

ITK relevance to sustainable agriculture- Pest Management

NSS,NAARM

ITK relevance to sustainable agriculture- Pest Management

Neem leaves - 200 grams of neem leaves per 50 kg of grains with few tender branches to protect paddy (W.B., Bi., A.P., T.N.) and wheat(M.P.,U.P., Ha., Pb.,M.S.) 6 - 8 kg of fresh green leaves boiled in 10 liters water until liquid turns dark brown. This is left for 10-12 hours, diluted to 80-100 liters and sprayed on the field to control girdle beetle (Oberia brevis), Bihar hairy caterpillar (Dicrisia oblique) and other pests in soya bean (Satpura, M.P.)

Dry mahua flowers - @ 10-15 kg/hectare without any other mixture to control Gaygwalan (Scalopendra spp) pest causing 20 % loss by sucking sap from leaves and buds of soyabean (Satpura, M.P.)

NSS,NAARM

ITK relevance to sustainable agriculture- Pest Management

Dry Tobacco leaves - 1.5 - 2 kg dry leaves boiled in 5-6 litresreduced to 1-1.5 liters with dark black color. After 10-12hours,filtered,diluted to 80-90 liters to spray one hectare, early in themorning to control the larvae of Heliothis armigera

Ipomea leaves and buds - 1000-1200 fresh leaves boiled in30 - 35 liters of water till liquid turns milky white.This poisonoussolution is to be sprayed within four days of its preparation to controlthe larvae of Heliothis armigera, spotted bollworm and armyworm

NSS,NAARM

ITK relevance to sustainable agriculture- Pest Management

Larvae mixture as repellant - 2 to 2.5 kg larvae of girdlebeetle (Oberia brevis) and Heliothis armigera.are boiled for 45-60minutes in 2 liters of water till dark brown. This is left for5 to 6 hours,diluted to 25-30 liters and sprayed over the crop in one hectare as arepellent to insects of same species (Satpura, M.P.)

Biological trap crops – Twigs of Calotropis, Jatrophaspread in castor field , and the Red hairy caterpillar larvae feeding onthese leaves are collected the next day for destroying (Medak,Nalgonda, A.P.)

African Marigold and Chrysanthemum coronariumgrown as border crops to control nematodes in tomato, chillies(Vattala kundu, T.N., Gujarat)

NSS,NAARM

ITK relevance to sustainable agriculture- Pest Management

Extracts of Neem seed,Garlic, Bouganvillea – Organicpesticides mixtures are used to control pod borer in pigeon pea(Mahaboobnagar, Kurnool dts. Of A.P.)

Plant extracts of Notchi(Vitex negundo), Karpooravalli(Coleus aromaticus), Sitafal (Anona squamosa) Peenarisangu (Clesodendrum inerme) mixed together 250 ml each, dilutedand sprayed to control paddy ear head bug, leaf roller (Tamil nadu)

Crop mixtures – Intercropping Coriander & Jowar to controlstriga infestation in jowar ( A.P.), Groundnut & Green gram tocontrol tikka disease in groundnut (Bhuj, Gujarat)

NSS,NAARM

Particulars Pigeon Pea( Chowderpalli)

Paddy( Wanaparthy)

Control SA Control SACost of cultivation

Rs 3683/ha Rs 1637/ha Rs 13650/ha Rs 9900/ha

Yield 3.3q/ha 3.4q/ha 33.5q/ha 37.5q/ha

Net Income Rs 2785/ha Rs 5517//ha Rs 3435/ha Rs 9220//ha

ITK in Sustainable Agriculture – cases

NSS,NAARM

Indigenous Fisheries PracticesDuring the rainy season, live fish Cliarias batrachus, Channa striatusare kept in earthern pots for 15-20 days without feeding but changingwater every 3-4 days to avoid muddy taste.To catch more fish, thorny bushes are used as aggregating devices –especially in summer to enable fish to take shelter and then catch withnet.Immediately after dressing and cutting fish into pieces, mustard oil,salt and turmeric powder are rubbed to prevent spoilage.Banana stems are put in the ponds after harvest, to make wateralkaline , to increase fish growth.Fishermen in Tamilnadu, don’t go in for fishing in areas where they seered coloration of water as they perceive poor catch. (Red coloration isdue to flowering of plankton which utilises lot of oxygen)Fishermen in Karnataka and Kerala go for intensive prawn fishingwhenever they observe mud banks (turbid ocean water) duringmonsoon season.( turbid water has lot of nutrients to which prawnsare attracted)

ITK relevance to sustainable agriculture- Animal Management

NSS,NAARM

Leaves of ‘Dikkamani’ (Gardenia resinifera) and seeds of ‘Bendval’(Dendrophthoe falcata) (Mistle toe) plant are pounded and the mixture is fed to animal to cure the constipation within a day.

To cure swelling of udder caused due to Mastitis, bites of poisonous insects or mechanical injury or improper milking, 200 grams of soil from the termite mounds is collected and boiled in water, and the boiled suspension is given to animal give relief within a day. This is very effective in summer, not so effective in monsoon season.

Flatulence caused due to excessive grazing or feeding of green fodder which is common during the monsoon, can be cured by giving whey milk, onion and leaves of custard apple to the animal.

For the animal suffering from gastric trouble, 10 grams of Hing (asaphoetida) is dissolved in 500 grams of edible oil and given to have a carminative and soothening action.

For de-worming the young calves, a small quantity of curd or buttermilk is kept overnight in a copper container overnight to get a blue-green colour, diluted and given. The effect is seen from next day.

Animal Management - EthnoVeterinary Practices

NSS,NAARM

Citrullus colocynthis

Striga hermonthica

Butana desert region of NE Sudan (camel, sheep, and goat herding by Shukria pastoral group)

Small ruminants diarrhoea,treated with a drench madefrom Acacia nilotica pods,sometimes with lemon orlime juice

Traditional cure of Helminthosispreferred, such as adding sodiumcarbonate mined from nearby hills orCitrullus colocynthis seeds to thedrinking water of their livestock

Bloat in cattle treated with apreparation of the parasiticwitchweed Striga hermonthica,drenching with goat urine or(sometimes intra-nasally) sesameoil, or feeding Coronopusniloticus seeds or water-soakedonions.

Acacia nilotica

EthnoVeterinary Practices

EthnoVeterinary Practices

Cissus quadrangularis

For retained placentacows may be fedground Cissusquadrangularis (alsoused to treat woundsand swellings), driedokra and tobacco, ormoulted snakeskin

S. Dafur, Sudan

For Foot-and-Mouth disease(FMD), pastoralists use adifferent vaccination techniquein which saliva from the mouthof an infected animal is passed tothe mouth of a healthy one.

FMD lesions are commonlydressed with honey or glycerine

Foot rot lesions are treated with Acacia niloticapreparations.

NSS,NAARM

Topical application ofboiled and filteredsorghum ash oralternatively evaporatedcow or camel urine forRain scald and Mange

EthnoVeterinary Practices

NSS,NAARM

Latin America

Allium sativum L. (Liliaceae) ‘lasan’ bulb used against fowl diseases. Annona squamosa L. (Annonaceae) ‘sarifal’ leaves are rubbed over floors or placed in hens’ nests to keep away vermin. The pulp of the seeds of Bixa orellana L. (Bixaceae) ‘latkan’ is given to bulls before fights to make them more active and ferocious(active ingredient to be investigated )Caladium bicolor Vent. (Araceae) leaf decoction is used to get rid of external cattle festers caused by worms Creole people use Capsicum frutescens it for throat diseases of pigs .Juice of mashed leaves of Cassia tora L. (Caesalpiniaceae) ‘panvar’ is given to an animal for the ticks.An infusion of the bark of Ceiba pentandra (L.) is given to cattle after delivery to help expel the placenta The gum from Mammea americana bark is used to extract chiggers from the skin and kill ticks and other parasites external parasites of domestic animals

EthnoVeterinary PracticesLatin America

Chenopodium ambrosioides L. (Chenopodiaceae) leaves are used to expel worms in animals

Crescentia cujete L bilayati bel’ Cattle eat the fruit often during the dry season but it is said that it often causes abortion

If horses, mules or pigs eat any part of the Leucaena glauca ‘subabool’plant, their hairs will fall out. Cattle are said not to be affected

Luffa acutangula ‘kalitori’and Luffa aegyptiaca ‘ghiya tori’ unripe fruits are used against bowel disease of domestic fowl

NSS,NAARM

India EthnoVeterinary Practices

Fresh juice and aqueous and alcoholicextracts of Xanthium strumarium leavesand Parthenium hysterophorus flowers,aqueous and alcoholic extracts ofNyctanthes arbortristis leaves, andalcoholic extracts of Aristolochia indicastems revealed 100% trypanocidalactivity in vitro. The alcoholic extractsof Xanthium strumarium leaves,Parthenium hysterophorus flower andNyctanthes arbortristis leaves were alsofound effective in vivo at dosages of 100and 300 mg/kg body weight.At higherdoses ( eg:1000mg /kg body weight,toxic to test animals)

Treatment for Trypanosomiasis (Surra)

Xanthiumstrumarium Parthenium

hysterophorus

Aristolochia indica

Nyctanthes arbortristi

NSS,NAARM

India - women in Gujarat, Rajasthan and Maharashtra

EthnoVeterinary Practices

Mastitis - Applying turmeric on udder.Foot and Mouth ulcers -Walking animals on hot sand,applying sand to wounds externally; applying linseed oiland turmeric externally, applying kerosene if thewounds are infested with maggots.Tympany - Drenching linseed oil along with a mixture ofginger, turmeric and asafoetida, keeping the animal’smouth open by tying a piece of wood into it.Diarrhoea - Drenching about 1 kg fruit pulp extract ofAegle marmelos (Bael) and mango seed kernel for 2-3days. About 50 grams of curry leaves crushed in waterand drenchedBleeding - Mango tender leaf is applied on wound.Worm infestation - Whole carrot is fed, Cucurbita pepoGourd seeds are fedTick infestation - Paste of custard apple seeds is appliedMaggot wound-Paste of custard apple leaves is appliedFoot rot -About 50 grams of Jasmine leaf paste isapplied

Aegle marmelos , Bael fruit (Bilva)

General Proverbs Planting of Beetle wine in Sravana month will double the

profit.When there is more Mango, more Paddy and more

Tamarind definitely there will be flood. Radish requires 16 times ploughing, its half times in

Cotton, its half for Paddy , but no tillage for Beetle wine. Rain is expected to start when Tamarind (Tamarindus

indica) is in full bloom. Ripening of fruits of Jamun (Syzyglum cumini) tree

indicates the commencement of rain. If rain comes in the month of ‘Chaitra’, then there would be

dry spell in the month of ‘Sravana’. Thunder storm on the full moon day in the month of

‘Vaisakha’ indicates early withdrawal of monsoon. If crows cry during the night, and foxes howl during the

day then there would be severe drought.

Folk songs

Mud bin for grain storage.

Bins made of mud arebeing used in thevillage for paddy grainstorage. These binshave a lid made of mudand entire bin will bepainted with cow dung.

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Kuthla

Kuthla - earthen structurefor storage of grainsVillage : DadriAllahabad Dt, U.P

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Documentation

Validation

Refinement

Integration

Scientific Integration of ITK

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Documenting ITKs

ITKs are documented in the form of descriptive texts,reports, taxonomies, inventories, maps, matrices,audio- visuals, dramas, stories, songs, drawings,seasonal charts, daily calendars etc.

ITKs are stored in local communities, databases, cardcatalogs, books and journals, audio-visuals, museums,etc.

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Methods Informal Interview

Key Informants

Panel

Focus groups

Case studies

Participant Observation

ItemsWhat * * * * * *

How * * * * * *

Why * * * * * *

Who * * * * * *

Where * * * * * *

When * * * * * *

How Often * * * * * *

How widespread

* * * * * *

How effective

* * * * * *

Methods for documenting ITKs

NSS,NAARM

Methods Sorting & Ranking

Venn diagrams

Role play Photos Video

Items

What * * * * *

How * * *

Why

Who * * *

Where * *

When

How Often

How widespreadHow effective *

Methods for documenting ITKs

NSS,NAARM

Format for documenting ITK1. Title of the ITK2. General description of the ITK practice (Purpose for use,

material, method, tools, equipments, processing, cost)3. Rationale and hypotheses to solve targeted problem4. Who uses? ( Community/ individual) their economic status,

caste, religion, tribe, education5. Experiences of users regarding impact of ITK6. Technical feasibility7. Compatibility with agro-ecosystem, socio-cultural system8. Since how many years this practice is in use, how they learn

about it? 9. Documentary evidence (photograph, sketch, diagram, map

etc.)10. Relevant specific information11. Consent of informant/ representative

NSS,NAARM

GirdiTitle of the ITK Farm Implement

Location Vill: Bhiwani Rohila, Dt: Hisar,

Haryana General description of the ITK Practice

Girdi

Rational and hypotheses to solve targeted problems

Converting the coarse soil into the fine soil and conservation of moisture in the soil,threshing

Who uses Marginal and small farmers Experience of the users

Good

Regarding the impact of ITK

Economic

Technical feasibility Good Compatible with system agro-eco system, social – cultural

Compatible

Duration of use > 50 years from their ancestors Relevant specific information

Efficiency is good

Specimens / photographs with uses

Photograph attached

NSS,NAARM

http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/english/signs/info_honeybee/englishnewinnovation.htm

The online National Register of Innovations in MultilanguageSample pages: | English | Gujarati | Hindi |National Innovation Foundation, India

Register new innovation1. Name

2. Address

3. City/Village

4. District

5. State

6. Telephone (if any)

7. Email (if any)

NSS,NAARM

Maltiben Choudhary

Pratappura, Post Balva (Unava)Taluka: Kalol

GandhinagarGujarat - Pincode: 382 655

91 2764 87237

maltiben@honeybee net

National Innovation Foundation, India Register new innovation

The online National Register of Innovations in Multilanguage

Sample pages: | English | Gujarati | Hindi |

Summary of Innovation:

8. Summary of Innovation:

9.Whether it is a new innovation or based on traditional knowledge 10. If it is based on traditional knowledge, specify whether It is known only to me.

It is known to every one in the region

11. What is the main advantage of this innovation over what is already known to people?

NSS,NAARM

I take special care of the animals and have developed processes leading to increase in milk production:

New innovation

The main avantages I found in my methods is that, the maintainace of the cowshed is very easy. Special care provided to the animal have yielded encouraging results. My milk production is the highest in the area as well as the quality of milk is very good. The

12.Any major limitations or shortcomings, or precautions necessary before or during the use of this innovation

The online National Register of Innovations in Multilanguage

Sample pages: | English | Gujarati | Hindi |National Innovation Foundation, India

Register new innovation

13. Name of three referees who know about this innovation

14.Specify your condition in case you would like to disseminate this innovation

No restriction Only on commercial basis With further research on it Without further research on it

16.Has anybody else helped you in developing this innovation?

15.Any other? Please specify:

NSS,NAARM

Mr Dilip KoradiyaMs. Priti Shroff Mehta

Submit Query ClearI did it all alone, but later I got the support of Honey Bee Network &I wish to share my knowledge with all who are interested

I do not find any limitation of my method of keeping Cattle healthy.

Criteria of Validation

Efficacy

Cost-effectiveness

Availability

Understandability/ Complexity

Cultural appropriateness

Effect on different groups incommunities

Environmental soundness

Constraints

Remember ITK is holistic

Value of some ITKs cannot be expressed in monetary terms

NSS,NAARM

Decisions on Using ITK in Agricultural R&DIdentify Problem

Does ITK relating to problem exist?

Is ITK effective and sustainable?

Can ITK be improved?

Apply and promote improved ITK

Yes

No

Yes

No Test appropriate outside knowledge

Yes Promote ITK

No

Test appropriate outside knowledge

NSS,NAARM

Methods

Document the ITKs

Validate the ITKs / Assess the ITKs for Scientific

Logic

Refine the ITKs for increasing its applicability

on wider scale

Promote the Use of validated and refined ITKs

Protect the Valid and Refined ITKs

Survey Laboratory Analysis

On-farm testing

Guard & Legalize the ITKs Ensure Ownership to Local

Communities

Input to Research On Farm Research

Farmer Participatory Research Laboratory Studies

Surveys / RRA / PRA Observations

Documentary evidences

Use Media Mix Integrate Indigenous Networks

Publicize & Reward

NSS,NAARM

Indigenous Knowledge Resources CentersThe Centre for Indigenous Knowledge in Agriculture and RuralDevelopment (CIKARD) of Iowa State University - publishes IndigenousKnowledge and Development Monitor

The Centre for International Research and Advisory Network (CIRAN) -hosts Indigenous Knowledge Home Page

The World Bank Indigenous Knowledge Database

The International Development Research Centre (IDRC)

The Centre for World Indigenous Studies

Management of Social Transformations (MOST) of UNESCO - the BestPractices database

Society for Research and Initiatives for Sustainable Technologies (SRISTI)– Honey Bee network in 71 countries

Gujarat Grassroots Innovations Augmentation Network (GIAN)

Traditional Knowledge in Digital Libraries (TKDL) - INSDOC

NSS,NAARM

Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers Rights Act (PPVFR) 2001

Optimum balance between breeder’s and farmers’ rights

Provides protection to new varieties, extant varieties includingfarmers’ varieties and varieties of common knowledge

Novelty not essential for extant/farmers’ varieties or varieties ofcommon knowledge, distinct nomenclature important

Compulsory license provision when non-supply or short supplyof

planting material of variety/prohibitively high charges forplanting material

National Gene fund to credit benefit shared under act, use fundto support conservation at community level and facilitatesustainable use of genetic resources

Plant Variety Tribunal disposal of related legal disputes

Arogyapaacha

Trichopus zeylanicus travancoricus

Immuno enhancing anti-fatigue, anti-

stressand hepato-

protective herbal drug

NSS,NAARM

LocaleEndemic to theregion of theWestern Ghats intheThrivananthapuramdistrict Kerala andTirunelveli district,Tamil Nadu

NSS,NAARM

License holder

For manufacturing Jeevani

The Arya Vaidya Pharmacy Ltd. (Coimbatore)

NSS,NAARM

Beneficiaries

• Kani Samudaya KshemaTrust

• TBGRI

NSS,NAARM

Benefit Sharing provisions

50% license fee

2% royalty at ex-factory sales price to be paid to Kani tribe families in trust

TGBRI arranged for cultivation of plant by 50 tribal families on buy-back basis with

company

Turmeric CaseUse of turmeric in wound healing

• The first time a patent based on traditionalknowledge of developing country waschallenged successfully and USPTOrevoked the patent

• Opened up the path to the creation ofTraditional Knowledge Digital Library,Traditional Knowledge ResourceClarification, and inclusion of traditionalknowledge in the International PatentClarification System.

CSIR located 32 references ( some >100 years old and in Sanskrit, Urduand Hindi), which showed that this finding was well known in India priorto filing of this patent by University of Mississippi Medical Center, USA .

Granted on 28.3.95, rejected on 20.11.97 NSS,NAARM

Sharing Benefits with communityXa 21 Gene work

Univ.California, Davis (Pamela Roland) ,cloned Xa21 gene from rice geneticmaterial from West Africa

Gene conferred resistance to BacterialBlight in rice

Identified communities that contributed tolocating the gene

Univ. California Davis established‘Genetic Resources Recognition Fund’ tobe used to finance graduate fellowships forstudents from countries that originallyprovided plants carrying the gene

Strategies for ProtectionNational Innovations Foundation

To help building national register of innovations, file applications

To provide micro-venture capital support for enterprises

To support collective resource management institutions reinforcing conservation ethics

To provide non-material incentives (recognition/honoring innovators/community), build local ecological knowledge in educational curriculum

Policy reforms for institution building , development of markets for local, organic products

NSS,NAARM

Strategies for ProtectionPublic domain Traditional Knowledge in Digital Libraries in multi-

languages inall regions (TKDL in INSDOC tied up with WIPO), Honey Bee etc..

Land races, farmers’ varieties, local herbs registered, documented atnational/

international levels with properties identified by local communities(Gene Fund,

Indian Plant Variety & Farmers Rights Act, 2001)

New Uses for existing biodiversity for registration- ‘availability of use’patents

to empower local communities

Duration of protection of land races for right to share benefits fromcommercial use for longer duration than the present

Special grace period (>1 year) for patenting TK shared in good faith bylocal

healers, herbalists in case innovation is published or disseminatedprior to filingNSS,NAARM