852 OLR (1988) 35 (9)

estuarine and coastal data sets; together these two issues emphasize the benthos and fin-fisheries, and future efforts should be directed toward plankton studies. The utility of long-term biological records in framing meaningful hypotheses, in providing in- sights into the scale of variability, and in establishing a framework for interpretation of short-term studies is discussed from various standpoints in this collec- tion.

88:5387 Ellington, W.R. and B.R. McMahon et al., 1988.

Mechanisms of physiological compensation in intertidal animals. [Symposium, American So- ciety of Zoologists Annual Meeting, Baltimore,

MD, 27-30 December 1985.] Am. Zool., 28(1): 37-181; 11 papers.

Despite the highly variable and sometimes extreme conditions of O2-CO 2, pH, salinity, and nutrients inherent to the intertidal habitat, a very rich community is found there. How intertidal animals (fish, molluscs, crustaceans) are able to adapt to these conditions is the subject of this symposium. The collected papers fall under three loosely defined headings: physiological compensation in intertidal organisms (oxygen depletion, acid-base balance, salinity fluctuation, and respiratory adaptations); responses to periodic air exposure; and energetics (feeding and metabolism). (gsb)

F. GENERAL

F10. Apparatus, methods, mathematics (multidisciplinary)

88:5388 Bertero, M. et al., 1988. Linear regularizing algo-

ritlnns for positive solutions of linear inverse problems. Proc. R. Soc., Lond., (A)415(1849): 257-275. Dipart. di Fisica dell'Univ., 1-16146 Genova, Italy.

88:5389 Fox, C.G., K.M. Murphy and R.W. Embley, 1988.

Automated display and statistical analysis of interpreted deep-sea bottom photographs. Mar. Geol., 78(3-4): 199-216.

An automated system for interpreting and displaying deep-sea bottom photographs allows rapid compi- lation and analysis of geological information. Pho- tographs are classified using a scheme similar to that applied to deep-sea volcanic and hydrothermal terrains. Towed-camera positions from a transpond- er navigation system are smoothed using a cubic spline technique and line scan recorded data of camera height and lens characteristics are used to calculate the field of view. These data sources are then integrated to produce a graphic output which combines location, orientation, field, and geological and biological information for all photographs in a single display. An illustration of the technique is presented for a data set collected within the caldera

of Axial Seamount (45°57"N, 130°03"W). NOAA, PMEL, Mar. Resour. Res. Div., Newport, OR 97365, USA.

88:5390 Iyengar, Venkatesh, 1988. Biological trace element

research: a multidisciplinary science. Sci. total Environment, 71(1): 1-5.

Biological trace element research requires a com- bination of biological insight and analytical aware- ness, comprehensive planning of the studies, and use of a variety of techniques. Accurate analytical measurements on biologically and analytically 'valid' samples hold the key for success in future studies. Center for Analyt. Chem., Natl. Bur. of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.

88:5391 Monaldo, Frank, 1988. Expected differences between

buoy and radar altimeter estimates of wind speed and significant wave height and their implications on buoy-altimeter comparisons. J. geophys. Res., 93(C3):2285-2302.

The expected differences between buoy and altim- eter estimates are outlined and quantified; they are categorized as those associated purely with the buoy, purely with the altimeter, or the disparate manner in which buoys and altimeters sample the spatially and temporally varying wind and wave field. Based on

OLR (1988) 35 (9) F. General 853

these expected differences, statistical tests are given to validate and specify altimeter performance. Statistical approaches to discriminating between candidate algorithms for converting the return pulse characteristics of a radar altimeter into wind speed estimates are discussed. Johns Hopkins Univ. Appl. Phys. Lab., Johns Hopkins Rd., Laurel, MD 20707, USA.

88:5392 Subramanian, K.S. (ed.), 1988. Special issue. Trace

element analysis in biological materials. A col- lection of papers dedicated to the memory of J.M. Ottaway, presented at a symposium held in Toronto, Canada, 6--9 October 1986. Sci. total Environment, 71(1):139pp; 11 papers, 5 extended abstracts.

Overviews of biological trace element research, and of J.M. Ottaway's contributions to the atomic spectrometric analysis of biological materials, pre- cede a diverse group of papers and extended abstracts unified by the theme of biological trace analysis. Methods (graphite furnace AAS, in par- ticular), sample handling, data reliability, toxicity, and reference materials are considered, and several interlaboratory comparisons are included. Although many of the papers focus on clinical applications, there are two contributions concerned with marine biological materials: one on factors affecting trace metal measurement and one on reference materials. (gsb)

F40. Area studies, surveys (multidisci- plinary)

88:5394 Basford, D. and A. Eleftheriou, 1988. The benthic

environment of the North Sea (56 ° to 61°N). J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., 68(1):125-141.

Sediment samples from 273 stations were analyzed for particle size (as well as silt-clay content and sorting), organic carbon, plant pigments and trace metals. A few stations were sampled for redox potential, pH, and pesticides. Taking into account the geological history and on-going hydrographic processes, explanations for the formation of sedi- mentary provinces were provided. Despite enhanced concentrations of Cd, Ni, Pb, and Co east of Shetland, due to a geochemical anomaly, there was no evidence of any important or large-scale con- tamination of the North Sea as a whole. Mar. Lab., P.O. Box 101, Victoria Rd., Aberdeen AB9 8DB, Scotland.

F70. Atlases, bibliographies, databases, etc.

88:5395 Le Marshall, J.F. et al., 1987. The Australian region

MelDAS [historical and real-time meteorological data basel. Aust. met. Mag., 35(2):55-64. Head Office, Bur. of Meteorol., Melbourne, Australia.

88:5393 Uthe, J.F. and C.L. Chou, 1988. Factors affecting the

measurement of trace metals in marine biological tissue. Sci. total Environment, 71(1):67-84.

Studying trace metals in marine biota requires a number of logical steps from sampling through chemical and statistical analysis; errors or use of

"inappropriate methods at any step can severely compromise, if not invalidate, the results. This paper identifies such errors and problems and describes ways of avoiding them. The importance of proper statistical modelling and analysis in addressing marine contamination problems is emphasized by reference to examples from investigations in the coastal area of eastern Canada. Mar. Chem. Div., Dept. of Fish. and Oceans, P.O. Box 550, Halifax, NS B3J 2S7, Canada.

88:5396 Pickett, R.L, D.A. Burns and C.H. Johnson Jr.,

1987. Technical note. Ocean waves monitored by Navy satellite. Mar. Technol. Soc. J., 21(4):62-63.

The most recent wind and wave observing satellite is the U.S. Navy's GEOSAT, launched in March 1985. The radar altimeter, similar to ones used on earlier satellites, is a short-pulse radar that bounces a signal off the surface 1020 times per second. Information in the return pulses is stored aboard the satellite until it passes over the ground station. From the ground station, the data are distributed within a few hours to Navy and NOAA facilities. GEOSAT data can be obtained by contacting: NOAA/NODC, 1825 Con- necticut Ave., NW, Room 400A, Washington, D.C. 20235, USA.

854 F. General OLR(1988) 35 (9)

F100. Expeditions, research programs, etc.

88:5397 Dirks, R.A., J.P. Kuettner and J.A. Moore, 1988.

Genesis of Atlantic Lows Experiment (GALE): an overview. Bull. Am. met. Soc., 69(2): 148-160.

The field phase of GALE was conducted from 15 January to 15 March 1986. The objectives were to study mesoscale and air-sea interaction processes in winter storms, with particular emphasis on their contributions to cyclogenesis. The project area, special observing systems, and field operations are described. Meteorological and oceanographic phe- nomena on which special observations were col- lected include: cyclogenesis, rainbands, cold fronts, coastal fronts, cold-air damming, jet streaks, tro- popause folding, low-level jets, cold-air outbreaks, lightning and marine boundary layer interactions with Gulf Stream and mid-shelf oceanic fronts. NCAR, Boulder, CO 80307, USA.

FI30. Institutions and services

88:5398 Lillie, F.R., 1988. The Woods Hole Marine Biological

Laboratory. Reprinted with the permission of the University of Chicago Press in celebration of the Centennial of the Marine Biological Laboratory, (1888-1988). BioL Bull. mar. bioL Lab., Woods Hole, 174(Suppl. 1):284pp.

Frank R. Lillie began work on this book 'when the prospect of a world war cast its shadow on us and all mankind.' He wanted to recapture the early enthu- siasm that went into Marine Biological Laboratory's making 'before all of those concerned are gone.' The war of which he spoke came to pass and 'marked a natural termination for this account,' which was originally published in 1944. The MBL has reprinted the book on the occasion of its Centennial (1888- 1988). Lillie attributed MBL's prominence to two outstanding features: its governance and trusteeship by professional, working biologists from around the country, and its freedom from local institutional control, effectively securing the widespread coop- eration of the universities from which the corpo- ration members had come. While the founding, growth and activities of MBL are central to the account, chapters also profile some of its leaders, the other research establishments in Woods Hole (in- cluding Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), the history and geography of Woods Hole, and the qualities and character of academic life in what was a tiny New England fishing village. (fcs)

F160. Applied oceanography

88:5399 Clancy, R.M., 1987. Real-time applied oceanography

at the Navy's global center. Mar. Technol. Soc. J., 21(4):33-46.

Fleet Numerical Oceanography Center currently runs many ocean model systems operationally, all highly automated and most characterized by close coupling between atmospheric and oceanic com- ponents. Thermal structure models are used to provide input to sonar performance models. Cir- culation models are used to predict the drift of objects in support of search and rescue applications. Wave models are used to predict the evolution and extent of dangerous sea conditions. Finally, ice models are used to predict various sea-ice param- eters in support of the Navy's arctic operations. Data Integration Dept., Fleet Numerical Oceanography Center, Monterey, CA, USA.

88:5400 Gudmestad, O.T. and G.A. Poumbouras, 1988. Time

and frequency domain wave forces on offshore structures. Appl. Ocean Res., 10(1):43-46.

Wave forces predicted by different wave theories are evaluated by comparing wave kinematics and asso- ciated wave forces in the time and frequency domain. Simplistic expressions are established to compare the force calculated by the use of different wave theories. Statoil, P.O. Box 300, 4001 Stavanger, Norway.

88:5401 Milkowski, George, Peter Cornillon and Scott

Glenn, 1987. A warm core ring prediction program in support of offshore drilling activities. Mar. Technol. Soc. J., 21(4):22-32.

Shell Development Company's 'Ring Monitoring Program' (1983-1984) is described. The program involved satellite tracking using telemetering drifters and radiative signatures, along with in-situ data gathering steered by satellite information. Compar- isons of the accuracy of drifter data with satellite thermal signature and hydrographic tracking meth- ods are also made. Grad. School of Oceanogr., Univ. of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA. (fcs)

88:5402 Osmer, S.R., D.L. Murphy and I.M. Lissauer, 1987.

Applied oceanography in the U.S. Coast Guard. Mar. Technol. Soc. J., 21(4):53=61.

This paper describes how the Coast Guard uses oceanography in accomplishing its International Ice Patrol, search and rescue, and marine environmental

OLR (1988) 35 (9) F. General 855

protection missions, as well as the research that will aid future operations. The Coast Guard makes extensive use of numerical drift models, all of which require current and wind data to calculate the water and wind drag on the drift objects. The current data are primarily in the form of mean currents calculated from historical data. The Coast Guard is seeking to improve this input through the use of near real-time data. Internatl. Ice Patrol, Groton, CT, USA.

88:5403 Swanson, J.C., Daniel Mendelsohn and Tatsu Isaji et

al., 1987. Applied oceanography. Mar. Technol. Soc. J., 21(4):1-66; 7 papers.

In a repeat of the well-received 1985 issue on applied oceanography (a subject 'central' to MTS) this collection includes papers on the following: water quality simulations, warm-core ring prediction, real-time oceanography in defense, rescue and other operations, and directional wave spectra. Two notes discuss wave monitoring by satellite and freak waves. (fcs)

88:5404 Swanson, J.C., Daniel Mendelsohn and Tatsu Isaji,

1987. Simulation of water quality impacts of a resource recovery facility [waste incinerator, Narragansett Bay, R.I.]. Mar. Technol. Soc. J., 21(4):4-21. Appl. Sci. Assoc., Inc., Narragansett, RI, USA.

88:5405 Ward, E.G., 1987. Practical research and applications

involving directional wave spectra in offshore developments. Mar. Technol. Soc. J., 21(4):47-52.

There have been a number of advances in ocean- ography and ocean engineering over the last two decades which have found practical applications in the development of offshore hydrocarbons. This paper reviews several such advances involving the development and application of directional wave spectral concepts to more accurately predict storm wave heights and platform loads. Shell Develop. Co., Bellaire Res. Center, Houston, TX, USA.

F200. Diving, underwater habitats, etc.

88:5406 Hong, S.K., 1988. Man as a breath-hold diver:

[studies of the Japanese and Korean ama]. Can. J. Zool., 66(1):70-74.

Compared with many diving animals, man's ability is very much limited. The average dive is ~60 s, although one can dive for a period of up to 3 min.

Usual depths of dive are ~20 m. Human divers retain a considerable amount of air in the lung, thus allowing diffusion of N 2 into the blood. As a result, human breath-hold divers can develop decompres- sion sickness if they dive to deeper depths fre- quently. The major limiting facto1" for human divers is the loss of body heat; the subcutaneous fat thickness is much less than that in diving animals. Repetitive exposures to cold water stress induce a significant cold acclimatization, but these changes are ineffective in prolonging cold water diving time. Dept. of Physiol., SUNY, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.

F250. Waste disposal and pollution (see also B350-Atrnospher ic pollution, C210- Water pollution, E300--Effects of pollution)

88:5407 Dempster, J.P. and W.J. Manning (eds., with

introduction by Kenneth Mellanby, chairman, editorial board), 1988. Special issue [to celebrate Volume 50 of Environmental Pollution]. Toxic substances in the environment. Environ. Pollut., 50(1-2):1-186; 7 papers.

This special issue contains a diverse collection of papers dealing with the effects of a number of pollutants (PCBs, sulfur dioxide, ozone, nitrate, and metals) on the atmosphere, on terrestrial vegetation, and on aquatic (freshwater) systems. Included are reports on predicting future PCB problems; acid rain; toxic substances in rivers and streams; tree decline; ozone formation and plant damage; metal poisoning; and increasing nitrate in U.K. water supplies. (gsb)

88:5408 Duinker, J.C. et al., 1988. Method to represent the

qualitative and quantitative characteristics of PCB mixtures: marine mammal tissues and commercial mixtures as examples. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 19(2):74-79.

A new method is based on individual congener data, and involves the sum of concentrations of congeners (EPCB) and the percentage contributions of each; the concentration of each congener is then simply computed. This generally applicable, concise and accurate information is useful for comparison, research, and contamination/pollution assessment purposes. Inst. fur Meeresk., Dusternbrooker Weg 20, 2300 Kiel 1, FRG.

88:5409 Eduljee, G.H., 1988. PCBs in the environment.

[Report.] Chem. Br., 24(3):241-244.

856 F. General OLR (1988) 35 (9)

The production, uses, disposal technology, and environmental fate of PCBs in the U.K. are de- scribed. Calculations suggest that atmospheric PCB concentrations over the U.K. are maintained by cycling between preexisting land and air contam- inant pools rather than by newly introduced PCBs; point sources are seen as having important effects only on the local scale. Disposal methods which destroy rather than contain PCBs are recommended. Environ. Resour. Ltd., 106 Gloucester Place, Lon- don W l H 3DB, UK. (gsb)

88:5410 Hirschhorn, J.S., 1988. Cutting production of haz-

ardous waste. Technol. Rev., 91(3):52-61.

As the less dangerous waste that is generated in the first place, the easier, safer, and cheaper it will be to manage it, it follows that waste reduction is a better way of protecting the environment than cleanup attempts. The range of available options includes use of simple housekeeping techniques, recycling, mod- ifying production processes, and developing new products/production methods involving less waste. Six steps necessary for establishing strong waste- reduction programs within a company are cited-- provide economic impetus to those in manufactur- ing, conduct audits, make waste reduction a part of corporate culture, set timetables, spread concepts company-wide, and obtain new perspectives from outside. Congressional Office of Tech. Assessment, Washington, DC, USA. (wbg)

88:5411 Koh, R.C.Y., 1988. Shoreline impact from ocean

waste discharges. J. hydraul. Engng, Am. Soc. civ. Engrs, 114(4):361-376.

A methodology is presented which enables esti- mation of the advective transport probabilities from a coastal wastewater discharge based on information from current measurements. Shoreline impact can be assessed, and the tendency for background buildup and benthic accumulation estimated. The method utilizes measured data to obtain parameter values to allow synthetic currents to be generated that can in turn be used in a Monte Carlo scheme for obtaining the advective transport probabilities. The method permits enhancement and improvement of the estimates when the amount and extent of data coverage are expanded. W.M. Keck Lab. of Hydr. and Water Resour., California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.

88:5412 Koops, W., 1988. A discussion of limitations on

disper"~mt application. Oil chem. Pollut., 4(2): 139-153.

Limitations of dispersants are discussed and criteria for determining whether the dispersant approach will provide an acceptable means of treating a particular spill are presented. Non-spreading high viscosity oils, water-in-oil emulsions and oil slicks in the final phases of spreading, i.e. very thin slicks, are effectively non-treatable with dispersants. As an alternative to dispersant treatment for dispersible oils, consideration should be given to increasing natural dispersion rates by agitation from the passage of boats through the slicks. North Sea Directorate, Rijkswaterstaat, Postbus 5807, 2280 HV Rijswijk, Netherlands.

88:5413 Nt~fiez Garcia, M.J. and G. V~izquez Ufia, 1988. The

characteristics of non-ionic dispersants of the Span and Tween series---dispersing power. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 19(2):66-68.

This article reports a study of emulsification of non-ionic dispersants of the Span and Tween series; these compounds demonstrated favourable proper- ties in previous assays. Dispersing power is identified with the time taken for a stable emulsion to be formed when the dispersant is agitated with the polluted sample. The quantity employed to measure degree of emulsification is turbidity, and dimen- sional analysis allows an expression to be arrived at which for the dispersants studied relates turbidity to agitation time with an accuracy of _+ 10%. Dept. of Chem. Engng, Faculty of Chem., Univ. of Santiago de Compostela, Spain.

F260. Resources, management, econom- ics

88:5414 Braud, D.H. Jr. and J.M. Hill, 1988. A decision tree

for coastal management: permit guidelines. En- viron. Mgmt, 12(1):29-36.

The Louisiana Coastal Management Division uses over 90 guidelines for permitting construction activities in the coastal zone. The guidelines are not always systematically applied to permit applications. A set of guideline decision trees was, therefore, developed for the permit review process, contrib- uting to efficiency and uniformity. The result provides a more timely and consistent review of most permit applications regarding mining, haz- ardous wastes, levees, and zoning. Decision Assoc., Inc., Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.

88:5415 Cowan, J.H. Jr., R.E. Turner and D.R. Cahoon,

1988. Marsh management plans in practice: do

OLR (1988) 35 (9) F. General 857

they work in coastal Louisiana, USA? Environ. Mgmt, 12(1):37-53.

The history, development and utility of marsh management plans (MMPs) are discussed here, using coastal Louisiana as a case study. An MMP is a written plan presented to federal and state permit- ting agencies seeking permission for coastal wetlands owners to manage their land, usually involving structural modifications in the marsh, through use of levees and water control structures, to create im- pounded management areas. Permitting authority and guidelines, types of impoundment, evaluation of their effectiveness, and the effectiveness of the permitting and regulatory policies are discussed. Coastal Ecol. Inst., Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, LA 70803-7503, USA. (llt)

88:5416 Cury, Philippe and Claude Roy, 1987. Upwelling and

coastal pelagic fishery off Ivory Coast: a global approach. Oceanologica Acta, 10(3):347-357. (In French, English abstract.) CRODT, BP 2241, Dakar, Senegal.

88:5417 Drinkwater, K.F. and R.A. Myers, 1987. Testing

predictions of marine fish and shellfish landings from environmental variables. Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci., 44(9): 1568-1573.

Using recent data, this study investigates the rela- tionship between environmental variables (mean monthly river discharge, sea-surface temperatures, and salinity levels) and the lagged annual landings of several commercial stocks in the Gulf of St. Law- rence and Gulf of Maine. Previous research showed that such variables may account for 65% of the variance in landings data. But none of the corre- lations between the new catch data and the predic- tions from environmental models were statistically significant here. Because use of the new data reversed the sign of the correlation coefficients for 5 of the 13 fish and shellfish stocks, the hypothesized overall environmental effect on landings could not be substantiated. Dept. of Fish. and Oceans, Bed- ford Inst. of Oceanogr., P.O. Box 1006, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada. (wbg)

88:5418 Loope, L.L., Ole Hamann and C.P. Stone, 1988.

Comparative conservation biology of oceanic archipelagoes: Hawaii and the Gal~pagos. Bio- science, 38(4):272-282.

The uniqueness of oceanic island ecosystems has made them important sites for evolutionary studies. Their isolation makes them vulnerable to certain

kinds of human-related biological invasions and forces such as browsing and trampling by herbiv- orous mammals. The Hawaiian and Gahipagos islands have been the focus of concern; this paper compares the effects of invasion on the flora and fauna of these two archipelagoes as well as conser- vation measures taken. The theory and practice of conservation biology will benefit from the man- agement of such vulnerable ecosystems. Haleakala Natl. Park, P.O. Box 369, Makawao, HI 96768, USA. (wbg)

88:5419 Lowry, Mike et al., 1988. U.S. marine sanctuaries.

Oceanus, 31(1):87pp; 13 papers.

The 1972 Marine Sanctuaries Act (up for congres- sional reauthorization this year) was designed to preserve ocean areas and resources from the threats posed by toxic wastes, dredge spoils, offshore oil development, and increased use and exploitation. Seven sanctuaries have been established since 1975. Management plans and regulations followed by effective enforcement actions have been successful in protecting these resources, but problems remain. The need for a simplified sanctuary designation process, more sanctuaries, ability to use funds from penalties for program purposes, and the authority to negotiate service contracts which enhance the pro- gram goals are discussed. Separate articles address specific areas of concern: Fagatele Bay in Samoa; submerged cultural resources (shipwrecks of histor- ical value); reef damage from groundings; protection under international law; humpback whales; the controversy over resource use near the Channel Islands Sanctuary; community involvement; and international networking of marine sanctuaries. (lit)

88:5420 Waldichuk, Michael, 1988. Editorial. Prediction of

environmental effects based on invalid assump- tions. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 19(2):45-46.

The author compares his own preliminary assess- ment of the potential environmental impact of a proposed pulp mill in Fort William, Scotland with the results of a long-term study made during a period encompassing the two years prior to opera- tion, the 15 years of effluent discharge during operation, and continuing studies after pulp pro- duction at the mill ceased. Factors contributing to the shortcomings of his initial assessment are revealed in retrospect and lead him to conclude that both site-specific ecosystem analyses and compre- hensive knowledge of effluent characteristics are essential for impact predictions. (emm)

858 F. General OLR (1988)35 (9)

88:5421 Wolfe, D.A. et al., 1987. Long-term biological data

sets: their role in research, monitoring, and management of estuarine and coastal marine systems. Estuaries, 10(3): 181-193.

The utility of long-term records of biological data in documenting ecosystem changes, differentiating natural changes from those caused by humans, and for generating and analyzing testable hypotheses, as well as the disincentives for long-term sampling that have made such records uncommon today, are discussed. Overcoming these disincentives through improved research design and planning, adherence to hypothesis formulation and testing, and proper spatial and temporal scaling in sampling will facil- itate the development and analysis of such data sets and their subsequent use in policy and regulatory decisions. NOAA, Ocean Assessments Div., Rock- ville, MD 20852, USA.

88:5422 Yanagi, Tetsuo, 1988. Viewpoint. Preserving the

[Seto] Inland Sea. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 19(2):51-53.

Values of water transparency (Secchi disc) and number of red tide outbreaks, consistently observed since the mid-1960s, are used as indicators of water quality in the Seto Inland Sea. Trends are discussed in relation to environmental control measures instituted by Japan's Environmental Agency. Red tide occurences were less responsive to the reduc- tions in COD loading and waste disposal than transparency, suggesting input of nutrients from earlier shallow-water deposits. Ongoing clean-up efforts are described. Dept. of Ocean Engng, Ehime Univ., Japan. (gsb)

88:5424 Dexter, R.W. et al., 1988. History of American

marine biology and marine biology institutions. Am. Zool., 28(1):1-34; 4 papers.

These papers trace the origins, development, present status, and future goals of American marine biology, and in particular, of American marine laboratories. The importance of both the teaching and research functions of marine stations is emphasized, and a number of marine stations are listed and described. (gsb)

88:5425 Dexter, R.W., 1988. History of American marine

biology and marine biology institutions. Intro- duction: origins of American marine biology. Am. Zool., 28(1):3-6.

The history of marine biology and, in particular, of marine biology institutions is outlined for both the east and west coasts of the continental U.S. The origins of marine study are traced from the mid- nineteenth century when east coast naturalists began dredging shallow coastal waters for study specimens. This period was followed by the establishment of marine laboratories on both the east coast--the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Labo- ratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts (founded by Spencer Baird in 1871), Louis Agassiz' Penikese Island Laboratory (1873), and the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole (1888), and on the west coast--Hopkins Marine Laboratory (1892), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (1903), and the Puget Sound Biological Station, subsequently Friday Har- bor Laboratories (1903). A selected list of 50 current marine laboratories is presented. Dept. of Biol. Sci., Kent State Univ., Kent, OH 44242, USA. (gsb)

F330. History of science (especially ocean- ography)

88:5423 Benson, K.R., 1988. Why American marine stations?

The teaching argument. Am. Zool., 28(1):7-14.

The significant influences of both European (es- pecially Germanic) science traditions and the pio- neering work of Louis Agassiz have often been considered the driving forces behind the estab- lishment of the mid-late nineteenth century marine biology movement in the U.S. In this review, the importance of uniquely American educational goals (secondary school teacher training and undergrad- uate science education) to the development of U.S. marine stations is stressed. Dept. of Biomed. Hist., Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. (gsb)

88:5426 Maienschein, Jane, 1988. History of American marine

laboratories: why do research at the seashore? Am. Zool., 28(1):15-25.

Although its lineage is traceable possibly to Aris- totle, sustained research on life in and around the sea began only in the late eighteenth century. Though much of the research did not need a seashore locale, an increasing number of research programs did undertake to study marine life in its natural setting. The Marine Biological Laboratory, in Woods Hole, Mass., which was so important in supporting such research in the U.S., took its lead from the Naples Zoological Station and other European laboratories. This paper surveys the trend in marine research toward the recent emphasis on ecology, neurobi- ology, and studies with a molecular focus, as evidenced by works published in MBL's Biological

OLR(1988) 35 (9) F. General 859

Bulletin. Dept. of Philosophy, Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ 85287, USA. (wbg)

88:5427 Terwilliger, R.C., 1988. Teaching and research at

marine stations: present priorities, future direc- tions. Am. Zool., 28(1):27-34.

The educational role of marine stations (especially in undergraduate training) is discussed within the context of the author's own experiences at the University of Oregon's Institute of Marine Biology. The potential conflicts with this teaching mission are discussed, in particular, the need to retain compet- itive research status, the inadequacy of funding and the tendency of small marine stations which focus on teaching to develop into large research institutions. Possible solutions to these conflicts are proposed. Dept. of Biol., Univ. of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA. (gsb)

F360. Science education

88:5428 Raloff, J., 1988. U.S. education: falling in science?

Sci. News, Washington, D.C., 133(11): 165-166.

Two studies released by the National Science Foundation show low levels of science and math achievement among U.S. students. Questionable teaching practices and science teacher-training are among the possible culprits. Standardized test comparisons showed U.S. fifth graders ranked 8th (among 15 countries), and ninth graders ranked 14th (among 17). But 12th graders placed last (among 13 countries) in biology, 1 lth in chemistry, and 9th in physics. While some believe the more generalized U.S. curriculum may be responsible, others blame the lack of 'hands on training' in the U.S. Finally, large proportions of U.S. science classes are taught by those who majored in a different field of science. (wbg)

F370. Multidisciplinary scientific studies (general interest)

88:5429 Fortey, R.A., 1988. Seeing is believing: gradualism

and punctuated equilibria in the fossil record. Sci. Prog, 72(1): 1-19.

There has been a protracted debate about whether the fossil record supports very slow and gradual change, or rapid change followed by stasis (punc- tuated equilibria). If the latter becomes a compre-

hensive world-view, it influences observations in the same way that the gradualistic paradigm was once claimed to, so that gradualistic change becomes perceptually 'invisible.' The unbiased observer may well see both processes operating, with a dominance of punctuated equilibria. Gradualistic change can help to confirm the reality of punctuational change if they are found together in the same rock sections; far from being in opposition, the processes can be complementary. Punctuated equilibrium fits com- fortably into the Neo-Darwinian paradigm. Para- doxically, if gradualism really exists, its excessive slowness poses real problems for explanations based on natural selection, and 'drift' might provide a better explanation of such change. Dept. of Palaeon- tol., Nat. Hist. Mus., Cromwell Rd., London SW7 5BD, UK.

88:5430 Halstead, B.W., 1988. Poisonous and venomous

marine animals of the world. [Second Revised Edition.] The Darwin Press, Inc., Princeton; 1175pp. $250.00

This revised one-volume edition of the standard reference work on toxic marine organisms contains thousands of references (ancient to modern) from the world literature on 550 vertebrate and inver- tebrate species. Coverage includes scientific and common names, biology, distribution, intoxication mechanisms, medical and public health aspects, pharmacology and chemistry. A glossary of per- tinent terms, more than 300 photographs and illustrations, anatomical drawings, and photomicro- graphs of venom organs are included. Halstead is Director of the International Biotoxicological Cen- ter, World Life Inst. (llt)

88:5431 Jones, D.R., W.K. Milsom and N.H. West (eds.),

1988. The comparative physiology and biochem- istry of cardiovascular, respiratory, and metabolic responses to hypoxia, diving, and hibernation. Papers selected from three symposia held in Canada in 1986: respiratory strategies in non- mammalian vertebrates; control of arrhythmic breathing patterns; and diving physiology and hypometabolism. Can. J. Zool., 66(1):1-190; 24 papers.

F380. Advances in science, reviews (gen- eral interest)

88:5432 Appenzeller, Tim, 1988. Deeply moved: convection

may shape properties of the inner core. Scient. Am., 258(4):24-26.

860 F. General OLR (1988) 35 (9)

The recent discovery that waves from earthquakes or whole-earth oscillations appear to travel more rapidly through the inner core along a pole-to-pole path than through the equatorial plane has led Jeanloz and Wenk (1988) to suggest that an align- ment of hexagonal closest-packed crystals of iron within the inner core with faces parallel to the earth's axis might explain this observation. They further speculate, on the basis of calculations involving the radius of the core, the conductivity and thermal expansion of iron, and the heat produced by radioactivity, that such an alignment might result from shear forces generated by convective flow within the core operating over geologic time. (hbf)

88:5433 Beardsley, Tim, 1988. Overview. Star-strnck? Im-

pacts' role in the history of life remains conten- tious. Scient. Am., 258(4):37-40.

In 1980, after finding an iridium enriched clay layer at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, Luis Alvarez and some colleagues suggested that the end-Cre- taceous extinction of more than half the extant species was the result of a large meteorite or comet striking the Earth, producing clouds of dust, halting photosynthesis, and killing millions of organisms. Since that time, additional discoveries of soot and shocked quartz in the boundary layers have added support for the impact theory. Other investigators, however, have cited other evidence--the presence of iridium and shocked quartz below the boundary and atop the clay layer, many extinctions below the boundary, and the selective survival of land plants and freshwater and deep-sea animals--counter to the impact theory. The most recent attempts to reconcile the conflicting evidence include hypotheses involving multiple impacts and periodic comet showers. (hbf)

88:5434 Eberhart, J., 1988. Rocldest XIX: getting around. Sci.

News, Washington, D.C., 133(13):p.199.

The nineteenth ann ~al 'Rockfest, ' to present new information on outerspace materials, attracted a record 750 scientists, and 678 papers. Among the topics was the subject of mass extinctions of species on Earth linked to possible meteorite impact, and a new related theory, based on experimental studies of projectiles into calcite, that suggests that the effect of a 50-km radius meteorite impact into a 4-km thick layer of carbonate would generate enough CO2 to result in a greenhouse effect creating a 20C ° increase in atmospheric temperatures within a 10-day period. Other topics included data on surface patterns on Venus, suggesting on-going tectonic activities on that

planet, and plans for a lunar orbiter and a per- manently-inhabited base on the lunar surface. (hbf)

88:5435 Hessler, Robert, Peter Lonsdale and James Hawkins,

1988. Patterns on the ocean floor. Hydrothermal vents are oases in the cold, dark oceans, where life flourishes on a grand scale. New Scient., 117(1605):47-51.

The areas around hydrothermal vents are inhabited by species which, because vent fields last only for short periods of time (decades), must either colonize new ones or face extinction. Since distance inhibits commuting, increased distances produce ever greater differences in the fauna inhabiting the vent areas. This paper reports on a 1987 expedition to an isolated vent field in the Mariana Trough to determine whether the fauna found there would be different from those already known. The answer was mixed: a newly-found, hairy coiled snail, barnacles, and anemones, suggest independent evolution, but crabs, shrimp, frilly-tubed polychaetes and limpets suggest exchange occurred in the past. Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. (wbg)

88:5436 Kerr, R.A., 1988. [Report on Ozone Trends Panel.]

Stratospheric ozone is decreasing. Science, 239(4847): 1489-1491.

88:5437 Monastersky, R., 1988. Dramatic drop in global ozone

layer. Sci. News, Washington, D.C., 133(12): p.183.

A recent international panel composed of over 100 experts reviewed available data on atmospheric ozone depletion and concluded that global levels of ozone have decreased by 2.5% between 1978 and 1985. The value, based largely on ground-based Dobson meter measurements, lies below previous estimates due to suspect satellite measurements, but above theoretically based values, which fail to account for important factors (e.g., stratospheric ice particle effects in Antarctica). While the 11-yr solar cycle has a periodic effect on ozone levels, and will in fact mean a rise in ozone through 1991, the panel predicts a continued drop in atmospheric ozone levels over the long term. (emm)

88:5438 Monastersky, R., 1988. Ca|on Pass drilling: down the

tubes? Sci. News, Washington, D.C., 133(13): 199-200.

Drilling at Cajon Pass (California), which has now reached a depth of 3.5 km, has been suspended due

OLR (1988) 35 (9) F. General 861

to lack of funding during fiscal 1988 and 1989. The drilling in the relatively stable area a few km from the San Andreas Fault was begun to examine actual rock stresses and heat flow conditions near a major fault zone. To date the anticipated high temperatures indicative of high stress have not been encountered and some scientists now question current 'strong- fault' theory. Unfortunately, definitive conclusions will require data on conditions to depths of at least 5 km. Resumption of drilling to reach these depths will depend upon future fund allocations. (hbf)

88:5439 Ocean Drilling Program (Leg 117 shipboard scien-

tific party), W.L. Prell and Nobuaki Niitsuma (co-chief scientists), 1988. Ocean Drilling Pro- gram. Milankovitch and monsoons. Nature, Lond., 331(6158):663-664.

ODP Leg 117 was planned to investigate the Asian summer monsoon and its effect on the facies and oxygen minimum zone in the northwestern Indian Ocean. Aeolian detritus and planktonic indicators of intense upwelling associated with summer mon- soonal activity mark the deposits sampled at 12 sites. Cores were drilled on the Oman margin near the Arabian shore, on the Owen Ridge, where a composite 900-m section of Neogene (24-2 Myr) sediments was obtained, and on the mid-Indus fan. Microfossils indicative of upwelling first appeared on the Owen Ridge in the Late Miocene but were found in Middle Miocene deposits on the Oman margin, possibly due to a seaward expansion of upwelling. Changes in sediment characteristics are coincident with Milankovitch cycles of 400, 100, 41, 23, and 19 Kyr and probably represent variations in primary productivity, preservation of carbon and carbonate, and input of aeolian detritus. ODP, Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX 77843, USA. (hbf)

88:5440 Strauss, Stephen, 1988. Beach fertilizers. Technol.

Rev., 91(3): 12-14.

Researchers at the Bedford Institute of Oceanog- raphy in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia have found that an effective way to clean up oil spills on a beach is to spread common, nitrogen-rich garden fertilizer. The fertilizer triggers explosive growth in the population of bacteria which consume plant and animal matter (including oil). So, with an assist from fertilizer, it may take only a few months to accomplish decom- position which would normally take a year. Even with bi-weekly reapplication, it is less costly than removing sand, or Elf Aquitane's product Inipol, and avoids the unpleasant side effects of using manure. Globe and Mail, Toronto, Canada. (wbg)

88:5441 Wayne, R.P., 1988. Origin and evolution of the

atmosphere. [Report.] Chem. Br., 24(3):225-230.

The dynamic nature of the Earth's atmosphere, and its intimate links to the evolution of life on Earth are explored. Unlike the atmospheres of Venus and Mars, the composition of Earth's atmosphere cannot be explained in terms of basic physical chemistry. Earth's unique atmospheric composition, which includes a high 02 concentration and oxidizable gases such as CH4, NH3, H2, and CO, is the direct result of biotic processes which 'bring about the thermodynamic disequilibrium of our atmosphere, and in effect, reduce its entropy.' Atmosphere-biota interactions are explored, including the evolution of O2-generating photosynthesis, heterotrophy, 02 pro- tection mechanisms in organisms, and of the UV- screening ozone layer. The possible role of the ozone screen in the emergence of life on dry land is discussed. Phys. Chem. Lab., Univ. of Oxford, S. Parks Rd., Oxford OX1 3OZ, UK. (gsb)

88:5442 Williams, L.B. and E.H. Williams Jr., 1988. Current

crisis, future warning. Coral reef bleaching. Sea Frontiers, 34(2):80-87.

Another widespread, alarming coral bleaching in- cident struck the Caribbean, Bahamas, Florida, and the Gulf of Mexico during the summer of 1987 (and the Pacific from January-May, 1987). The bleaching is caused by the loss of symbiotic algae (zooxan- thellae) that inhabit the soft tissues and provide nourishment to the corals. Understanding the impact of such bleaching requires an understanding of the normal condition of coral systems, a topic discussed in some detail here. Fortunately, the bleaching process was reversed by early November, 1987, and the immediate threat was over. But something is fundamentally wrong and there is need for a cooperative study of this matter. Dept. of Mar. Sci., Univ. of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, PR 00708, USA. (wbg)

88:5443 Wtirsig, Bernd, 1988. The behavior of baleen whales.

Scient. Am., 258(4): 102-107.

Using aerial reconnaissance (including pl: ~tography) from 500 meters aloft and correlating the views with underwater sound recordings taken from sonobuoys, the social and feeding behaviors of even individual baleen whales have been studied. A wide variety of social behavior is described here including mating, interactions between mothers and calves, commu- nication, and play. While diversity in the baleen plates (the fringed, comb-like plates that replace

862 F. General OLR (1988) 35 (9)

teeth) among species is related to their feeding strategies, the other behaviors, in general, bear strong resemblance to behaviors found among the terrestrial grazing animals from which these whales evolved 55 Mya. Dept. of Mar. Biol., Moss Landing Mar. Labs., Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA. (wbg)

F390. Educational literature

88:SA.A. A. Leal, J.H., 1988. Grandeur and instability in the

South Atlantic. [Trindade: a model of island colonization.] Sea Frontiers, 34(2):94-99.

The island of Trindade, located 620 n.mi. off the Brazilian coast in the Martin Vaz Fracture Zone (running perpendicular to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge along 20°S) is the topic of this report. Because of its isolation, geologic activity, and lack of development (housing only a Brazilian weather station), Trindade provides a useful model of island colonization and ecosystem instability. Opportunistic terrestrial and marine organisms are discussed. 'Species with long- lasting planktonic early-life stages and wide geo- graphic distribution are predominant, as adults, in the sublittoral seafloor around the island.' RSMAS, Univ. of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA. (gsb)

F420. Miscellaneous

88:5445 Black, Bert, 1988. Evolving legal standards for the

admissibility of scientific evidence. Science, 239(4847): 1508-1512.

Ensuring the scientific validity of scientific evidence has always posed problems for judges and lawyers largely untrained in science. As recent cases in- volving the health effects of chemicals and drugs make clear, however, irrational and inconsistent decisions result when courts do not hold expert witnesses to the standards and criteria of their own disciplines. A trend toward more thorough judicial review of scientific claims has developed, and it should be encouraged. ®1988 by AAAS. Venable, Baetjer and Howard, 1800 Mercantile Bank Bldg., 2 Hopkins Plaza, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.

88:5446 Boucot, A.J., 1988. [Letter.] Periodic extinctions

within the Cenozoic. Nature, Lond., 331(6155): 395-396.

The author of this short letter, a paleontologist, 'has no expertise with either the echinoderms or fishes discussed by Patterson and Smith [1987], nor with the statistical techniques that gave rise to the matter.' However, he wants to know why, if there is a 26-Myr extinction periodicity, the signal for it at the Eocene-Oligocene boundary is so weak and prob- lematical, and virtually non-existent within the Miocene. At the same time, 'if it is so defined as to include second, third or even fourth-order events,' just about any periodicity might be hypothesized. Finally, turning specifically to the Silurian-Devo- nian data with which he is familiar: 'Sepkoski does not understand the generic concept as used by most invertebrate paleontologists. He has taken the upper time range limit as an extinction' without consid- ering the transitional nature of many genera, and therefore confused 'name-changing," and 'book- keeping extinctions' with the real thing. Dept. of Zool., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR 97331, USA. (fcs)